Das Krankheitsbild der disseminierten Schilddrüsen(SD)-Autonomie ist nur in Mitteleuropa bekannt und wird in der englischsprachigen Literatur nicht beschrieben. Die exakte Pathogenese der disseminierten SD-Autonomie, insbesondere ob es sich um ein eigenständiges Krankheitsbild oder nur um ein szintigrafisches Phänomen handelt, ist nicht geklärt. Daher war es Ziel dieser Arbeit, die klinische Entität der disseminierten Autonomie genauer zu klassifizieren, mit anderen SD-Autonomien zu vergleichen und weitere Erkenntnisse über die Pathogenese, insbesondere bezüglich des intrathyreoidalen Iodgehalts sowie TSH-Rezeptorkeimbahnmutationen dieser Erkrankung zu gewinnen.

Thyroid hormones are known to be important in several processes in chicken, such as growth, metabolism and reproductive system. In previous studies the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR)-gene has been identified as a target for a selective sweep in commercial breeds of chicken such as broiler and White Leghorn. The evolution of domesticated species can be split into three periods. The first is the natural selection in their natural habitat, the second the beginning of the domestication process, when humans started to tame and breed the wild animals and the third is when animals were bred for commercial interests such as egg laying properties and meat production in chicken. Landraces, which are domesticated but not commercially bred races, are a great resource for identifying during which period a specific gene, which differs between wild type and commercial bred breeds, were selected. In this study Swedish landrace chickens were used in order to analyze the importance of a mutation in the TSHR-gene in the domestication process. The results of this study gave that all, except two individuals from the Bohuslän-Dals svarthöna were homozygous for the mutation known from commercial breeds. The two individuals from Bohuslän-Dals svarthöna were both heterozygous for the mutation. These results suggest that the TSHR mutation is important for the domestication process and were already more or less fixed at the commencement of commercial breeding. The mutation is thought to be dominant and to have an inhibitory impact on the TSHR activity. This might result in hypothyroidism which would make alterations in the reproductive system. This is plausible because the constant availability of food in captivity makes the seasonal reproductive system no longer critical for survival of progeny.

Background: Paraben exposure occurs everyday to most people unknowingly. Parabens are present in most personal care products in varying amounts. Presently, parabens are not listed as endocrine disruptors; however, some research has shown parabens associated with decreases in thyroid hormone levels. The chemical and adsorption mechanism for parabens in association with thyroid hormones is not well understood. Determining whether parabens are associated with a change in thyroid hormone levels can help reduce the incidence of possible adverse health effects with exposure to parabens. Methodology: The selected study variables were analyzed using SAS version 9.2. Data were obtained from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Analyses were performed separately for adolescent females (12-19) and adult females (20+). Weighted means were performed for the main independent and dependent variables of interest stratified by race/ethnicity groups and by smoking status. Independent samples t-test and ANOVA was used to test significance of differences of weighted means. Weighted bivariate linear regression was performed for each dependent variable (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone [TSH], Triiodothyronine [T3], and Thyroxine [T4]) regressed on butylparaben. Weighted multiple linear regressions were performed and parameter estimates with 95% confidence intervals were used to ascertain the measure of effect. Separate regression models stratified by age group (adolescent vs. adult) were ran for each dependent variable (TSH, T3, and T4) regressed on butylparaben level and covariates, race/ethnicity and smoking status (ever smoked). Results: Weighted bivariate linear regression showed that among adult females, for each ng/ml increase in butylparaben, there was a -1.07 decrease in ng/dL T3 (p Weighted multiple linear regression showed higher butylparaben levels among adult females were associated with 0.12 ug/dL lower than average T4 levels (p Conclusion: While parabens are currently not considered endocrine disruptors, the human metabolism of and effects from exposure to parabens are not well understood. Results from this study showing decreased levels of some thyroid hormone levels (TSH, T3, and T4) associated with increased levels of butylparaben was found, as well as differences in thyroid hormone levels among racial/ethnic groups. Although not many human studies have found significant results, 10 some rodent studies have found butylparaben associations with thyroid hormone changes.4, 6, 19, 54 The results of this study indicating no statistically significant association between butylparaben and decreases in thyroid hormone levels are consistent with results of some rodent studies.7, 8, 54, 55 In light of these findings, additional human studies with paraben exposure and thyroid hormone levels are needed to increase knowledge of the mechanism and effect of parabens in the human body.

Elevated Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We hypothesized that TSH-stimulated FA release from adipocytes contributes to macrophage inflammation. 3T3-L1 and human subcutaneous differentiated adipocytes were treated with TSH for 4 hours under various conditions and lipolysis assessed via glycerol secretion. Optimal conditions were determined and protein expression of ATGL, HSL and perilipin remained stable. TSH-stimulated 3T3-L1 or human adipocyte-conditioned medium (T-ACM) was placed on murine J774 or human THP-1 macrophages, respectively, and macrophage cytokine mRNA levels (IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and TNFα) were measured by real-time RT-PCR. T-ACM did not change cytokine mRNA expression in J774 macrophages or THP-1 macrophages when compared to ACM. Absence of BSA in the medium may have hindered release of FA from differentiated adipocytes into the medium, BSA may be required to permit adequate FA accumulation in the medium to then evaluate the effect of T-ACM on macrophages. Further investigation is required to determine the effect of FA on J774 and THP-1 inflammatory response.

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