One of the major problems for readers and students of A Tale of a Tub is its apparent lack of internal unity and coherence. Faced with a welter of seemingly contradictory and inconsistent arguments and attitudes, reader and student alike have frequently been forced to concede defeat and turn to Swift's "more profitable" works for consolation. The purpose of the present study has been to indicate the existence, in the Tale, of numerous unifying devices, a recognition of which may enable the reader to perceive and appreciate the essential unity and coherence of an admittedly complex literary entity. Emphasis has been primarily upon the "dramatic impact" of the Tale, and the contribution of images and themes to this impact. Classification of images and themes has been made in terms of the definitions offered in the text. Persuasive oratory is the instrument to achievement in the Tubbian world, and it is with the motives and methods of Tubbian orators that the study is primarily concerned. The pervasive themes of the mechanical operation of the spirit and madness are among the unifying devices in the Tale. The first seven chapters are devoted to an exploration of images, devices, and thematic developments as unifying devices. Four subsequent chapters discuss the relationships between elements in the Tale and certain of the cultural dissentions of which these elements provide reflections. There has been no attempt at inclusiveness in the selection of representative cultural elements. Rather, in the selection of materials from Hobbes, Dryden, Wycherley, Sprat, the Cambridge Platonists, Glanvill, and Shaftesbury, the attempt has been only to indicate the major preoccupations of the age. Where obvious similarities exist between attitudes, as they do between the attitudes of Hobbes and those of the scientific virtuosi, the emphasis is upon Swift's capacity to make fine distinctions between similar attitudes and to indicate these distinctions in his methods of attack. Conversely, the inclusion of apparently disparate "philosophies," such as those of Hobbes and Shaftesbury, is intended to demonstrate Swift's ability to comprehend in one attack a great variety of disparate attitudes. It has been found necessary, in the interests of clarity, to include a certain amount of explanation and elaboration of materials relative to the cultural background. The conclusion of the study is primarily concerned with the reader's reaction to the "dramatic impact" of the Tale. Certain of Swift's "satiric criteria" or norms are tentatively offered for consideration. These are such as may be readily available to the reader from a careful examination of the text and an exploration of his own reaction to the text. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

<p> The core of Swift's Tale of a Tub is an allegorical narrative that recounts in miniature the history of the Christian Church. ln the tailorworship and Aeolist sections of his account, however, Swift temporarily suspends the narrative and describes a comprehensive systems of belief founded in each case on a single, all-important but absurd principle: the tailor-worshippers venerate clothes and the Aeolists, wind. This shift in technique is an important indication of Swift's aim in the Tale. Despite their essentially digressive nature, these two sections haves a close relation to the narrative and are obviously intended to comment on it. The most useful approach to an understanding of this shift of technique is by reference to the genre known as the padoxical enconium which was ideally suited for a satirical treatment of the philosophical issues that Swift was dealing with in the Tale. </p> <p> Swift's main target in the Tale is generally acknowledged to be 'modernism.' The combined evidence of the Tale, The Battle of the Books and The Mechanical Operation of the Spirit shows that Swift visualized the ancients-moderns controversy less as a contest between the merits of the learning of two different epochs far removed in time than as an eternally recurring struggle between a philosophic casr of thought (modernism) that would more accurately be called 'progressive rationalism' and the traditional Christian humanism to which Swift himself gave allegiance. Swift's main objection to modernism was that it tended to promote fashionable ideas to an importance far above their worth merely on grounds of novelty, to the detriment of what is of permanent value in human affairs. The typical modern reduction of experience to a naively simple scheme is the central is the central preoccupation of the 'Digression of Madness'. </p> <p> In order to refute not just individual modern thinkers but modernism in general, Swift turned the paradoxical econium into a brilliant burlesque device. Because it characteristically elevates to a position of importance something generally considered base or insignificant, the paradoxical enconium is a humorous, far-fetched counterpart to the kind of reductive logic that modernism attempts in all seriousness. The tailor-worship system is at once a paradoxical enconium of clothes and a modern philosophical system. At the same time, since it has no direct historical equivalent, the tailor-worship stands outside time as a permanent diagnosis of all such kinds of thinking. Both the Aoelist and tailor-worship systems are timeless paradigms of reductive thought that transcend the historical limitations of the examples they parody. For purpose of constructing such paradigms the paradoxical encomium was ideally adapted in a way that the allegorical narrative, with its point-forpoint correspondence with historical events, was not. </p> <p> Swift makes further use of the paradoxical encomium in the 'Digression on Madness', in which he humourously places the most reductive thinkers of history within a reductive framework of his own devising. At the centre of this digression, however, he presents a more engaging paradox: in the most famous passage of the Tale he contrives to prove the superiority of credulity to both reason and the abuse of reason. The terms in which he does so are more than just a practical example of the dangers of rhetoric: they are an inverted restatement of the terms of the ancients-moderns controversy, a warning that modernism at its most extreme is truly insane, and an implicit vindiciation of the values of Christian humanism. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The torsional rigidity of tub-girder makes them ideal for use in curved bridges. The use on skewed support applications by bridge designers is limited as the behavior is complex and requires the use of advanced analysis tools. In consequence, a simplified analysis method to account for the effects of skew on tub-girder twist rotations and internal torques and how these affect the internal component forces was proposed. The combined effects of skew and curvature are studied by examining the results for analysis with different levels of sophistication for 18 representative bridges. The data generated constitutes the first systematic study on a large set of curved and skewed tub-girder bridges using consistent, refined 3D FEA models to model construction forces and deformations. Comparisons of the simplified analysis method to the refined 3D FEA analysis display the limitations of the simplified analysis and present potential sources of error. Furthermore, the results from the 3D FEA helped identify interactions between components and, therefore, an improved simplified procedure was proposed to account for the effects of the resulting increased stresses. In addition, the bridge erection procedures are discussed and specific examples illustrating the calculation of the fit-up forces is presented. These findings provided additional tools for the analysis process and erection engineering to account for the effects of skew. Lastly, further research needs considering the analysis of additional loading conditions and construction procedures are described.

No description available.

No description available.

OBJETIVOS: La otitis media con efusión es rara en la población adulta pero se ha descrito una incidencia mayor en pacientes intubados de las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). El objetivo de este estudio es examinar el efecto de los factores predisponentes sobre la OME.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se ha realizado un estudio observacional para evaluar a 100 pacientes intubados (>3días) en la UCI. Recogimos información sobre la edad, sexo, posición, duración de la intubación orotraqueal, fosa nasal y diámetro de la sonda nasogástica y nivel de consciencia. También se llevaron a cabo timpanometrías y una evaluación otoscópica para evidenciar la OME.RESULTADOS: Realizamos 535 observaciones de oídos. Los resultados se clasificaron como curvas normales (tipos A y C1 de Jerger) y patológicas (tipos B y C2 de Jerger). La presencia de sonda nasogástrica (&#8805;18French), intubación orotraqueal e inconsciencia se asociaron significativamente a curvas patológicas.CONCLUSIONES: La presencia de sonda nasogástrica (&#8805;18French), intubación orotraqueal e inconsciencia se mostraron como factores predisponentes para la OME. / OBJECTIVES: Otitis media with effusion (OME) is rare among adults, but has been reported a higher incidence among intubated intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the predisposing factors on OME.MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational study has been performed to evaluate 100 intubated patients (>3days) in the ICU. We collected information about the age, sex, position, duration of orotracheal intubation, nasal nostril and diameter of nasogastric tube and level of consciousness. In addition, tympanometry and otoscopic examination were carried out for evidence of OME. RESULTS: We realized 535 ear observations. The results were classified as normal (type A and C1 Jerger tympanogram) or pathologic (type B and C2 Jerger tympanogram) curves. For statistical purposes we realized Cox regression adjusted by days from admission. Presence of nasogastric tube (&#8805;18French), orotracheal intubation and unconsciousness were associated significantly with pathologic curves. CONCLUSIONS: Orotracheal intubation, nasogastric tube (&#8805;18French), and unconsciousness were significant predisposing factors of OME.

Dorsoventral patterning of the vertebrate nervous system is achieved by the combined activity of morphogenetic signals secreted from dorsal and ventral signalling centres. The Shh/Gli pathway plays a major role in patterning the ventral neural tube; however, the molecular mechanisms that limit target gene responses to specific progenitor domains remain unclear. Here, we show that Wnt1 and Wnt3a, by signalling through the canonical &#946;-catenin/Tcf pathway, control expression of dorsal genes and suppression of the ventral programme, and thatthis role in DV patterning depends on Gli activity. Additionally, we show that Gli3 expression is controlled by Wnt activity. Identification and characterization of highly conserved non-coding DNA regions around the human Gli3 gene revealed the presence of transcriptionally active Tcf-binding sequences. These indicated that dorsal Gli3 expression might be directly regulated by canonical Wnt activity. In turn, Gli3, by acting as a transcriptional repressor, restricted graded Shh/Gli ventral activity to properly pattern the spinal cord.Additionally, the Wnt canonical pathway and Hedgehog signalling have been linked to cell proliferation in a variety of systems, however interaction of these pathways to control cell cycle progression have not been studied. In the developing vertebrate nervous system, although Shh and Wnt ligands are expressed at the opposite ventral and dorsal signalling centres, reports demonstrate that proliferation of neural progenitors require both activities throughout the dorsoventral axis. Here we demonstrate the integration of both pathways to control the length of G1 phase, and the absolute requirement of an upstream Hedgehog activity for the Wnt-mediated regulation of the key cell cycle activator CyclinD1 expression and for G1 progression. Although Wnt canonical activity appeared restricted to the control of G1 phase, Hedgehog activity additionally regulates the length of G2 phase through the regulation of ate cell cycle activators such as CyclinA2 and CyclinB2/3. These findings support a key role for Hedgehog in growth control, as a regulator of G1 and G2 phases of cell cycle and importantly as an upstream regulator of the canonical Wnt activity.KEY WORDS: SHH, WNT, Neural Tube, Patterning, CNS, Cell Cycle. / "La integración de las vías de señalización de Shh y Wnt controla la morfogénesis del SNC"TEXTO: La formación del patrón dorsoventral del sistema nervioso central en vertebrados está controlada por la acción de señales morfogenéticas. Estasseñales son secretadas por centros de señalización situados en el extremo dorsal, ectodermo y placa del techo, y ventral, notocorda y placa del suelo, del tubo neural. La vía de señalización de Shh/Gli juega un papel principal en el establecimiento temprano de la región ventral del tubo neural. Sin embargo, losmecanismos moleculares que restringen la expresión de los genes responsables de establecer este patrón a un dominio concreto no son del todo conocidos. En este trabajo mostramos que las señales morphogenéticas Wnt1y Wnt3a, activando la vía de señalización canónica mediada por &#946;-catenina/Tcf, regulan la expresión de genes dorsales y reprimen el programa ventral, mediante un mecanismo que depende de la actividad Gli. Además, mostramosque la expresión de Gli3 está controlada por la vía de Wnt. La identificación y caracterización de regiones no codificantes altamente conservadas alrededor del locus de Gli3 humano revela que contienen sitios de unión consenso para los factores Tcf/Lef-1 activos. Esto indica que la expresión dorsal de Gli3 está controlada directamente por la actividad de la vía canónica de Wnt. A su vez, Gli3, actuando como un represor transcripcional, restringe la actividad del gradiente ventral Shh/Gli para establecer el patrón dorsoventral del tubo neural correctamente.Por otro lado, las vías canónicas de señalización celular de Wnt y Hedgehog regulan la proliferación celular en varios contextos de forma conjunta, Sin embargo, posiblesm interacciones de estas vías de señalización en el control del ciclo celular no han siso estudiadas. Durante el desarrollo del sistema nervioso de vertebrados, aunque las proteínas Shh y Wnts se expresan en extremos dorso-ventralmente opuestos del tubo neural, varios trabajos demuestran que la proliferación de los progenitores neuronales requiere ambas actividades a lo largo de todo el eje dorsoventral. En este trabajo, demostramos que esnecesaria la integración de ambas vías de señalización para controlar la duración de la fase G1 del ciclo celular. Además, mostramos el requerimiento de la actividad Hedgehog para la regulación mediada por Wnt de la expresión del activador de ciclo celular ciclina D1, componente clave para la progresión através de G1. Aunque la actividad de la vía canónica de Wnt se limita al control de la transición G1/S, adicionalmente, la actividad Hedgehog regula la duración de la fase G2 mediante la regulación de las ciclinas de fase G2 ciclina A2 y Ciclinas B2/B3. En conjunto, estos resultados proponen un papel fundamentalen el control del crecimiento para la actividad Shh/Gli como reguladora de las fases G1 y G2 del ciclo celular y además como reguladora por encima de la actividad canónica de Wnt.

The similarities between Swift's Grub Street Hack and Sterne's Tristram are persistent and remarkable, even though the Hack is a satiric pose of Swift and Tristram a comic projection of Sterne. Perhaps the most striking similarity lies in the constant tension between the reader's expectations of a wise narrator and a sequential style and the Hack's and Tristram's perverse frustration of the reader's desire for order. The foolish narrators, in an obstructive style, develop systematic theories based on absurd hypotheses. This perversity is not only witty and amusing, but also a reflection of Swift's and Sterne's eighteenth century “rage for order." To Swift, order is a necessity, to be defended by attacking all that threatens order. Swift imitates the chaos he saw in seventeenth-century style and thought by assuming the mask of a fool who speaks in the accents of hundreds of modern pretenders to learning. But the seeming chaos of the Hack's discourse is ordered by Swift's satiric intent and his views on Gnosticism. In the end, comic order predominates as the quintessence of disorder, the Hack is laughed off the stage. Wit triumphs over dulness. However, the comedy is undermined by tragic associations of evil, madness, and anarchy. To Sterne, conventional order of time and formal logic are illusions. He imitates the disorder in men's minds by assuming a mask and playing many parts. The seeming chaos of Tristram's narration is ordered by the association of ideas, a central group of characters, and the values of humour, common sense, feeling and benevolence. In the end, in spite of suggestions of the world's ill nature, hypocrisy, and corruption, comic order predominates. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

The exposure from a localized vehicle fire has been observed to produce excessive damage onto highway bridge structural elements including complete collapse of the infrastructure. The occurrence of a fire beneath a bridge can lead to significant economic expense and loss of service even if the bridge does not collapse. The focus of the current research is to assess and evaluate the effect of realistic localized fire exposures from vehicles on the bridge structural integrity and to guide future development of highway bridge design with improved fire resistance. In this research, the bridge structural element response was predicted through a series of three loosely coupled analyses: fire analysis, thermal analysis, and structural analysis. Two different types of fire modeling methodologies were developed in this research and used to predict the thermo-structural response of bridge structural elements: one to model the non-uniform exposure due to a vehicle fire and another to predict response due to a standard uniform furnace exposure. The vehicle fire scenarios required coupling the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) with Abaqus while the furnace exposure scenarios were all done within Abaqus. Both methodologies were benchmarked against experimental data. Using the developed methodologies, simulations were initially performed to predict the thermo-structural response of a single steel girder-concrete deck composite assembly to different local, non-uniform fires and uniform standard furnace fire exposures. The steel girder-concrete deck composite assembly was selected since it is a common bridge design. Following this, a series of simulations were performed on unprotected highway bridges with multiple steel plate girders and steel tub girders subjected to localized fires. The analyses were used to evaluate the influence of a fire scenario on the bridge element response, identify the factors governing the failure of bridge structural elements subjected to a localized fire exposure, and provide guidance in the design of highway bridge structural elements against fire hazards. This study demonstrates that girder geometry affected both the dynamics of the fire as well as the heat transfer to the bridge structural elements which resulted in a different structural response for the bridge. A heavy goods vehicle (heat release rate of 200 MW) and tanker fires (heat release rate of 300 MW) were predicted to cause the bridge to fail due to collapse, while smaller fires did not. The geometric features of the plate girders caused the girder elements to be exposed to higher heat fluxes from both sides of the girder resulting in collapse when exposed to a HGV fire. Conversely, the closed feature of the box girder does not allow the interior surfaces to be in direct contact with the flames and are only exposed to the internal reradiation from surfaces inside the girder. As a result, the single and double lane tub girder highway bridge structure does not fail due to a heavy goods vehicle fire exposure. / Ph. D.