Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-24T16:20:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ACTO DE LIMA CUNHA - TESE PPGEP 2014..pdf: 13133358 bytes, checksum: 662ccf308cc930cbcbc2dd5fe13cc5d6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-24T16:20:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ACTO DE LIMA CUNHA - TESE PPGEP 2014..pdf: 13133358 bytes, checksum: 662ccf308cc930cbcbc2dd5fe13cc5d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-28 / Um dos principais problemas associados aos processos de separação por membranas é a queda de fluxo de permeado, o que limita a aplicação do processo nos setores alimentícios, farmacêuticos, biotecnológicos, tratamento de águas industriais e abastecimento, devido ao aumento da concentração de componentes na membrana, denominado polarização por concentração. Uma quantificação da polarização por concentração em função das condições do processo e a quantidade de água de alimentação do sistema é necessário para estimar o desempenho do sistema de forma satisfatória. A busca por novas alternativas visando manter o fluxo de permeado constante foi à principal motivação deste trabalho, sendo avaliada a forma geométrica do módulo de separação, a distribuição das membranas no interior do módulo e parâmetros operacionais como a vazão de alimentação, viscosidade dinâmica da mistura e permeabilidade do meio poroso. Neste sentido, o estudo numérico do processo de separação água/óleo via membranas porosas foi realizado com auxílio do software comercial ANSYS CFX® Release 12.0. Um modelo matemático em regime permanente, aplicado a um fluido incompressível, escoando em regime laminar e/ou turbulento no interior de módulos de filtração foi proposto. Os resultados numéricos mostraram que o modelo matemático utilizado foi capaz de prevê a formação e crescimento da camada limite de concentração (polarização por concentração) ao longo do comprimento das membranas cerâmicas tubulares. A formação da polarização por concentração mostrou-se influenciada pelo comportamento hidrodinâmico do escoamento, forma geométrica do módulo de separação e propriedades da mistura e do meio poroso, como a viscosidade e permeabilidade, respectivamente. O modelo verificou em regime de escoamento turbulento um favorecimento da transferência de massa e uma dispersão da camada limite de concentração. / One of the main problems associated with membrane separation process is the permeate flux decline, which limits the application of the process in the food sector, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, industrial water treatment and supply due to the increase in the concentration of components in the membrane thus calling for a polarization concentration. A quantification of the concentration polarization as a function of the process conditions and the amount of feed water system is required to estimate the performance of the system satisfactorily. The search for new alternatives to maintain of constant permeate flow was the main motivation of this work will be evaluated the geometric shape of the separation module, the distribution of membranes inside the module and operating parameters such as feed flow rate, viscosity dynamic mixing and permeability of the porous medium. In this sense, the numerical study of the process of separating oil/water through porous membranes was performed with the aid of the commercial software ANSYS CFX® Release 12.0. A mathematical model in steady state, applied to an incompressible fluid flowing in laminar and/or turbulent inside filtration modules scheme is proposed. Numerical results show that the mathematical model used was capable of providing for the formation and growth of the boundary layer concentration (concentration polarization) along the length of tubular ceramic membranes. The formation of concentration polarization was influenced by the hydrodynamic behavior of flow, geometry of the separation and mixing and porous properties, such as viscosity and permeability, respectively module. The model found in turbulent flow regime of a favoring mass transfer and dispersion of the boundary layer concentration.

Title: Numerical Solution of the Three-dimensional Compressible Flow Author: Martin Kyncl Department: Department of Numerical Mathematics Supervisor: Doc. RNDr. Jiří Felcman, CSc. Abstract: This thesis deals with a fluid flow in 3D in general. The system of the equations, describing the compressible gas flow, is solved numerically, with the aid of the finite volume method. The main purpose is to describe particular boundary conditions, based on the analysis of the incomplete Riemann problem. The analysis of the original initial-value problem shows, that the right hand-side initial condition, forming the Riemann problem, can be partially replaced by the suitable complementary condition. Several modifications of the Riemann problem are introduced and analyzed, as an original result of this work. Algorithms to solve such problems were implemented and used in code for the solution of the compressible gas flow. Numerical experiments documenting the suggested methods are performed. Keywords: compressible fluid flow, the Navier-Stokes equations, the Euler equations, boundary conditions, finite volume method, the Riemann problem, numerical flux, tur- bulent flow

Cette thèse étudie l'application de méthodes de parallélisation en temps pour la simulation numérique directe des écoulements turbulents. Après une étude préliminaire, on choisit de se focaliser sur l'algorithme Parareal avec grossissement spatial. Le comportement de l'algorithme est étudié en premier lieu sur l'équation d'advection, comme simplification des équations de Navier-Stokes, par une analyse de Fourier et une série d'expériences numériques, afin d'en cerner les mécanismes et paramètres dimensionnants. L'algorithme est ensuite étudié dans un contexte HPC, à l'aide du code de simulation massivement parallèle Hybrid. Deux situations d'écoulements turbulents tridimensionnels sont à l'étude: la décroissance d'une turbulence homogène isotrope et l'écoulement de canal turbulent. Ce travail propose une première mesure de l'efficacité de la parallélisation combinée espace-temps, ainsi qu'une évaluation précise de la capacité de l'algorithme à représenter les propriétés physiques de la turbulence. / This thesis aims at studying the application of time-parallel integration methods for the Direct Numerical Simulation of turbulent flows. After a preliminary study, we choose to focus on the Parareal algorithm with spatial coarsening. The behavior of the algorithm is first studied on the advection equation, as a simplified model for the Navier-Stokes equations, using a Fourier analysis and numerical experiments, to understand its mechanisms and identify the relevant parameters. The algorithm is then studied in a HPC context, using the massively parallel CFD simulation code Hybrid. Two tri-dimensional turbulent flow problems are investigated : the decay of an Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence and the Turbulent Channel Flow. This work offers a first evaluation of combined space-time parallel efficiency, and analyse the algorithm’s abilities to correctly reproduce the physical properties of turbulence.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:55:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5587.pdf: 3066852 bytes, checksum: 17d88d3ab913d61bb315842b57ec5a74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-30 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Cyclones are used to separate suspended particles from gas streams. The analysis of flow inside the cyclone is complex due to the large number of parameters and operating variables that influence the dynamics of the system. Due to its versatility of use and its robustness, results in computational fluid dynamic are an important alternative often used to study the dynamics of flow in the cyclone. In the literature, several works make use of computational fluid dynamics in order to study the pressure drop of cyclones. However, the works about the efficiency of collection are fewer. For the cyclone, computational fluid dynamics allows an accurately simulation of the collection efficiency of particles with diameter greater than 5 µm; but for particles with smaller diameters the simulated results diverge from experimental values. In this work, Stairmand s cyclone was numerically simulated with injected particles with diameters from 1 to 5 µm. The results were verified using available experimental data reported in the literature. The experimental data taken from literature belong to Zhao and Shen Kang (2004) and Zhao (2005). The simulation mesh was analyzed before and after the simulations. The turbulence models used in the simulation of flow in the cyclone were: Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES). The dispersed phase was simulated considering one and two way couplings. The equation of motion of the particles was integrated using the integration schemes: implicit, analytic, trapezoidal, and Runge-Kutta. The results showed that the methodology was adequate to reproduce the behavior of the flow in the cyclone. The error percentages obtained in pressure drop were under 5% and the average collection efficiency was reproduced with good accuracy for diameters of 3, 4 and 5 µm. / O ciclone é um equipamento utilizado para separar partículas suspensas em correntes gasosas. A análise do escoamento dentro do ciclone é complexa devido ao grande número de parâmetros e variáveis operacionais que influenciam na dinâmica do sistema. Devido a sua versatilidade de uso e a sua robustez nos resultados a fluidodinâmica computacional é uma alternativa importante utilizada com frequência no estudo da dinâmica do escoamento no ciclone. Na literatura existem vários trabalhos que fazem uso da fluidodinâmica computacional no estudo da queda de pressão. Entretanto, no estudo da eficiência de coleta, os artigos são em menor quantidade. No ciclone, a fluidodinâmica computacional permite simular a eficiência de coleta de partículas com diâmetro maiores que 5 µm com bastante precisão; a modelagem da eficiência de coleta para partículas com diâmetros menores ainda resultam em valores diferentes dos valores experimentais. Neste trabalho foram realizadas as simulações numéricas no ciclone tipo Stairmand; foram injetadas partículas de 1 a 5 µm. Para a verificação foram tomados dados experimentais disponíveis na literatura. Os dados experimentais foram obtidos por Zhao, Shen e Kang (2004) e Zhao (2005). A malha utilizada nas simulações, foi analisada antes e depois das simulações. Os modelos de turbulência utilizados para simular o escoamento no ciclone foram: Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) e Large Eddy Simulation (LES). A fase dispersa foi simulada considerando acoplamento de uma via e acoplamento de duas vias. Para integrar as equações de movimento das partículas, foram utilizados os esquemas de integração: implícito, analítico, trapezoidal e Runge-Kutta. Os resultados mostraram que a metodologia empregada mostrou-se adequada para reproduzir o comportamento do escoamento no ciclone. As porcentagens de erro obtidos na queda de pressão foram em média menores que 5% e na eficiência de coleta foram reproduzidas com boa precisão para os diâmetros de 3, 4 e 5 µm.

Numerical solution of differential equations having multitude of scales in the solution field is one of the most challenging research areas, but highly demanded in scientific and industrial applications. One of the natural approaches for handling such problems is to separate the scales and approximate the solution of the segregated scales with appropriate numerical method. Variational multiscale method (VMS) is a predominant method in the paradigm of scale separation schemes. In our work we have used the VMS technique to develop a numerical scheme for computations of turbulent flows in time-dependent domains. VMS allows separation of the entire range of scales in the flow field into two or three groups, thereby enabling a different numerical treatment for the different groups. In the context of computational fluid dynamics(CFD), VMS is a significant new improvement over the classical large eddy simulation (LES). VMS does away with the commutation errors arising due to filtering in LES. Further, in a three-scale VMS approach the model for the subgrid scale can be contained to only a part of the resolved scales instead of effecting the entire range of resolved scales. The projection based VMS scheme that we have developed gives a robust and efficient method for solving problems of turbulent fluid flows in deforming domains, governed by incompressible Navier {Stokes equations. In addition to the existing challenges due to turbulence, the computational complexity of the problem increases further when the considered domain is time-dependent. In this work, we have used an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) based VMS scheme to account for the domain deformation. In the proposed scheme, the large scales are represented by an additional tensor valued space. The resolved large and small scales are computed in a single unified equation, and the effect of unresolved scales is confined only to the resolved small scales, by using a projection operator. The popular Smagorinsky eddy viscosity model is used to approximate the effects of unresolved scales. The used ALE approach consists of an elastic mesh update technique. Moreover, a computationally efficient scheme is obtained by the choice of orthogonal finite element basis function for the resolved large scales, which allows to reformulate the ALE-VMS system matrix into the standard form of the NSE system matrix. Thus, any existing Navier{Stokes solver can be utilized for this scheme, with modifications. Further, the stability and error estimates of the scheme using a linear model of the NSE are also derived. Finally, the proposed scheme has been validated by a number of numerical examples over a wide range of problems.

Le biofilm épilithique (anciennement périphyton), agrégat phototrophe d’organismes se développant sur le fond des cours d’eau, joue un rôle essentiel dans le fonctionnement des hydroécosystèmes fluviaux comme la Garonne. Pour améliorer la modélisation à l’échelle du tronçon de rivière de ces systèmes, il est nécessaire de prendre en compte les caractéristiques locales de l’écoulement notamment pour la prédiction de l’évolution de la biomasse. Les méthodes expérimentales actuelles ne permettent pas d’accéder aux grandeurs hydrodynamiques locales proches du fond rugueux, dans la zone dite de ’canopée’. Le travail présenté ici vise donc à compléter ces résultats par des simulations numériques directes, avec une méthode de frontières immergées, d’écoulements turbulents de couche limite hydrauliquement rugueuse formée d’hémisphères. L’objectif est double : il s’agit d’une part de mettre en relation les motifs de colonisation et la croissance du biofilm observés expérimentalement aux caractéristiques locales de l’écoulement, et d’autre part, de quantifier les flux d’espèces chimiques entre la canopée et la pleine eau et ce, en fonction du type d’arrangement des obstacles formant le fond, du confinement et du nombre de Reynolds rugueux. Après avoir validé la méthode numérique sur des cas proches de ceux rencontrés dans les expériences, et vérifié que les grandeurs hydrodynamiques moyennes et turbulentes dans la pleine eau sont en bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux, plusieurs campagnes de simulations ont été réalisées pour deux types d’arrangements du fond (aligné et décalé), plusieurs confinements et une gamme de nombre de Reynolds rugueux représentatifs des écoulements en rivière. Ce travail a pu mettre en évidence que le biofilm colonise préférentiellement les zones de faible cisaillement local et un critère de colonisation a été déterminé. Des simulations avec transfert d’espèce chimique ont été réalisées pour différentes valeurs du nombre de Schmidt et ont permis de quantifier les flux d’échange en fonction de ce paramètre. / The epilithic biofilm, aggregate set of phototrophic organisms growing on the bed of rivers, plays an essential role in the functioning of hydro-ecosystems such as the Garonne river. To improve the modeling of these systems it is necessary to take into account the local conditions in the region close to the rough bottom, named ’canopy’. Direct numerical simulations with a immersed boundary method are used to simulate turbulent boundary layer flows with a rough wall composed of hemipheres. The aim of these simulations is twofold : (1) investigate the influence of local flow conditions on the biofilm colonization and growth processes and (2) quantify the transfers of chemical species between the canopy region and the main water column, for various hemispheres arrangement, confinement and turbulent Reynolds number encountered in natural rivers. This work allowed to show that biofilm colonization first occurs in low-to-moderate local shear stress at the hemisphere surface. Simulations with the transport of a passive scalar were performed for various Schmidt number, and gave an estimation of the mass fluxes as a function of this parameter.

Cellular automata constitues original computational methods, that found its application in many disciplines. The special class of cellular automata, so called lattice gas automata were succesfull in dealing with many challenges in hydrodynamic simulations, and they bootstrap one of the most perspective CFD methods, the Lattice Boltzmann models. In the theoretical part, we follow the evolution of the lattice gas automata, explore the theory behind them, and from their microdynamics, we derive the macroscopic equations. In the practical part, we implemented two distincet types of LGCA, the pair-interaction automata and FCHC. We applied them on the flow around obstacles of various shapes. The scientifically most relevant part concerns statistical properties of the turbulent flow simmulated by LGCA, but requires further research to conclude it. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Cellular automata constitutes a unique approach to the modeling of complex systems. The major phase of their development in continuum mechanics came in the late 80s, but the closer inspection of their macroscopic limit revealed that it does not accurately correspond to hydrodynamic equations. Besides the Lattice-Boltzmann model, various other approaches to improve LGCA have emerged. The main focus of our research is on the Pair-interaction cellular automaton. In this thesis, we propose the non-deterministic variant of this automaton, and we compare it with its predecessor on the simulations of the "exploding cube", Taylor- Green vortex and fully developed turbulence. The results for the non-deterministic automaton seem quiet reasonable, but derivation of the hydrodynamic equations is necessary to conclude in what extent it solves the problem with anisotropic viscosity.

Ce travail de thèse concerne l'étude d'extracteurs d'air hybrides éoliens. Il se décompose en des investigations amont et appliquées. Dans la partie amont, des simulations fines ont été effectuées en conduite carrée avec et sans rotation, pour des nombres de Reynolds turbulents de l'ordre de 600, afin d'analyser l'impact de la rotation sur la turbulence. Elles ont montré que la rotation rompt la symétrie de l'écoulement. La partie appliquée est dédiée à la conception d'une nouvelle géométrie d'extracteur d'air. Cette géométrie a été proposée à partir de l'analyse de simulations RANS. Ses performances ont été confirmées par des mesures expérimentales sur banc d'essais. Les tests en soufflerie d'un système de captage d'énergie éolienne, conçu pour l'extracteur, ont mis en évidence son adéquation au régime de fonctionnement de l'extracteur. Les essais expérimentaux de l'extracteur complet, montrent que le système de captage apporte une part significative de l'énergie. Des essais en soufflerie ont permis d'observer le comportement global de l'extracteur. / This PhD work concerns the study of hybrid air extractors. It is composed of upstream and applied investigations. In the upstream part, fine simulations are realized in square duct flow with and without rotation to analyse the impact of rotation on turbulence. It is found that rotation removes symmetry property of the flow with turbulent Reynolds number of 600. The applied part is dedicated to the conception of a new air extractor geometry. This geometry is proposed from the analyse of RANS simulations. Its performances are confirmed by experimental measurements on test rig. Wind tunnel tests of a wind power capturing system, designed for the extractor, show a good adequation to the operating regime of the extractor. Experimental investigations on the complete air extractor, show the wind power capturing system brings a significant part of the energy. Wind tunnel tests allow to observe the complete air extractor behaviour.

Les mécanismes d'érosion sont la principale cause de rupture des ouvrages hydrauliques en remblai, c'est pourquoi il est capital de pouvoir quantifier la résistance des sols à l'érosion. Divers appareillages permettent d'en obtenir une estimation, notamment le Jet Erosion Test (JET) dont le modèle d'interprétation est empirique. L'objectif de ce travail est de statuer sur la pertinence ce modèle d'interprétation. Pour cela, nous avons développé un modèle numérique 2D de type Navier-Stokes turbulent avec déplacement d'interface et remaillage, permettant de modéliser l'érosion d'un sol cohésif par un écoulement turbulent. En injectant dans notre modèle les paramètres d'érosion trouvés à la suite d'essais de JET, on retrouve numériquement l'évolution de la profondeur d'affouillement obtenue expérimentalement. Nous avons appliqué cette méthode à trois différents essais de JET, les résultats obtenus sont en bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux. En plus d'une importante étude paramétrique, ces résultats ont permis d'apporter d'importants éléments de validation au modèle d'interprétation du JET. Pour étendre le champ d'applicabilité du modèle, nous avons également appliqué cette méthode de modélisation à la configuration de l'érosion de conduit. Trois essais de Hole Erosion Test (HET) ont été modélisés et nous avons également obtenus des résultats en bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux. Une analyse de la loi d'érosion et des paramètres d'érosion obtenus à la suite d'essais de JET et de HET a ensuite été initiée. Les bases d'une étude portant sur l'influence de l'angle d'incidence de l'écoulement, sur l'efficacité de l'érosion, ont été posées. / Erosion mechanisms are the main cause of hydraulic failure in embankments. Therefore, the resistance of soils to erosion must be quantified. To this hand, several devices are used such as the Jet Erosion Test (JET), whose model of interpretation is strongly empirical. The aim of this study is to determine the relevance of the interpretation model of the JET. For this purpose, a 2D Navier-Stokes numerical model of erosion of cohesive soils by a turbulent flow has been proposed. We first developed and implemented an interface movement model, whose input parameters are the erosion parameters found experimentally by JET test. Then, the scour depth evolutions obtained numerically for three JET test cases are compared to experimental data. Good agreement is obtained. A parametric study has also been conducted to validate the accuracy of the numerical results. These results contribute to the validation of the JET interpretation model. To extend its domain of application, we applied the numerical model to concentrated leak erosion during Hole Erosion Tests (HET). Three HET were modeled and, here again, our numerical results are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results from the tests. An analysis of the erosion law and erosion parameters obtained with JET and HET was finally initiated. The potential influence of the flow incidence angle on the erosion efficiency was underlined.