L’imagerie morale connaît un essor considérable dans la péninsule italienne entre 1315 et 1415. Les ordres mendiants, notamment les franciscains, les dominicains et les augustins, sont les principaux promoteurs du renouveau de ce thème. Intégralement tournés vers l’étude et la propagation de la morale, ces trois ordres entrent en concurrence les uns avec les autres sur la question des vertus. Chez les laïcs, les villes mettent en œuvre une imagerie cohérente dressant le portrait de communes vertueuses destinée à légitimer les gouvernements et à dénoncer les régimes tyranniques. À partir d’un corpus iconographique riche (plus de 700 images), l’étude des vertus et des vices se propose de dégager la fonction et la signification des personnifications dans l’art italien à la veille de l’époque moderne. L’analyse des images met à jour les notions qui travaillent les figurations des vertus : les procédés artistiques consistant à figurer des valeurs morales ; la dimension édifiante et mnémonique des personnifications ; les échos et les écarts entre les personnifications et les exemplifications ; le phénomène de vulgarisation de la morale par l’image. / The moral imagery knows an exceptional development in the Italian Peninsula between 1315 and 1415. The mendicant orders, in particular the Franciscans, the Dominicans and the Augustinians, are the main instigators of the revival of this theme. Completely turned towards the study and the propagation of morality, these three orders are in competition on the matter of virtues. Among the laymen, cities initiate a coherent imagery drawing the portrait of virtuous communes intended to legitimate the governments and to denounciate the tyrannical systems. From a large iconographic corpus (more than 700 pictures), the study of virtues and vices intends to find the function and the meaning of personifications in the Italian art on the eve of Modern history. The analysis of pictures brings to light the notions that underlie the representation of virtues: the artistic processes consisting in representing moral values; the edifying and mnemonic dimension of personifications; the echos and gaps between personifications and exemplifications; the popularization phenomenon of ethics by the picture.

This study aimed to characterize commercial extracts of propolis and apply it in different concentrations in Tuscany sausage. The characterization of propolis in the first experiment was carried out by their compositions and phenolic flavonoids, by colorimetry techniques. The extracts were also characterized as the antioxidant activity through the techniques of metal chelating and sequestering DPPH free radical. After the extracts were compared, which showed the best result was used in the second experiment, the concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% in the manufacture of sausages, which were analyzed under cold storage. The physicochemical properties of the sausages were made up of moisture, protein, ash, fat, pH and TBARS. The acceptability of these tests was determinated with sensory analysis within 1 week after production, propolis compared to green tea as the standard 0.03%. Were performed the same experiment, on days zero, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 27 days of storage, analysis of pH, TBARS and microbiological growth. The microbiological aspects evaluated were higher at day zero: the total count of mesophilic and / or psicotrophic, Salmonella, coliforms, sulfite reducer clostridia and Staphylococcus aureus, the other days of analysis was only the total count of mesophilic and / or psychrotrophic. The physicochemical parameters of the propolis extracts were all in accordance with the standards required by safety standards. With respect to sensory characteristics, the Tuscan sausages were accepted as the taste and appearance, and the use of propolis have decreased lipid oxidation and microbial growth, promoting quality during the days of storage. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar extratos de própolis comerciais e aplicá-lo em diferentes concentrações em lingüiça Toscana. A caracterização da própolis no primeiro experimento realizou-se pelas suas composições de fenólicos e flavonóides totais, por técnicas colorimétricas. Os extratos também foram caracterizados quanto a atividade antioxidante através das técnicas quelante de metal e sequestrante de radicais livre DPPH. Após os extratos serem comparados, o que obteve melhor resultado foi utilizado, no segundo experimento, nas concentrações de 0,1%, 0,2%, 0,3% e 0,4% na fabricação de lingüiças que foram analisadas sob armazenamento refrigerado. As análises físico-químicas das lingüiças foram compostas por umidade, proteínas, cinzas, gordura, pH e TBARS. Os testes de aceitabilidade das lingüiças foram determinados através da análise sensorial na 1ª semana após a produção, compararam a própolis ao chá-verde como padrão a 0,03%. Foram realizados no mesmo experimento, nos dias zero, 5º, 10º, 15º, 20º e 27º dias de armazenamento, análises de pH, TBARS e crescimento microbiológico. Os aspectos microbiológicos avaliados foram maiores no dia zero: contagem total de mesofílicos e/ou psicotróficos, Salmonella, Coliformes, Clostrídio sulfito redutores e Staphylococcus aureus; nos demais dias de análises apenas ocorreu a contagem total de mesofílicos e/ou psicrotróficos. Os parâmetros físicoquímicos dos extratos de própolis estavam todos de acordo com os padrões exigidos nas normas de segurança. Com relação às características sensoriais, as lingüiças Toscanas foram aceitas quanto ao gosto e aparência e o uso da própolis diminuiu a oxidação lipídica e o crescimento de microrganismos, promovendo a qualidade durante os dias de armazenamento.

The thesis describes a period of the government of Leopold II Grand Duke of Tuscany and his affiliation to the swampy territory along the Tuscany coastline called Maremma and its bonification. He was able to change fundamentally the most underdeveloped areas of his country during thirty years of his government. He succeeded even though political changes during the revolutionary years of 1847-1849, and though his government was finished by the unification of Italy and the incorporation of Tuscany into the newly established Kingdom of Italy, which was the goal of Italian risorgimento. This work further describes biography of Leopold II in short, his policy focused on overall development of Tuscany, and last but not least life fates and the principal works of his three closest collaborators - personalities with major influence at the realisation of the bonification works - Vittorio Fossombroni, Gaetano Giorgini and Alessandro Manetti. The thesis describes the bonification works in Maremma themselves, their organisation and results achieved. Part of the bonification overall plans of Leopold II was construction of the road network as well, with necessity of numerous bridges over canals and regulated watercourses. It was also necessary to solve the health problems in the region, especially malaria, where...

(in English) This thesis deals with the issue of information support of science and research development in Italy through information systems and library networks. The introductory chapter deals with several questions concerning the Italian academic environment and its relation to research and coordination of information. The second chapter introduces the current situation of Italian libraries, the library structures, legislation elements and mainly focuses on the institutions managing the libraries. The third chapter is devoted to science and research in Italy. The thesis also describes the current situation comparing it to other European countries. The emphasis is on major research institutions, support organizations and ministries. Followed by the explanation of funding and assessment of research institutions. The fourth chapter deals with the support of research in the area of Tuscany. The three largest universities of this region are analyzed - University of Florence, Pisa and Siena. After a description of these institutions, the thesis looks closely at their library networks, research activities and support. The conclusion summarizes the information obtained and answers the questions formulated in the introduction of this thesis.

The thesis describes a period of the government of Leopold II Grand Duke of Tuscany and his affiliation to the swampy territory along the Tuscany coastline called Maremma and its bonification. He was able to change fundamentally the most underdeveloped areas of his country during thirty years of his government. He succeeded even though political changes during the revolutionary years of 1847-1849, and though his government was finished by the unification of Italy and the incorporation of Tuscany into the newly established Kingdom of Italy, which was the goal of Italian risorgimento. This work further describes biography of Leopold II in short, his policy focused on overall development of Tuscany, and last but not least life fates and the principal works of his three closest collaborators - personalities with major influence at the realisation of the bonification works - Vittorio Fossombroni, Gaetano Giorgini and Alessandro Manetti. The thesis describes the bonification works in Maremma themselves, their organisation and results achieved. Part of the bonification overall plans of Leopold II was construction of the road network as well, with necessity of numerous bridges over canals and regulated watercourses. It was also necessary to solve the health problems in the region, especially malaria, where...

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Dans le courant des années 2000, plusieurs Conseils régionaux en Europe ont produit une action publique spécifique sur la démocratie participative (Poitou-Charentes, Catalogne, Rhône-Alpes, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Toscane…). La thèse analyse de manière comparée les dynamiques d'institutionnalisation des « politiques de participation » menées par deux Conseils régionaux : la Toscane et le Nord-Pas-de-Calais. De prime abord, la comparaison donne à voir des politiques régionales structurées de manière relativement similaire : renforcement de la dimension participative de l'action publique régionale ; soutien à la mise en oeuvre de dispositifs participatifs locaux et mise en oeuvre d'un dispositif de débat publicrégional sur les grands projets d'infrastructures.Adossée à une comparaison transnationale éclairant les processus de circulation desdispositifs et le rôle d'experts de la démocratie participative, la thèse montre que la similarité de ces politiques publiques tient en partie à la circulation de standards internationaux et à l'homologie de position de ces institutions dans l'ordre politico-administratif national. Néanmoins, en prêtant attention au cas particulier de la circulation du modèle du débat public français, dans et entre ces deux Régions, et à son appropriation différenciée, l'analyse amène à relativiser la thèse de la convergence mimétique de ces politiques publiques. Ellesapparaissent en effet différentes au regard de leur structure et des dispositifs participatifs qu'elles produisent.La question de la convergence/divergence de ces politiques régionales est rendue d'autant plus complexe que les acteurs régionaux de ces offres régionales, pris dans les contraintes inhérentes au jeu institutionnel, participent d'une remise quasi-permanente de la politique sur le métier de la réforme. L’analyse révèle alors une mise en institution à la fois ordinaire (élus délégués, fonctionnaires spécialisés, budgets dédiés) et indéterminée de la démocratie participative : les orientations politiques peinent à se définir tandis que les dispositifs sontsans cesse re-questionnés. L'étude sur le long terme de la mise en oeuvre de ces politiques et de leur réforme donne en effet à voir un arrimage institutionnel ambivalent, à la fois durable et toujours en mouvement, autrement dit, inconsistant. / Over the course of the 2000s, several Regional councils in Europe produced specific public policies of participatory democracy (Poitou-Charentes, Catalonia, Rhône-Alpes, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Tuscany, etc.) This thesis is a comparative analysis of the dynamics of institutionalisation of “participatory policies” held by two Regional councils: Tuscany and Nord-Pas-de-Calais. At first glance, the comparison shows the structures of the two regional policies are relatively similar : strengthening of the participatory dimension within regionalpublic action; public support for the implementation of local participatory planning and implementation of regional public discussion planning in the framework of major infrastructure projects. Along with a transnational comparison enlightening the processes of participatory planning's circulation and the role of the experts within the field of participatory democracy, the thesis shows that the analogy between these two public policies stands partly in the effective circulation of international standards as well as in the similar position held bythe two institutions within the national politico-administrative system. However, paying attention to the special case of the circulation of the public discussion's french model within and between those two regions, and its differentiated appropriation, the analysis leads to put in perspective the thesis that states the mimetic convergence of these public policies. They actually seem to be different with regard to their structure and the participatory planning they produce.The question of the convergence/divergence of these two regional policies is even more complex as the regional players providing the participatory offers at regional level, caught up in the constraints of the “institutional game”, contribute to the nearly perpetual reassessment of the policy through successive reforms.T h e analysis then reveals how participatory democracy is institutionalised (elected delegates, specialized civil servants, and dedicated budgets) in an ordinary and undetermined manner: political orientations are hardly defined while the participatory dispositions are continuously reassessed. The long-term study of the implementation process of the policies and their reforms actually shows an ambivalent institutional effort, both sustainable and constantly in motion, but altogether inconsequential.

The topic of the diploma thesis is the activity of the Cistercian monastic order in the area of Tuscany. During the main wave of founding the Cistercian monasteries in Italy, the area of Tuscany, whose medieval boundaries roughly correspond to its current ones, was under major political influence of Florence, Siena, Pisa and Lucca. Most monasteries in the region were founded in the vicinity of these cities. This work aims to contribute to the discoveries about the influence of these cities and their elites on the establishing of foundation of the white monks in Tuscany. The goal of this work is an analysis of circumstances and causes of the arrival of the Cistercians in the Tuscany region, where they arrived relatively late, compared to other Italian regions. The work focuses on the specificities of the Cistercian movement of the foundation of monasteries. The fist Cistercian foundation in Tuscany was the monastery San Galgano. Most of the Cistercian abbeys in the region predominantly from the 13th century was affiliated with San Galgano. The diploma thesis aims to describe the development of the Cistercian order and its monasteries in the area by exploring specific Cistercian foundations in Tuscany. Possibly the most important monastery in the region was San Galgano, which served as the maternal monastery...

While scholarship often focuses on how early modern Italians used images in their devotions, particularly in the post-Tridentine era, little attention has been placed upon how laypeople engaged with devotional text during times of prayer and in their everyday lives. Studies of early modern devotional texts have explored their literary content, investigated their censorship by the Church, or concentrated upon an elite readership. This thesis, instead, investigates how ordinary devotees interacted with holy words in their material form, which I have termed ‘material prayers’. Since this thesis developed under the aegis of the interdisciplinary research project, Domestic Devotions: The Place of Piety in the Italian Renaissance Home, 1400-1600, it focuses primarily on engagement with these material prayers in domestic spaces. Using an interdisciplinary approach drawing from material culture studies, literary history, social and cultural history, and art history, it brings together objects, images and archival sources to illuminate how devotees from across the socio-economic and literacy spectrums accessed and employed devotional text in their prayers and daily life. From holy words, Biblical excerpts, and prayers to textual symbols like the Sacred Monogram of the Name of Jesus, this thesis explores how and why these material prayers were employed for spiritual, apotropaic and intercessory purposes. It analyses material prayers not only in traditional textual formats (printed books and manuscripts), but also those that were printed on single-sheets of paper, inscribed on jewellery, or etched into the structure of the home. To convey how devotees engaged with and relied upon these material prayers, it considers a variety of inscribed objects, including those sanctioned by the Church as well as those which might be questioned or deemed ‘superstitious’ by ecclesiastical authorities. Sermons, Inquisition trial records, and other archival documents have been consulted to further illuminate the material evidence. The first part of the thesis, ‘On the Body’, considers the how devotees came into personal contact with texts by wearing prayers on their bodies. It examines a range of objects including prayers with protective properties, known as brevi, that were meant to be sealed in a pouch and worn around the neck, and more luxurious items of physical adornment inscribed with devotional and apotropaic text, such as necklaces and rings. The second part of the thesis enters the home to explore how the spaces people inhabited and the objects that populated their homes were decorated with material prayers. ‘In the Home’ begins with texts inscribed over the entryways of early modern Italian homes, and then considers how devotees decorated their walls with holy words and how the objects of devotion and household life were imbued with religious significance through the addition of pious inscriptions. By analysing these personal objects and the textual domestic sphere, this thesis argues that these material prayers cut across socio-economic classes, genders, and ages to embody quotidian moments of domestic devotion as well as moments of fear, anxiety and change.