Esta dissertação de mestrado consiste de uma revisão sobre teorias quânticas de campos integráveis em duas dimensões, explorando tanto aspectos clássicos como aspectos quânticos dessas teorias munidas de infinitas cargas conservadas. Em nível clássico, consideramos uma teoria de supercampos escalares em duas dimensões com superpotencial arbitrário. Através da imposição da não produção de partículas a nível-árvore, restringimos a forma das interações adimissíveis, recuperando uma extensão supersimétrica do modelo de sinh-Gordon, o qual é provado ser integrável não somente através da obtenção do conjunto infinito de cargas conservadas, mas também através de S-matrix bootstrap. Ainda no nível clássico também mostramos uma profunda relação entre as Toda theories e os conformal minimal models, a qual se estende para nível quântico onde obtemos uma família de fluxos de renormalização entre os unitary conformal minimal models conhecida como staircase model. / This master thesis is an overview of integrability in two-dimensional field theories. We explore both classical and quantum aspects of these theories which are characterized by infinitely many conserved charges. At the classical level, we consider a theory of scalar superfields in two dimensions with arbitrary superpotential. By imposing no particle production in tree-level scattering, we constrain the form of the admissible interactions, recovering a supersymmetric extension of the sinh-Gordon model. This model is proven to be integrable not only by explicitly finding the infinite set of conserved charges but also via the S-matrix bootstrap. We also show a deep relation between Affine Toda theories and conformal minimal models, that extends to the quantum level, where we find a family of integrable renormalization group flows between the unitary conformal minimal models, known as the staircase model.

This thesis describes electrical measurements performed on low dimensional p-type devices, fabricated from GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures. The Coulomb interaction between holes is similar to that between electrons. However, the kinetic energy is suppressed, which makes interaction effects particularly important. Holes may also be used to study band structure effects which arise from spin-orbit coupling in the valence band. The effects of Coulomb interactions in low dimensional electron systems are currently being studied extensively. Experiments presented in this thesis indicate the possible importance of Coulomb exchange interactions in both one and two dimensional hole systems (1DHSs,2DHSs). Tilted magnetic field studies of 2DHSs in the quantum Hall regime indicate that Landau levels at even filling factors will not cross. For high filling factor, this is attributed to a spin-orbit mixing effect which arises from the low symmetry ofthe system. At lower filling factor, activation-energy measurements verify that the energy gaps decrease and then increase as the field is tilted. However, the energy gap versus field dependences do not exhibit the curvature that might be expected from a perturbative anticrossing. It is speculated that the origin of this effect is a phase transition driven by the exchange interaction. Balanced arguments contrasting the relative strengths of the mixing and interactions theories are provided. The second part of this thesis describes a new method for the fabrication ofballistic 1DHSs, which exhibit clear conductance quantization. The quantization changes from even to odd multiples of e2/h as a function of the magnetic field in the plane of the heterostructure, as 'spin splitting' causes the 1D subbands to cross. Measurements of the 1D subband energy spacings are used together with the magnetic fields at which the crossings occur to calculate the in-plane g factors of the 1D subbands. These are found to increase as the number of occupied 1D subbands decreases. This enhancement of the g factor is attributed to exchange interactions; possible mixing explanations are also discussed. At higher magnetic fields, the pattern of quantization features shows that the subbands have crossed many times, and that the 1DHS can be strongly magnetized.

Esta dissertação de mestrado consiste de uma revisão sobre teorias quânticas de campos integráveis em duas dimensões, explorando tanto aspectos clássicos como aspectos quânticos dessas teorias munidas de infinitas cargas conservadas. Em nível clássico, consideramos uma teoria de supercampos escalares em duas dimensões com superpotencial arbitrário. Através da imposição da não produção de partículas a nível-árvore, restringimos a forma das interações adimissíveis, recuperando uma extensão supersimétrica do modelo de sinh-Gordon, o qual é provado ser integrável não somente através da obtenção do conjunto infinito de cargas conservadas, mas também através de S-matrix bootstrap. Ainda no nível clássico também mostramos uma profunda relação entre as Toda theories e os conformal minimal models, a qual se estende para nível quântico onde obtemos uma família de fluxos de renormalização entre os unitary conformal minimal models conhecida como staircase model. / This master thesis is an overview of integrability in two-dimensional field theories. We explore both classical and quantum aspects of these theories which are characterized by infinitely many conserved charges. At the classical level, we consider a theory of scalar superfields in two dimensions with arbitrary superpotential. By imposing no particle production in tree-level scattering, we constrain the form of the admissible interactions, recovering a supersymmetric extension of the sinh-Gordon model. This model is proven to be integrable not only by explicitly finding the infinite set of conserved charges but also via the S-matrix bootstrap. We also show a deep relation between Affine Toda theories and conformal minimal models, that extends to the quantum level, where we find a family of integrable renormalization group flows between the unitary conformal minimal models, known as the staircase model.

The vortex fluctuations have proved to be responsible for the onset of dissipation in thin type-II superconducting Aims. There is also growing evidence that dissipation in high- temperature superconductors exhibits the same kind of two-dimensional (2D) behavior. However, a proper analysis of these materials requires a thorough understanding of the two-dimensional fluctuations. This thesis may be considered to consist of two parts. The first is concerned with two models that have often been used as models for 2D superconductors, the 2D Coulomb gas and the 2D XY model. The second part contains analyses related to high-temperature sup er conductivity. Through analysis of some renormalization equations for the Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) transition, it is shown that the region governed by the KT critical behavior is very small and only applies at very low values for the flux-flow resistance. It is concluded that this critical behavior not is observable in superconductors, and, furthermore, that the only available method to test for 2D fluctuations at the onset of resistance, is through comparison with the 2D resistance scaling function. The critical temperature for the 2D XY model is determined by means of a finite- size scaling relation for the helicity modulus. The linearly screened potential in the XY model is written in terms of a correlation function. The analogy to the 2D Coulomb gas is found to be exact with a temperature-dependent bare interaction and a new expression for vorticity. It is also demonstrated that the Coulomb gas scaling concept may be applied to XY-type models. An analysis of resistance data for YBCO/PBCO superlattices in terms of the 2D resistance scaling function gives evidence for 2D behavior in the cases with large separation of the superconducting layers. In the superlattices with stronger interlayer coupling, the crossover to three-dimensional behavior is seen as a deviation from the scaling function as Tc is approached from above. The anisotropic three-dimensional (3D) XY model is examined as a model for high- temperature superconductors. It is shown that the density of vortices above Tc are closely equal in the anisotropic 3D model and the 2D model. This is taken as evidence that the 3D to 2D crossover found in the superlattices also is present in the anisotropic 3D XY model. / digitalisering@umu.se

No description available.

This work deals with definition of garments. It explores how little changes a piece of fabric needs to still make it into a garment. What is it that defines a garment, is it just that something is done with a piece of fabric or does it need some recognizing of body parts. The aim is to find new ways of construction without using templates and questioning when textile becomes garments by draping and cutting.Through using how clothes are fitted to the body but instead of using pattern templates work from a rectangle and make it fit the body as garment. Working from two-dimensional to three-dimensional by the help of the body, going directly from fabric to garment. By defining the essential parts in every garment and cutting holes in a rectangle to highlight a certain body part or letting the body go trough different holes to make the fabric turn and drape around the body. Conclusion of the work is that a cut or incision doesn’t always define a garment, that it takes another recognition as well to make the definition. During the development questions have arise as for example how to construct holes in all fabrics and deal with the finishing, how to use raw edges without ripping, how to sew were there is no seam allowance and how to create fabric suited for cutting. / Program: Modedesignutbildningen

nvestigando a estrutura dos sistemas elementares com simetria de Poincaré em 1 + 1 dimensões, devemos considerar o problema da eliminação das anomalias clássicas, que têm origem no segundo grupo de cohomologia não-trivial deste grupo dinâmico, gerando um termo de Wess-Zumino na ação da partícula relativística. Efetuamos a classificação geral de todos os sistemas elementares em 1 + 1 dimensões, em termos de co-órbitas, mostrando que existe um simplectomorfismo entre o espaço de fase reduzido da partícula e uma determinada co-órbita na álgebra de Lie dual à de Poincaré estendida. / While researching the structure of elementar systems with Poincaré symmetry in 1+1 dimensions, we must be concerned about the problem of elimination of the classical anomalies, which arise from the non-trivial second cohomology group of this dynamical group, generating a Wess-Zumino term in the relativistic particle action. We classify all elementary systems in 1+1 dimensions in terms of co-orbits, showing that there is a symplectomorphism between the reduced phase space of the particle and a certain co-orbit in the Lie algebra dual to the extended Poincaré one.

<p>The main focus of this thesis lies on the critical properties of twodimensional (2D) superconductors in zero magnetic field. Simulations based on variants of the 2D XY model are shown to give characteristic features close to the phase transition which agree qualitatively with experimental data. Thus, it is concluded that these common characteristic features are caused by two-dimensional vortices.</p><p>The thesis consists of an introductory part and five separate publications. In the introductory part of the thesis the basic results of the Ginzburg-Landau model, which gives a phenomenological description of superconductors, are described. In 2D systems, the superconductive phase transition in the absence of a magnetic field is governed by the unbinding of thermally created vortices and is called the Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) phase transition. An introduction to this kind of transition is given. The important features of the current-voltage (IV) characteristics and the nonlinear conductivity, which can be used to study the KT transition, are discussed. The scaling analysis procedure, a powerful tool for the analysis of the properties of a system in the vicinity of phase transition, is reviewed. A scaling form for the nonlinear dc conductivity, which takes into account finite-size e ects, is discussed.</p><p>The static 2D XY model, which is usually used to describe superfluids, superconducting films as well as the high-Tc superconductors with high anisotropy, is introduced. Three different types of dynamic models, namely resistively shunted junction, relaxational, and Monte Carlo dynamics are superimposed on the 2D XY model for the evaluation of the dynamic properties. TheVillain model and a modifiedXY model using a p-type interaction potential exhibit different densities of the thermally created vortices. Since the dominant characteristic physical features close to the KT transition are associated with vortex pair fluctuations these two models are investigated.</p><p>The introductory part closes with a short introduction to each of the five published articles.</p>

The main focus of this thesis lies on the critical properties of twodimensional (2D) superconductors in zero magnetic field. Simulations based on variants of the 2D XY model are shown to give characteristic features close to the phase transition which agree qualitatively with experimental data. Thus, it is concluded that these common characteristic features are caused by two-dimensional vortices. The thesis consists of an introductory part and five separate publications. In the introductory part of the thesis the basic results of the Ginzburg-Landau model, which gives a phenomenological description of superconductors, are described. In 2D systems, the superconductive phase transition in the absence of a magnetic field is governed by the unbinding of thermally created vortices and is called the Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) phase transition. An introduction to this kind of transition is given. The important features of the current-voltage (IV) characteristics and the nonlinear conductivity, which can be used to study the KT transition, are discussed. The scaling analysis procedure, a powerful tool for the analysis of the properties of a system in the vicinity of phase transition, is reviewed. A scaling form for the nonlinear dc conductivity, which takes into account finite-size e ects, is discussed. The static 2D XY model, which is usually used to describe superfluids, superconducting films as well as the high-Tc superconductors with high anisotropy, is introduced. Three different types of dynamic models, namely resistively shunted junction, relaxational, and Monte Carlo dynamics are superimposed on the 2D XY model for the evaluation of the dynamic properties. TheVillain model and a modifiedXY model using a p-type interaction potential exhibit different densities of the thermally created vortices. Since the dominant characteristic physical features close to the KT transition are associated with vortex pair fluctuations these two models are investigated. The introductory part closes with a short introduction to each of the five published articles.

nvestigando a estrutura dos sistemas elementares com simetria de Poincaré em 1 + 1 dimensões, devemos considerar o problema da eliminação das anomalias clássicas, que têm origem no segundo grupo de cohomologia não-trivial deste grupo dinâmico, gerando um termo de Wess-Zumino na ação da partícula relativística. Efetuamos a classificação geral de todos os sistemas elementares em 1 + 1 dimensões, em termos de co-órbitas, mostrando que existe um simplectomorfismo entre o espaço de fase reduzido da partícula e uma determinada co-órbita na álgebra de Lie dual à de Poincaré estendida. / While researching the structure of elementar systems with Poincaré symmetry in 1+1 dimensions, we must be concerned about the problem of elimination of the classical anomalies, which arise from the non-trivial second cohomology group of this dynamical group, generating a Wess-Zumino term in the relativistic particle action. We classify all elementary systems in 1+1 dimensions in terms of co-orbits, showing that there is a symplectomorphism between the reduced phase space of the particle and a certain co-orbit in the Lie algebra dual to the extended Poincaré one.