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Le cancer du sein et le diabète de type II sont deux pathologies chroniques majeures chez la femme, qui sont suspectées de partager de nombreux facteurs de risque. Mais leurs étiologies demeurent encore partiellement inconnues,notamment en ce qui concerne certains facteurs alimentaires, ou encore certaines composantes du syndrome métabolique. Les données de la cohorte française E3N ont ainsi été utilisées pour évaluer les associations entre la consommation d’alcool, de café, de viande, les apports en vitamine D et les risques de cancer du sein et de diabète de type II. De plus, s’il est avéré que le syndrome métabolique est associé à un sur-risque de diabète, des questions persistent quant à l’influence de certaines composantes du syndrome métabolique, tels que le taux de cholestérol ou certains facteurs anthropométriques, sur le risque de cancer du sein. Dans l’évaluation des risques respectifs de cancer du sein et de diabète de type II, nos travaux ont mis en évidence qu’une consommation élevée de café était associée à une diminution de risque de diabète de type II, qu’un taux sérique élevé de vitamine D, ou un apport élevé en vitamine D alimentaire parmi les femmes résidant dans les zones de forte exposition solaire, étaient associés à une diminution de risque de cancer du sein. Si une consommation nulle ou modérée d’alcool s’est avérée être associée à une absence de sur-risque de diabète de type II, la consommation d’alcool était quant à elle associée à un sur-risque de cancer du sein. Nos résultats sont également en faveur d’une limitation de la consommation de viande préparée industriellement. Par ailleurs, maintenir un indice de masse corporelle et un tour de hanche le plus faible possible, à l’aide d’un régime alimentaire équilibré et une activité physique régulière,permettrait également de réduire les risques de cancer du sein et de diabète de type II. / Breast cancer and type II diabetes are two of the main chronic diseases in women and are suspected to share common risk factors. But their etiologies are still partially unknown, in particular concerning some dietary factors and some parameters of the metabolic syndrome. If evidence is convincing that themetabolic syndrome is associated with an increased type II diabetes risk, questions remain unanswered regarding cholesterol level, anthropometric factors and breast cancer risk. The French E3N cohort database was thus used to evaluate the associations between alcohol, coffee, meat consumption and serum concentration and dietary intake of vitamin D on the risks of breast cancer and type II diabetes. We showed that a high coffee consumption was associated with a decreased risk of type II diabetes, and that a high vitamin D blood level was associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer. Whereas null or moderated alcohol consumption was not related to type II diabetes risk, an increase in alcohol consumption was associated with an increased breast cancer risk. Our results suggested limiting processed meat consumption. They also favoured recommendation towards low body mass index ora low hip circumference by a healthy diet and a regular physical activity so as to decrease breast cancer and type II diabetes risks.

<p>Obesity is a globally increasing disease particularly in developing countries and among children. It is mainly caused by intake of diets high in fat and the lack of physical activity. Obesity is a risk factor for diseases such as type II diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and certain cancers. Prediabetes is a condition where blood glucose levels are above normal but have not&nbsp / reached those of diabetes. It is difficult to diagnose, as there are no signs or symptoms. Some type II diabetes patients bear no symptoms at all and the disease is discovered late. Proteomics is a field that can provide opportunities for early diagnosis of diseases through biomarker discovery. The early diagnosis of diabetes can assist in the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Therefore there is a need for the early diagnosis of diabetes. Twenty Wistar rats were used. The rats were initially fed a CHOW diet, which is the standard balanced diet for rats, for 4 weeks. The rats were then divided into 2 groups of 10 where 1 group was fed CHOW and another was fed a high fat (HF) diet in order to induce obesity. The two groups were fed their respective diets for 18 weeks. Rats were weighed. Rats were placed in metabolic chambers and 24 hour urine samples were collected. Ketone levels were measured by Ketostix. Urine proteins were precipitated by acetone, quantified and separated on both the 1D SDS-PAGE and the 2D SDS-PAGE. Protein expression changes between CHOW and HF fed rats were determined and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Protein spots intensities increased and decreased between the CHOW and HF fed rats. Transducin (beta)-like 3 was identified as the only differentially expressed protein, which might serve as a potential biomarker for prediabetes.</p>

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES: Current screening guidelines for pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus note that there are discrepancies in diagnosing the disease using the fasting plasma glucose test, oral glucose tolerance test, and HbA1c in high-risk populations. The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of screening methods for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and pre-diabetes by race/ethnicity and gender. METHODS: Secondary analyses of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2005-2008) were performed using SPSS 19.0. Screening outcomes were assessed and compared for a sample of n=10,566, NHW, NHB, MA, and Multiracial/other men and women. Analyses included cross tabulations, ANOVA and partial correlations to establish disease prevalence, effectiveness of screenings, and statistical significance. RESULTS: It was found that the HbA1c test is comparable in precision, and is correlated with the FPG for racial and ethnic minorities. The specificities for detecting pre-diabetes using the HbA1c were higher (64-66%) for these groups than by using the standard, FPG screening method (42-49%). There were no strong, significant differences for screening effectiveness for men versus women. DISCUSSION: This study revealed that the HbA1c test might be an effective method for screening for pre-diabetes in racial and ethnic minorities instead of the FPG test alone. Screening in high-risk populations will help delay the onset of T2DM, with increased prevention during the pre-clinical phase.

<p>Obesity is a globally increasing disease particularly in developing countries and among children. It is mainly caused by intake of diets high in fat and the lack of physical activity. Obesity is a risk factor for diseases such as type II diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and certain cancers. Prediabetes is a condition where blood glucose levels are above normal but have not&nbsp / reached those of diabetes. It is difficult to diagnose, as there are no signs or symptoms. Some type II diabetes patients bear no symptoms at all and the disease is discovered late. Proteomics is a field that can provide opportunities for early diagnosis of diseases through biomarker discovery. The early diagnosis of diabetes can assist in the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Therefore there is a need for the early diagnosis of diabetes. Twenty Wistar rats were used. The rats were initially fed a CHOW diet, which is the standard balanced diet for rats, for 4 weeks. The rats were then divided into 2 groups of 10 where 1 group was fed CHOW and another was fed a high fat (HF) diet in order to induce obesity. The two groups were fed their respective diets for 18 weeks. Rats were weighed. Rats were placed in metabolic chambers and 24 hour urine samples were collected. Ketone levels were measured by Ketostix. Urine proteins were precipitated by acetone, quantified and separated on both the 1D SDS-PAGE and the 2D SDS-PAGE. Protein expression changes between CHOW and HF fed rats were determined and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Protein spots intensities increased and decreased between the CHOW and HF fed rats. Transducin (beta)-like 3 was identified as the only differentially expressed protein, which might serve as a potential biomarker for prediabetes.</p>

Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) (also known as second-generation antipsychotics) are the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medications for schizophrenia, bipolar I disorder, depression and autism. Compared to the typical antipsychotics, AAPs were marketed as reducing adverse side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms. This resulted in extensive use of AAPs for not only the FDA approved indications but also other conditions that are not approved. However, several post-marketing clinical trials evaluated the use of AAPs and reported serious adverse side effects, including metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular events, or death. The extensive use of AAPs by pediatrics is an important policy problem that imposes serious concerns on public health and economy in the US. A large proportion of total pediatric AAP use is off-label in which the safety and effectiveness are not yet established. Moreover, among the off-label conditions for which AAPs were used, ADHD was the most common primary mental diagnosis. From public health perspective, the risk of type II diabetes in pediatric AAP users was estimated. A retrospective cohort study was conducted and a twice higher risk of developing type II diabetes was estimated for AAP users compared to non-users in pediatrics. From economic efficiency perspective, the cost-effectiveness of AAPs compared to other ADHD medications in pediatric ADHD patients was estimated. Among non-stimulant ADHD medication treatment strategies, AAPs resulted in the lower expected health outcome than other ADHD medications. Also, AAPs were not a favored choice with respect to cost-effectiveness. A comparative effectiveness study that compares resource utilization and costs between atypical antipsychotic (AAP) users and non-AAP users in ADHD revealed that AAP users were likely to visit a healthcare facility for outpatient and inpatient services more frequently than non-AAP users. Total health care costs were significantly higher for AAP users with additional costs of $1,393 (2012 dollars) during six months and $2,784 (2012 dollars) during a year after initiating the AAP treatment.

Abstract Type 2 diabetes can be prevented if the impaired glucose tolerance is found. Oral glucose tolerance test is needed in clinical practise for that but it is expensive and inconvenient. Obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and hypertension in pregnancy are factors often found in persons with type 2 diabetes. When there are more than one factor in same person the risk of type 2 diabetes multiplies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism and risk factors of type 2 diabetes in middle aged Finnish population in Savitaipale municipality and develop a method to screen abnormal glucose metabolism in primary health care. It was also studied the correlation of blood pressure and body mass index during pregnancy and abnormal glucose metabolism in later life. The study population was 1561 people born 1933–1956. 77,5% participated and 1097 people of them not having known abnormal glucose metabolism were taken to the cross-sectional study to develop the screening method. All 325 women who have had childbirth and files of that were taken to the prospective pregnancy cohort study. Information was collected with interview, measurements, laboratory research and from childbirth files. According the World Health Organisation criteria 1999 the prevalence of diabetes was 8,7% in men and 7,4% in women, previously undiagnosed 3,9% and 3,1%. Every fourth had abnormal glucose metabolism (men 23,2%, women 23,5%). The prevalence of obesity, hypertension, use of long-term antihypertensive medication and dyslipidemia (only in women) was higher among those, who had abnormal glucose metabolism. Logistic models were made for the classified risk factors. The model (AUC 0.718 for men, 0.761 for women) containing age, gender, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure and use of long-term antihypertensive medication was as good as model containing in addition family history of diabetes, smoking habits, serum lipids and long-term use of lipid lowering medication. Risk score tables were made from classified risk factors to evaluate the probability of the abnormal glucose metabolism. The blood pressure level and body mass index in pregnancy correlated independently with abnormal glucose metabolism in later life, blood pressure also adjusted with body mass index. Hypertension in pregnancy or after delivery correlated with abnormal glucose metabolism adjusted with body mass index. Hypertension in pregnancy doubled the risk of abnormal glucose metabolism in later life adjusted for body mass index in pregnancy and hypertension in later life. This information is important in prevention of type 2 diabetes. / Tiivistelmä Tyypin 2 diabetesta voidaan estää, mikäli heikentynyt glukoosinsieto tunnistetaan. Siihen tarvitaan glukoosirasituskoetta, jota on pidetty kalliina ja hankalana toteuttaa. Lihavuus, kohonnut verenpaine, dyslipidemia ja raskausdiabetes ovat tyypin 2 diabeteksen riskitekijöitä ja niiden ryvästyminen samaan henkilöön lisää diabetekseen sairastumisen todennäköisyyttä. Tyypin 2 diabeteksen riskitekijöiden ja poikkeavan glukoosiaineenvaihdunnan määrää ja raskauden aikaisen verenpaineen yhteyttä myöhemmin ilmaantuvaan poikkeavaan glukoosiaineenvaihduntaan tutkittiin 1933–1956 syntyneessä savitaipalelaisessa väestössä. Tavoitteena oli kehittää perusterveydenhuoltoon soveltuva poikkeavan glukoosiaineenvaihdunnan seulontamenetelmä. Kohdejoukosta (n = 1561) osallistui 77,5 %, joista 1097:llä henkilöllä ei tiedetty olevan diabetesta. Heistä kerättiin tietoa haastattelulla, mittauksilla ja laboratoriotutkimuksilla sekä äitiysneuvolakorteista. Raskausaineistoon ja takenevaan kohorttitutkimukseen otettiin kaikki ne 325 naista, myös diabeetikot, joista raskaudesta oli tiedot käytettävissä. Diabetesta sairasti 8,7 % miehistä ja 7,4 % naisista, aiemmin diagnosoimattomia oli 3,9 % ja 3,1 %. Poikkeava glukoosiaineenvaihdunta oli joka neljännellä. Lihavuutta, kohonnutta verenpainetta, verenpainelääkkeen käyttöä ja naisilla dyslipidemiaa oli enemmän niillä, joilla oli poikkeava glukoosiaineenvaihdunta. Tutkimuksessa luotiin luokitelluista muuttujista logistisia malleja. Malli, johon muuttujiksi valittiin ikä, sukupuoli, vyötärön ympärys, systolinen verenpaine ja verenpainelääkkeen käyttö, todettiin yhtä hyväksi (miesten ROC -käyrän AUC 0.718, naisten 0.761) ennustamaan heikentynyt glukoosinsieto ja diabetes kuin malli, johon lisäksi valittiin suvun diabetes, tupakointi, rasva-arvoja ja lipidilääkityksen käyttö. Muuttujista tehtiin taulut, joista voi nähdä poikkeavan glukoosiaineenvaihdunnan todennäköisyyden. Raskauden aikainen verenpaine ja painoindeksi olivat yhteydessä myöhemmin ilmaantuvaan poikkeavaan glukoosiaineenvaihduntaan, samoin loppuraskauden verenpaine painoindeksillä vakioituna. Raskaudessa todettu kohonnut verenpaine oli, mutta raskauden aiheuttama kohonnut verenpaine ei ollut, yhteydessä myöhemmin ilmaantuvaan poikkeavaan glukoosiaineenvaihduntaan painoindeksistä riippumatta, samoin loppuraskauden diastolinen verenpaine seulonnan diastolisesta verenpaineesta riippumatta. Raskaudessa tai sen jälkeen todettu kohonnut verenpaine kaksinkertaisti poikkeavan glukoosiaineenvaihdunnan riskin loppuraskauden painoindeksistä tai seulonnassa todetusta kohonneesta verenpaineesta riippumatta. Kahdella helposti mitattavalla muuttujalla voidaan päätellä glukoosirasituskokeen tarve. Diabetesta ehkäistäessä on tärkeä tietää, että raskauden kohonnut verenpaine ja ylipaino lisäävät myöhempää poikkeavaa glukoosiaineenvaihduntaa.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Obesity is a globally increasing disease particularly in developing countries and among children. It is mainly caused by intake of diets high in fat and the lack of physical activity. Obesity is a risk factor for diseases such as type II diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and certain cancers. Prediabetes is a condition where blood glucose levels are above normal but have not reached those of diabetes. It is difficult to diagnose, as there are no signs or symptoms. Some type II diabetes patients bear no symptoms at all and the disease is discovered late. Proteomics is a field that can provide opportunities for early diagnosis of diseases through biomarker discovery. The early diagnosis of diabetes can assist in the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Therefore there is a need for the early diagnosis of diabetes. Twenty Wistar rats were used. The rats were initially fed a CHOW diet, which is the standard balanced diet for rats, for 4 weeks. The rats were then divided into 2 groups of 10 where 1 group was fed CHOW and another was fed a high fat (HF) diet in order to induce obesity. The two groups were fed their respective diets for 18 weeks. Rats were weighed. Rats were placed in metabolic chambers and 24 hour urine samples were collected. Ketone levels were measured by Ketostix. Urine proteins were precipitated by acetone, quantified and separated on both the 1D SDS-PAGE and the 2D SDS-PAGE. Protein expression changes between CHOW and HF fed rats were determined and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Protein spots intensities increased and decreased between the CHOW and HF fed rats. Transducin (beta)-like 3 was identified as the only differentially expressed protein, which might serve as a potential biomarker for prediabetes. / South Africa

Nutritional communication research helps with public health promotion, government dietary intervention and future outlooks for the dietetics profession. This research explores the way health professionals target niche population groups to educate on nutrition. The phenomenological methodology and the Communication Accommodation theory framework guided interviews with 10 Arab-speaking females diagnosed with type II diabetes or prediabetes. The findings reveal eight major underlying themes: language, socio-economic impact, level of integration/adaption to new environment, role of religion in life, health is a personal responsibility, role of family/specific family members, role of health professional and views on the Canadian food/culture. Ultimately, dietary acculturation of the sample group is influenced by level of English language proficiency, health literacy, exposure to health information and cultural values.

Certains antagonistes du récepteur AT1 (« angiotensin II type 1 receptors ») utilisés dans le traitement de l'hypertension artérielle ont par la suite également montré une activité au niveau de PPAR[gamma] (« Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor [gamma] »), un récepteur impliqué dans la régulation du métabolisme du glucose. Cela constitue une nouvelle approche thérapeutique vers un traitement concomitant de l'hypertension artérielle et du diabète de type II, qui sont souvent associés. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes dirigés vers la conception rationnelle de molécules capables d'interagir à la fois sur les deux récepteurs impliqués dans ces affections. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé le concept de « designed multiple ligand » tel qu'il a été défini par certains chercheurs de l'Industrie pharmaceutique. Nous l'avons appliqué en combinant les pharmacophores propres aux antagonistes du récepteur AT1 et aux agonistes de PPAR[gamma], afin de générer une série diversifiée de composés. Afin de diriger la conception de ces molécules, nous avons par ailleurs réalisé des expérimentations de modélisation moléculaire (« docking ») sur PPAR[gamma]. Cela nous a conduits à développer une nouvelle méthode dans le but de prédire le caractère agoniste des composés étudiés. Enfin les molécules ont été évaluées pour leurs propriétés antagonistes AT1 et agoniste PPAR[gamma]. D'intéressantes relations structures activités ont été dégagées / Some angiotensin II-type 1 receptor (AT1) antagonists, used for blood pressure control, exhibit also an activity on peroxisome proliferator activated receptor [gamma] (PPAR[gamma]), which is involved in the control of glucose metabolism. Such compounds could be promising drugs for the treatment of both hypertension and type II diabetes, which are often concomitant. Therefore, we have rationally designed molecules potentially able to interact with both receptors involved in these diseases. We used the "design multiple ligands" concept, as previously developed by industrial pharmacists, to build up a diversified molecule set via combination of both pharmacophores of AT1 and PPAR[gamma] receptor antagonists and agonists, respectively. Molecular modeling experiments (docking) on PPAR[gamma] were conducted to rationalise the synthesis and allow us to predict in some extent the agonistic activity of the studied compounds