Ce travail a trait à la gestion des flux énergétiques électriques au sein du réseau embarqué d’un véhicule électrique. Les éléments constitutifs de la chaîne électrique ont été d’abord modélisés à des fins de commande et de simulation. Il est visé ici la minimisation du stress des batteries au plomb via une hybridation avec des supercondensateurs. Deux familles de lois de commande ont été conçues et développées, à savoir des lois de type « fréquentielles » et des lois optimales de type « Linéaires Quadratiques Gaussiennes ». Un banc de test temps réel hybride a été architecturé afin de tester ces lois. Ce banc de test a pour noyau deux simulateurs temps réel (RT-LAB et dSPACE). Une partie de la chaîne de puissance est soit émulée par des sources contrôlées ou réalisée via des maquettes à échelle réduite mais à facteur de similitude respecté. Les essais sur le banc de test ont permis d’obtenir des résultats satisfaisants et encourageants qui corroborent la théorie. / This work addresses the management of electrical energy flows within the embedded network of anelectric vehicle. The electrical system components were first modeled for purposes of control synthesisand simulation. It is aimed the minimization of lead-acid batteries stress via hybridization withultracapacitors. Two families of control laws have been conceived and developed, namely afrequency-domain-based law and an optimal Linear Quadratic Gaussian law. A real-time hybrid testbench has been built in order to test these laws. This test bench has two core real-time simulators (RTLABand dSPACE). A part of the power chain has been either emulated by using suitably-controlledsources or realized by using small-scale real hardware with the similarity factor being respected. estson the testbed have yielded satisfactory and encouraging results that corroborate the theory.

This paper describes the design of DC/DC converters designed for charging supercapacitors and subsequent transformation of voltage to the desired value. In the text are presented decreasing and increasing switched-mode voltage converter including the calculation of the individual components and also the design of converter that combines both types. Using simulation software has been verified the function of each circuits, which can serves as a lower power backup supply.

Technology advancements enable and encourage higher system electrifications in various applications. More electrified applications need more capable and higher performing sources of energy in terms of power delivery, power regeneration, and energy capacity. For example, in electric, hybrid electric, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle applications (EVs, HEVs, and PHEVs), the power and energy ratings of the vehicle energy storage system (ESS) have a direct impact on the vehicle performance. Many researchers investigated and studied various aspects of hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) wherein multiple ESSs are combined together to share system loads, increase ESS capabilities, and cycle life. Various configurations and their application specific topologies were also proposed by other researchers; the potential of HESS has been proven to be very promising. In this research, the goal is to present the theory of a HESS configuration that has not been discovered thus far. This HESS configuration is called a series-parallel reconfigurable HESS (SPR-HESS) since it is capable of recombining multiple storage systems into different series, parallel, or series-parallel configurations, via power electronic converters, to accommodate different operation modes and load requirements. Simulations, as well as experimental verifications, are presented in this thesis. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

With increasing oil price and mounting environment concerns, cleaner and sustainable energy solutions have been demanded. At present transportation constitutes a large portion of the energy consumed and pollution created. In this work, two hybrid vehicle powertrain technologies were studied, a fuel cell - battery hybrid and two internal combustion engine - battery/ultracapacitor hybrids. Powertrain performance models were built to simulate the performance of these new designs, and to assess the feasibility of a fuel cell hybrid power backup system for a special type of vehicles, elevators in high-rise buildings, using the ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR (ADVISOR) first. The model was then applied to evaluate the two-mode hybrid powertrain for more common vehicles - commercial trucks, showing potential fuel consumption reduction. To improve modeling accuracy, a new and more flexible tool for modeling multi-physics systems, Modelica/Dymola, was used to carry out the modeling and analysis of next generation hybrid electric vehicles, exploring the potentials of new hybrid powertrain architectures and energy storage system designs. The study forms the foundation for further research and developments.

The work deals with relatively new components allowing electric energy accumulation – ultracapacitors. It focuses on their application in traffic systems – in independent electric vehicles. Design and verification of a system with ultracapacitor and DC/DC adaptive converter was done. Control of the adaptive converter modifies very positively the time wafeform of the traction accumulator current during the drive cycle. The designed connection of ultracapacitor and DC/DC converter implemented in the drive structure of experimental electric vehicle with induction machine contributes to increment the action radius of the vehicle by 16% (determined by experimental verification). This result was achived particularly by limitation of traction accumulator current peaks, And by more effective storage of energy gained by recuperative braking of the vehicle as well. The core of the system is a control of the adaptive converter in order to provide an active filtration of the accumulator’s current to its long-period mean value, i.e. elimination of current (power) peaks. These are caused by acceleration from non-zero initial vehicle speed or by recuperative braking. This is done by a subsidiary current loop. The converter has a superior voltage regulation loop, which sets in long-time period the voltage of ultracapacitors to the proper value – indirectly dependent on the speed of the vehicle. This ensures the appropriate energy management of the ultracapacitor. In the following, properties of test set of ultracapacitors were verified. Finally, methods of suppression of capacity variability influence in series connection of these components were compiled and critically reviewed.

A l’aide de la Représentation Energétique Macroscopique (REM) comme outil de modélisation graphique, la modélisation et la gestion d’énergie d’une application stationnaire isolée à base d’un système PEMFC couplé à l’énergie solaire photovoltaïque comme source principale d’énergie sont développées. Afin d’assurer une autonomie du système en combustible, un électrolyseur PEM est intégré au dispositif. En outre, des packs de batteries et de supercondensateurs permettent un stockage d’énergie et de puissance.Grâce à la modularité de la REM, les modèles respectifs des différentes entités énergétiques du système ont été développés avant de les assembler pour reconstituer un modèle global. Une caractéristique propre de la REM étant la commande, une Structure Maximale de Commande (SMC) est déduite du modèle REM du système par application de règles d’inversion.Le phénomène d’effet échelle a permis de dimensionner le système grâce à un profil de consommation domestique d’énergie électrique. Une stratégie de gestion énergétique basée sur la méthode du bilan des flux de puissance et prenant en compte les dynamiques de chaque source a été développée. Différents modes de fonctionnement ont été étudiés. Grâce è un profil d’ensoleillement d’une journée, la pertinence du modèle a été évaluée. Il a été en outre introduit un couplage entre la méthode du bilan des flux de puissance et la logique floue afin que la stratégie de gestion redéfinisse les références des grandeurs électriques en tenant compte de l’état de charge des batteries et de celui des supercondensateurs. / A stand alone multi-source system based on the coupling of photovoltaic energy and both a PEM electrolyser and a PEMFC for stationary application is studied. The system gathers photovoltaic array as main energy source, ultracapacitors and batteries packs in order to smooth respectively fast and medium dynamic by supplying the load or by absorbing photovoltaic source overproduction. Because of the necessity of fuel availability, especially for islanding application like this one, a PEM electrolyser is integrated to the system for in situ hydrogen production.The main purpose being modeling and management of the power flows in order to meet the energy requirement without power cut, a graphical modeling tool namely Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) is used because of its analysis and control strengths. Thanks to the modular feature of the EMR, the different models of each energetic entity of the system are performed before their assembling.By using scale effect, the energetic system sizing is performed according to a household power profile. Then, by the help of the multi-level representation, the maximal control structure (MCS) is deduced from the system EMR model. The electrical reference values of the MCS are generated by applying the power balancing method involving the own dynamic of each source into the energy management strategy. Different behavior modes are taken into account. By considering an irradiance profile for one day, the system is simulated highlighting its suitable behaviour. Moreover, the relevance of the introduced coupling between fuzzy logic controller and the power balancing method is pointed out.

Dans le domaine aéronautique, l'optimisation du rendement énergétique global, la réduction des masses embarquées et la nécessité de répondre aux besoins énergétiques croissants conduisent à développer de nouvelles technologies et méthodes pour générer l'énergie électrique à bord, pour la distribuer, la convertir et la stocker. Dans cette thèse, des éléments de stockage de l'énergie électrique sont caractérisés dans l'optique d'être modélisés. Parmi les différents systèmes de stockage, présentés dans un état de l'art préliminaire, sont retenus les supercondensateurs et les accumulateurs électrochimiques Lithium-ion polymère, considérés respectivement comme des sources de puissance et d'énergie, à l'échelle de l'application. Ces moyens de stockage sont caractérisés par chronopotentiométrie à courant constant et par spectrométrie d'impédance électrochimique. Les essais sont éffectués dans des conditions expérimentales, définissant le domaine de validités des modèles, en cohérence avec les contraintes de l'application finale. Différents modèles sont alors développés en fonction de leur utilisation : des modèles simples, fonctionnels et suffisants pour la gestion globale d'énergie et des modèles dynamiques, comportementaux et nécessaires pour l'analyse de la qualité du réseau. Ils sont ensuite validés sur des profils de mission. Pour disposer d'un système de stockage performant et en adéquation avec les besoins énergétiques de l'aéronef, une méthode de dimensionnement est proposée, associant des composants de stockage complémentaires. Un gestion fréquentielle des sources est mise en oeuvre de manière à minimiser la masse du système de stockage. / In aeronautics, the optimization of the global energetic efficiency, the reduction of the embedded weight and the need to meet the growing energetic requirements lead to develop new technologies and methods to generate electrical energy, to distribute it, to convert it and to store it aboard. In this thesis, electrical energy storage systems are characterized with a view to be modeled. Among varied storage systems, presented in an introductory state of the art, ultracapacitors and Lithium-ion polymer secondary batteries are studied. These components are considered respectively as power and energy sources, in regards to the application scale. These storage systems are characterized by chronopotentiometry at constant current and by electrochemical impedance spectrometry. Tests are carried out in experimental conditions which define the validity area of modeling, in relation with the application constraints. Different models are developed according to their future use : simple models, which are functional and sufficient for the global energy management, and dynamics models, which are behavioral and necessary for the analysis of the network quality. Then, they validated thanks to mission profiles. Finally, to dispose of an efficient storage system that meets the energetic requirements of the aircraft, a sizing method is suggested by combining complementary storage systems. An energy management based on frequency approach is implemented in order to minimize the storage system weight.