In 1971, the algal class Eustigmatophyceae, Stramenopiles, was detached by Hibberd and Leedale from the class Xanthophyceae, Stramenopiles, on the basis of prominent ultrastructural differences in vegetative cells and more importantly in zoospores, such as the presence of big extraplastidial stigma. The class was divided into four families, six genera and twelve species. It seems so far, that there is a deep dichotomy within the class. Eliáš et al. (unpublished) recom- mend to establish two orders based on molecular sequencing of 18S rDNA and rbcL: Eustigmatales (sen- su Eustigmatophyceae described by Hibberd) and Goniochloridales (order containing Goniochloris, Pseu- dostaurastrum and undescribed relatives). The order Eustigmatales is divided into three separate lineages, most likely families: Eustigmataceae (A1), Monodopsidaceae (A2) and a new family Pseudellipsoidiona- ceae (A3). In this study the ultrastructure of 10 eustigmatophycean strains from three separate lineages was investigated. The typical characteristics of this class as chloroplast without a girdle lamella, a reddish glo- bule and lamellate vesicles were found in all strains studied. The appearance of the lamellate vesicles was found to change during the life cycle. My research indicates that other characteristics, formerly...

Oxymonads (Excavata, Preaxostyla) are a group of anaerobic endobiotic flagellates living primarily in guts of xylophagous insects (cockroaches and termites). Some representatives of the genus Monocercomonoides belonging to the morphologically simplest family Polymastigidae have been described also from the guts of vertebrates. Oxymonads are a group of protist in which mitochondrion has not been proven yet. In this work, we have sequenced gene fo SSU rRNA of two strains of Monocercomonoides and performed phylogenetic analysis of oxymonads. Five selected strains Monocercomonoides isolated from different hosts and distantly related on the phylogenetic tree were studied by using light (DIC and protargol staining) and transmission electron microscopy. The aim was to find differences between these strains. We have focused primarily on the morphology of the nucleus, appearance of the endoplasmic reticulum and structure of the fibre R1. We were able to distinguish the strains by the position of karyosome (central and parietal) and the number of microtubules in the R1 fibre (6-12) and we assume that they represent separate species. The phylogenetic position and appearance of the strains NAU3 were so different that it may represent a new genus. Mitochondria or double-membrane bounded organelles have not been...

Ultrastructural observations reveal that the spermatozoids of the hornworts Notothylas and Phaeoceros contain two mitochondria and not one as described previously. Mitochondrial ontogeny and nuclear metamorphosis during spermiogenesis in these plants differ from all other archegoniates. The discovery that the posterior region of the coiled nucleus (when viewed from the anterior aspect) lies to the left of the anterior, in striking contrast to the dextral coiling of the nucleus of spermatozoids of other embryophytes, underlines the isolated nature of the hornworts among land plants. As the blepharoplast develops, the numerous ovoid mitochondria initially present in the nascent spermatid fuse to form a single elongated organelle which is positioned subjacent to the MLS and extends down between the nucleus and plastid. At the onset of nuclear metamorphosis, the solitary mitochondrion has separated into a larger anterior mitochondrion (AM) associated with the MLS and a much smaller posterior mitochondrion (PM) adjacent to the plastid. The PM retains its association with the plastid and both organelles migrate around the periphery of the cell as the spline MTs elongate. By contrast, in moss spermatids, where mitochondria undergo similar fusion and division, the AM is approximately the same size as the PM and the latter is never associated with the spline. As in other archegoniates, except mosses, spline elongation precedes nuclear metamorphosis in hornworts. Irregular strands of condensed chromatin compact basipetally to produce an elongated cylindrical nucleus which is narrower in its mid-region. During this process excess nucleoplasm moves rearward. It eventually overarches the inner surface of the plastid and entirely covers the PM.

The embryonic source and chemical nature of those factor/s directing the in vivo differentiation of melanocytes from crest cells are as yet unknown. To begin to address this issue, it is important to establish exactly when and where these signa/s first exert their effects. Therefore, in the present study, overtly differentiated melanocytes containing melanin were quantitated in developing Black Australorp X New Hampshire Red chick embryos. In contrast to previous studies, it was found that embryos synthesize melanin from as early as Day 5 of development, and that at this stage, the melanocytes are predominantly dermally located. Between 5 and 8 days, the numbers of both dermal and epidermal melanocytes increase, after which the dermal melanocyte population declines rapidly while the number of epidermal melanocytes continues to increase. These findings suggest that premelanocytes do not have to be epidermally located to initiate terminal differentiation and implicate the dermis as a possible source of melanocyte inducing factor/s. The next step was to examine stages of development prior to the onset of pigment production. For this reason, tyrosinase was purified for use as antigen in the production of a polyclonal antibody. The antibody was tested for specificity by western blotting, - immunocytochemistry and immunoinhibition procedures. Lack of specificity was demonstrated, rendering it unsuitable as an antibody marker for early melanocytes. Fowl melanocytes are thought to differentiate into either eumelanosome- or pheomelanosome synthesizing cells. To test the validity of this concept, embryonic skin of the red/black cross breed were screened for possible mixed type melanocytes by electron microscopy. The melanocytes contained melanosomes with a matrix of irregularly arranged filaments amongst typical eumelanogenic melanosomes. This suggests that these chick melanocytes may synthesize both eumelanosomes and pheomelanosomes in single cells. In a further study on pure breeding New Hampshire Reds, it was found that the melanocytes contained a mixture of typical and less typical pheomelanosomes. Outer membrane indentations in the latter melanosome type suggest that tyrosinase may enter these pheomelanosomes by a mechanism related to that proposed for the melanosomes of goldfish.

Ultrastructure, biochemistry and 5S rRNA sequences link tracheophytes, bryophytes and charalean green algae, but the precise interrelationships between these groups remain unclear. Further major clarification now awaits primary sequence data. These are also needed to determine directionality in possible evolutionary trends within the bryophytes, but are unlikely to overturn current schemes of classification or phylogeny. Comparative ultrastructural studies of spermatogenesis, sporogenesis, the cytoskeleton and plastids reinforce biochemical and morphogenetic evidence for the wide phyletic discontinuities between mosses, hepatics and hornworts, and also rule out direct lines of descent between them. Direct ancestral lineages from charalean algae to bryophytes and to tracheophytes are also unlikely. EM studies of gametophyte/sporophyte junctions, plus immunological investigations of bryophyte cytoskeletons, are likely to accentuate the differences between mosses, hepatirs and hornworts. Other priorities for systematics include elucidation of oil body ultrastructure, analysis of the changes in nuclear proteins during spermatogenesis and a detailed comparison of bryophyte and charalean plastids. The combined evidence from ultrastrueture, biochemistry, morphology and morphogenesis warrants general acceptance of the polyphyletic origin of the bryophytes. Ultrastructural attributes should be more widely used in bryophyte systematics.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in muscle ultrastructure and strength performance following a single bout of elbow flexor resistance exercise. Eight untrained males performed 8 sets of 8 repetitions at 80% concentric 1 RM. One arm performed only the concentric (CON) phase of the movement while the other performed only the eccentric (ECC) phase. Maximum isometric (MVC), low (LV} and high velocity (HV} concentric peak torque, and evoked contractile property measurements of the elbow flexors were made before and after the bout, and at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Needle biopsies were obtained from the biceps brachii prior to the exercise, immediately post-exercise from each arm (POSTCON, POST-ECC}, and 48 h post-exercise from each arm (48H-CON, 48H-ECC). Electron microscopy was used to quantify the extent of fiber disruption in each sample. The severity of disruption was classified as focal (FOC}, moderate (MOD}, or extreme (EXT}. All strength measurements decreased (P s; o. 05} below pre-exercise values immediately post-ex in both arms, but dramatic differences were observed between arms during the subsequent recovery period. MVC, LV, HV and peak twitch torque (PTT) recovered to pre-ex values by 24 h in the CON arm. In the ECC arm, HV did not recover for at least 72 h, and MVC, LV and PTT remained depressed at 96 h. ANOVA revealed a greater (P s; 0.05) number fibers were disrupted in the POST-CON, POST-ECC, 48H-CON and 48H-ECC samples compared to BASE. Significantly more fibers appeared disrupted in the POST-ECC (82%) and 48H-ECC (80%) samples compared to the POSTCON (33%) and 48H-CON (37%) samples, respectively. In addition, the POST-ECC (41%) and 48H-ECC (50%) samples contained a greater number of fibers with EXT disruption compared to the POST-CON (13%) and 48H-CON (17%) samples. Decreases in MVC at 48 h correlated (P ~ 0.05) with the extent of EXT disruption in the 48H-CON and 48H-ECC samples. These data indicate that both the CON and ECC phase of weightlifting produce myofibrillar disruption, with the greatest disruption occurring during the ECC phase. This study was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

La barrière épidermique du stratum corneum (SC) est doublée par une barrière secondaire des jonctions serrées (JS) qui influent sur la formation de barrière principale. Dans mes travaux, je me suis concentré sur l'étude de la présence et l'évolution des éléments jonctionnelles composants ces deux barrières ; les cornéodesmosomes au niveau du SC et les JSs au niveau de la granuleuse. En plus, je me suis intéressé à l'implication des glycanes dans la fonction barrière épidermique. Ces travaux ont été réalisés soit dans un contexte physiologique soit par la modulation de la barrière épidermique par des facteurs intrinsèques et extrinsèques. Nos résultats confirment que les JSs jouent un rôle subalterne par rapport à la barrière du SC et montrent que les glycanes persistent à la surface des cornéocytes humains. La composition et la répartition utlrastructurale des glycanes évoluent à travers les assises du SC jusqu'à la desquamation d'une manière concordante avec la répartition des cornéodesmosomes. Certaines modifications intrinsèques naturelles lors du vieillissement ou pathologiques notamment l'état pelliculaire et la dermatite atopique, ont permis d'appréhender le rôle de ces composants dans la cohésion du SC et la prestance d'une barrière fonctionnelle. Les modifications extrinsèques de la barrière par l'application de solvants, d'excipients ou de formulations perméabilisantes montrent l'importance de l'organisation utlrastructurale des composants jonctionnelles et non jonctionnelles du SC dans le maintien d'une barrière efficace / The stratum corneum (SC) barrier is doubled by the secondary barrier of tight junctions which influences the formation of the main barrier. In my work, I focused on the study of the junctional elements composing those two barriers; corneodesmosomes in the SC and the tight junction at the granular layer level. In addition, I got interested in the involvement of glycans in the epidermal barrier function. This work was carried out either in skin physiological conditions or by the modulation of the epidermal barrier by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Our results confirm that tight junctions play a subordinate role compared to the SC barrier and that glycans remain present at the surface of human corneocytes. The composition and the ultrastructure distribution of glycans evolve from the SC compactum to the SC disjunctum, towards desquamation in a comparable manner to the repartition of corneodesmosomes. Natural intrinsic changes during aging and pathological changes, including dandruff and atopic dermatitis, helped us to understand the role of those components in the cohesion of the SC and the conservation of functional barrier. Extrinsic modulation of the barrier by the application of solvents, excipients or topical formulations shows the importance of the ultrastructural organization of junctional and non-junctional SC components in maintaining an effective barrier

Introdução: Recentemente muitas são as funções atribuídas ao colágeno V em condições fisiológicas normais e em algumas doenças, como na esclerodermia. Esta proteína apresenta características estruturais singulares de regulação do diâmetro das fibrilas heterotípicas, e imunogenicidade, sendo capaz de desencadear uma resposta imune independente. Em descobertas recentes, desenvolvidas por nosso grupo, ficou evidenciado que o colágeno V apresenta histoarquitetura anômala, aumentando a sua imunoexpressão na pele e pulmão em estágios iniciais da doença, assim como, aumento do RNAm de suas cadeias, principalmente alfa2(V). Por esta razão e com o intuito de entender sobre os processos moleculares e ultraestruturais que correlacionam o COL V à fibrose na ES, a proposta do presente estudo foi realizar análise morfológica e ultraestrutural das cadeias, alfa1(V) e alfa2(V), da pele de pacientes com ES, assim como avaliar a influência do gene COL5A2 na fibrilogênese. Pacientes e Métodos: As análises foram desenvolvidas utilizando fragmento de pele obtidas de biópsia, tanto de pacientes como controles, sob aprovação do comitê de ética (CAPPesq 0331/10) e de acordo com Declaração de Helsinque. Participaram do estudo 7 pacientes (homens=3, mulheres=4) diagnosticados com ES há dois anos ou menos, e indivíduos voluntários saudáveis (n=7) utilizados como grupo controle. A biópsia das peles foi dividida para dois grupos de análises: estudos histológicos e cultura de fibroblastos; sob solução de formol a 10%, foram realizadas análises histomorfométricas [coloração de Hematoxilina e Eosina (H e E), Tricrômico de Masson, imunofluorescência (IM) para cadeias alfa1(V) e alfa2(V), e reconstrução tridimensional (Zeiss LSM 510 META/UV)], e em solução de glutaraldeído 2% para análise ultraestrutural (microscopia eletrônica de transmissão com imunomarcação com ouro coloidal). A quantificação das cadeias foi realizada por histomorfometria, através de análise de imagem utilizando o software Image Pro-Plus 6.0. Já a cultura de fibroblastos foi desenvolvida para avaliar: distribuição e perfil das cadeias alfa1(V) e alfa2(V) [reconstrução 3D (Zeiss LSM 510 META/UV)],expressão gênica COL5A1, COL5A2 e ITGA2 [qRT-PCR (Applied Biosystems)], e inibição temporária do gene COL5A2. Resultados: Na análise morfológica (H&E e Masson) observou-se modificação da histoarquitetura da pele dos pacientes, com espessamento e retificação da epiderme devido ao aumento na densidade das fibras colágenas, com projeções das papilas dérmicas em direção à derme papilar. Esse resultado foi confirmado na quantificação das cadeias (IM), evidenciado por perda acentuada da cadeia alfa1(V) na derme papilar [12,77 ± 1,344 vs 66,84± 3,36 (p < 0,0001)] e aumento significante da expressão da cadeias alfa1(V) e alfa2(V) na derme reticular alfa1(V) [7,657 ± 0,2133 vs 13,75 ± 0,958 ( p < 0,0001)] e alfa2(V) [5,072 ± 0,4117 vs 21,07 ± 0,790 (p=0,001)] dos pacientes quando comparados ao controle. Assim como visto na imunomarcação com ouro coloidal das cadeias do COLV, houve ausência de expressão linear da cadeia alfa1(V) na derme papilar, contrastando com a expressão da mesma na pele de controles, se contrapondo a forte imunoexpressão das cadeias alfa1(V) e alfa2(V) com uma maior evidência da cadeia alfa2(V) na região espessada pela junção lâmina basal e derme reticular. A reconstrução 3D em cultura de fibroblastos dérmicos demonstrou grande atividade das células de pacientes com ES, confirmado na expressão gênica dos COL5A1, COL5A2 e ITGA2, que se mostraram aumentados significantemente nos pacientes em relação ao controle. Por fim, após inibição do COL5A2 houve uma tendência ao aumento na expressão do COL5A1, e superexpressão da ITGA2. Conclusão: A alteração dérmica observada em pacientes com ES esta correlacionada com a modificação na distribuição das cadeias alfas do COLV, principalmente por perda acentuada da alfa1(V)3 homotrímera na derme papilar e superexpressão da alfa2(V) em capilares e vasos, interferindo na formação de matriz extracelular normal, sugerindo uma alteração pós traducional desta proteína, e que maiores estudos sobre a inibição da cadeia alfa2(V) são importantes para uma futura terapia gênica para atenuar os sintomas desencadeados nesta patologia / Introduction: Recently many functions are attributed to type V collagen in normal physiological conditions and in some diseases, such as scleroderma. This protein presents unique structural features for regulating the diameter of fibrils heterotypic and immunogenicity being capable of eliciting an immune response independent. In recent discoveries, developed by our group, it was evident that collagen V presents anomalous histoarchitecture, increasing the immunoexpression in the skin and lung in the early stages of the disease, as well as increased mRNA of his chains, mainly alpha2(V). For this reason and in order to understand the molecular and ultrastructural processes that correlate COL V fibrosis in SSc, the purpose of this study was to perform morphological and ultrastructural analysis of the chains alpha1(V) and alpha2(V) of the patient´s skin with ES, as well as to assess the influence of the COL5A2 gene in fibrillogenesis. Patients and Methods: The analyses were developed using skin fragment obtained from biopsy, both of patients and controls, under the approval of the ethics committee (CAPPesq 0331/10) and in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study included 7 patients (male = 3, female = 4) diagnosed with ES for two years or less, and healthy volunteers (n = 7) used as a control group. The biopsy of the skin was divided in two groups of analyzes: histological studies and cultured fibroblasts; Under formaldehyde solution 10%, histomorphometric analysis [staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H e E), Masson\'s trichrome, immunofluorescence (IM) to alpha1(V) and alpha2(V) chains, and three-dimensional reconstruction (Zeiss LSM 510 META were performed/UV), and in a solution of 2% glutaraldehyde for ultrastructural analysis (transmission electron microscopy with immunostaining with colloidal gold). Quantitation was performed by the chain histomorphometry by image analysis using Image Pro-Plus 6.0 software. Already a fibroblast culture was developed to assess: distribution and profile of the alpha1(V) and alpha2(V) chains, 3D reconstruction (Zeiss LSM 510 META / UV), gene expression of COL5A1, COL5A2 and ITGA2 [RT-qPCR (Applied Biosystems)], and temporary inhibition of the COL5A2 gene. Results: In the morphological analysis (H&E and Masson) was observed modification of histoarchitecture patient\'s skin, with thickening and rectification of the epidermis due to increased density of collagen fibers, with projections of dermal papillae toward the papillary dermis. This result was confirmed by quantification of the chains (IM), evidenced by marked loss of the alpha1(V) chain in the papillary dermis [12.77 ± 1.344 vs 66.84 ± 3.36 (p < 0.0001)] and significant increase in the expression of alpha1(V) and alpha2(V) chains, in the reticular dermis alpha1(V) chain [0.2133 ± 7.657 vs 0.958 ± 13.75 (p < 0.0001)] alfa2(V) chain [5.072 ± 0.4117 vs 21.07 ± 0.790 (p = 0.001)] of patients when compared to control. As seen in the immunostaining with colloidal gold chains of COLV, there was no linear expression of the alpha1(V) chain in the papillary dermis, contrasting with the same expression on the skin of controls, in contrast to strong immunoexpression of alpha1(V) and alpha2(V) chains, with a higher evidence of alpha2(V) chain in the junction region by a thickened basement membrane and reticular dermis. The 3D reconstruction of dermal fibroblasts in culture demonstrated large cell activity of patients with SSc, confirmed the gene expression of COL5A1, COL5A2 and ITGA2, which showed significantly increased in patients compared to control. Finally, after inhibition of COL5A2 there was a trend to increase in the expression of the COL5A1, and overexpression of ITGA2. Conclusion: The dermal alteration observed in SSc patients is correlated with the change in the distribution of the collagen alpha (V) chains, mainly by marked loss of alpha1(V)3 homotrimer the papillary dermis and overexpression of the alpha2(V) in capillaries and vessels, interfering with the normal extracellular matrix formation, suggesting a post-translational modification of this protein, and further studies on the inhibition of chain alpha2(V) are important for future gene therapy to attenuate the symptoms of this pathology triggered

Introdução: Recentemente muitas são as funções atribuídas ao colágeno V em condições fisiológicas normais e em algumas doenças, como na esclerodermia. Esta proteína apresenta características estruturais singulares de regulação do diâmetro das fibrilas heterotípicas, e imunogenicidade, sendo capaz de desencadear uma resposta imune independente. Em descobertas recentes, desenvolvidas por nosso grupo, ficou evidenciado que o colágeno V apresenta histoarquitetura anômala, aumentando a sua imunoexpressão na pele e pulmão em estágios iniciais da doença, assim como, aumento do RNAm de suas cadeias, principalmente alfa2(V). Por esta razão e com o intuito de entender sobre os processos moleculares e ultraestruturais que correlacionam o COL V à fibrose na ES, a proposta do presente estudo foi realizar análise morfológica e ultraestrutural das cadeias, alfa1(V) e alfa2(V), da pele de pacientes com ES, assim como avaliar a influência do gene COL5A2 na fibrilogênese. Pacientes e Métodos: As análises foram desenvolvidas utilizando fragmento de pele obtidas de biópsia, tanto de pacientes como controles, sob aprovação do comitê de ética (CAPPesq 0331/10) e de acordo com Declaração de Helsinque. Participaram do estudo 7 pacientes (homens=3, mulheres=4) diagnosticados com ES há dois anos ou menos, e indivíduos voluntários saudáveis (n=7) utilizados como grupo controle. A biópsia das peles foi dividida para dois grupos de análises: estudos histológicos e cultura de fibroblastos; sob solução de formol a 10%, foram realizadas análises histomorfométricas [coloração de Hematoxilina e Eosina (H e E), Tricrômico de Masson, imunofluorescência (IM) para cadeias alfa1(V) e alfa2(V), e reconstrução tridimensional (Zeiss LSM 510 META/UV)], e em solução de glutaraldeído 2% para análise ultraestrutural (microscopia eletrônica de transmissão com imunomarcação com ouro coloidal). A quantificação das cadeias foi realizada por histomorfometria, através de análise de imagem utilizando o software Image Pro-Plus 6.0. Já a cultura de fibroblastos foi desenvolvida para avaliar: distribuição e perfil das cadeias alfa1(V) e alfa2(V) [reconstrução 3D (Zeiss LSM 510 META/UV)],expressão gênica COL5A1, COL5A2 e ITGA2 [qRT-PCR (Applied Biosystems)], e inibição temporária do gene COL5A2. Resultados: Na análise morfológica (H&E e Masson) observou-se modificação da histoarquitetura da pele dos pacientes, com espessamento e retificação da epiderme devido ao aumento na densidade das fibras colágenas, com projeções das papilas dérmicas em direção à derme papilar. Esse resultado foi confirmado na quantificação das cadeias (IM), evidenciado por perda acentuada da cadeia alfa1(V) na derme papilar [12,77 ± 1,344 vs 66,84± 3,36 (p < 0,0001)] e aumento significante da expressão da cadeias alfa1(V) e alfa2(V) na derme reticular alfa1(V) [7,657 ± 0,2133 vs 13,75 ± 0,958 ( p < 0,0001)] e alfa2(V) [5,072 ± 0,4117 vs 21,07 ± 0,790 (p=0,001)] dos pacientes quando comparados ao controle. Assim como visto na imunomarcação com ouro coloidal das cadeias do COLV, houve ausência de expressão linear da cadeia alfa1(V) na derme papilar, contrastando com a expressão da mesma na pele de controles, se contrapondo a forte imunoexpressão das cadeias alfa1(V) e alfa2(V) com uma maior evidência da cadeia alfa2(V) na região espessada pela junção lâmina basal e derme reticular. A reconstrução 3D em cultura de fibroblastos dérmicos demonstrou grande atividade das células de pacientes com ES, confirmado na expressão gênica dos COL5A1, COL5A2 e ITGA2, que se mostraram aumentados significantemente nos pacientes em relação ao controle. Por fim, após inibição do COL5A2 houve uma tendência ao aumento na expressão do COL5A1, e superexpressão da ITGA2. Conclusão: A alteração dérmica observada em pacientes com ES esta correlacionada com a modificação na distribuição das cadeias alfas do COLV, principalmente por perda acentuada da alfa1(V)3 homotrímera na derme papilar e superexpressão da alfa2(V) em capilares e vasos, interferindo na formação de matriz extracelular normal, sugerindo uma alteração pós traducional desta proteína, e que maiores estudos sobre a inibição da cadeia alfa2(V) são importantes para uma futura terapia gênica para atenuar os sintomas desencadeados nesta patologia / Introduction: Recently many functions are attributed to type V collagen in normal physiological conditions and in some diseases, such as scleroderma. This protein presents unique structural features for regulating the diameter of fibrils heterotypic and immunogenicity being capable of eliciting an immune response independent. In recent discoveries, developed by our group, it was evident that collagen V presents anomalous histoarchitecture, increasing the immunoexpression in the skin and lung in the early stages of the disease, as well as increased mRNA of his chains, mainly alpha2(V). For this reason and in order to understand the molecular and ultrastructural processes that correlate COL V fibrosis in SSc, the purpose of this study was to perform morphological and ultrastructural analysis of the chains alpha1(V) and alpha2(V) of the patient´s skin with ES, as well as to assess the influence of the COL5A2 gene in fibrillogenesis. Patients and Methods: The analyses were developed using skin fragment obtained from biopsy, both of patients and controls, under the approval of the ethics committee (CAPPesq 0331/10) and in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study included 7 patients (male = 3, female = 4) diagnosed with ES for two years or less, and healthy volunteers (n = 7) used as a control group. The biopsy of the skin was divided in two groups of analyzes: histological studies and cultured fibroblasts; Under formaldehyde solution 10%, histomorphometric analysis [staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H e E), Masson\'s trichrome, immunofluorescence (IM) to alpha1(V) and alpha2(V) chains, and three-dimensional reconstruction (Zeiss LSM 510 META were performed/UV), and in a solution of 2% glutaraldehyde for ultrastructural analysis (transmission electron microscopy with immunostaining with colloidal gold). Quantitation was performed by the chain histomorphometry by image analysis using Image Pro-Plus 6.0 software. Already a fibroblast culture was developed to assess: distribution and profile of the alpha1(V) and alpha2(V) chains, 3D reconstruction (Zeiss LSM 510 META / UV), gene expression of COL5A1, COL5A2 and ITGA2 [RT-qPCR (Applied Biosystems)], and temporary inhibition of the COL5A2 gene. Results: In the morphological analysis (H&E and Masson) was observed modification of histoarchitecture patient\'s skin, with thickening and rectification of the epidermis due to increased density of collagen fibers, with projections of dermal papillae toward the papillary dermis. This result was confirmed by quantification of the chains (IM), evidenced by marked loss of the alpha1(V) chain in the papillary dermis [12.77 ± 1.344 vs 66.84 ± 3.36 (p < 0.0001)] and significant increase in the expression of alpha1(V) and alpha2(V) chains, in the reticular dermis alpha1(V) chain [0.2133 ± 7.657 vs 0.958 ± 13.75 (p < 0.0001)] alfa2(V) chain [5.072 ± 0.4117 vs 21.07 ± 0.790 (p = 0.001)] of patients when compared to control. As seen in the immunostaining with colloidal gold chains of COLV, there was no linear expression of the alpha1(V) chain in the papillary dermis, contrasting with the same expression on the skin of controls, in contrast to strong immunoexpression of alpha1(V) and alpha2(V) chains, with a higher evidence of alpha2(V) chain in the junction region by a thickened basement membrane and reticular dermis. The 3D reconstruction of dermal fibroblasts in culture demonstrated large cell activity of patients with SSc, confirmed the gene expression of COL5A1, COL5A2 and ITGA2, which showed significantly increased in patients compared to control. Finally, after inhibition of COL5A2 there was a trend to increase in the expression of the COL5A1, and overexpression of ITGA2. Conclusion: The dermal alteration observed in SSc patients is correlated with the change in the distribution of the collagen alpha (V) chains, mainly by marked loss of alpha1(V)3 homotrimer the papillary dermis and overexpression of the alpha2(V) in capillaries and vessels, interfering with the normal extracellular matrix formation, suggesting a post-translational modification of this protein, and further studies on the inhibition of chain alpha2(V) are important for future gene therapy to attenuate the symptoms of this pathology triggered