O concreto com agregados leves, quando comparado ao concreto convencional, reduz consideravelmente o peso nas edificações. No entanto, esse material ainda não está amplamente difundido no Brasil, pois há apenas uma empresa produtora de agregados leves (argila expandida), localizada no estado de São Paulo, ocasionando altos custos de transporte. Uma alternativa para disseminar a tecnologia do concreto leve é a utilização do parque produtivo de cerâmica vermelha espalhado pelo território nacional, para a produção de agregados leves, utilizando a argila vermelha com a adição da cinza do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar (CBCA) para diminuir a massa específica desse material. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de agregados leves destinados a concretos leves produzidos com argila vermelha e a incorporação de CBCA, sinterizados em forno convencional e forno de micro-ondas, visando uma alternativa energeticamente mais eficiente de sinterização de materiais cerâmicos. As caracterizações das matérias-primas foram realizadas por análises de espectroscopia de fluorescência de raios X, perda ao fogo, difração de raios X, termogravimetria, distribuição granulométrica e massa específica real. Os corpos de prova foram conformados por extrusão em três diferentes composições, argila vermelha (referência), argila vermelha com adição de 20 % de CBCA e argila vermelha com adição de 40 % de CBCA, e sinterizados nas temperaturas de 700, 800, 900, 1000 e 1100 ºC. A sinterização convencional ocorreu por 60 min. com taxa de aquecimento de 10 ºC/min. No forno de micro-ondas a sinterização ocorreu de maneira híbrida, com taxa de aquecimento de 50 ºC/min. por 5, 10 e 15 min. Após a sinterização foram realizados os ensaios de retração linear, resistência à compressão, absorção de água, porosidade aparente, massa específica aparente, termogravimetria, difração de raios-X, microtomografia e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a sinterização em forno de micro-ondas, quando comparada a sinterização em forno convencional, promove aumento dos valores de resistência à compressão e redução dos valores de absorção de água das massas cerâmicas, provavelmente devido ao refinamento da microestrutura. A adição de CBCA possibilitou a redução da massa específica dos corpos de prova, em especial das cerâmicas com 40 % de adição. Os agregados com adição de CBCA sinterizados em forno de micro-ondas apresentaram valores de resistência a compressão e massa específica aparente similares a argila expandida, se mostrando assim como uma alternativa de agregados leves com baixo impacto ambiental no processo de produção, considerando a maior eficiência energética do forno de micro-ondas e do reuso de resíduos agroindustriais. / The lightweight aggregates concrete reduces considerably the weight in buildings compared with the conventional one. However, this type of material has not been widespread yet once there is just one lightweight aggregate (expanded clay) manufacturer locate in São Paulo state, which makes the transportation still costly. Alternatively, the lightweight concrete technology could be spread all over Brazil by locating the red ceramic industrial production throughout the country for lightweight aggregate calcined clay production, using the red clay with the addition of the sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) to reduce the specific mass of this material. Thus, the aim of this research is to assess the performance of lightweight aggregates for lightweight concrete produced from red clay with the incorporation of ash from the sugarcane bagasse (SCBA) sintered in conventional oven and microwave, in the search of a more energy-efficient alternative for the sintering of ceramic materials. The characterization of the raw materials was carried out by analysis of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, loss on ignition, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, particle size distribution and actual specific mass. The specimens were extruded in three different compositions, red clay (reference), red clay with addition of 20 % of SCBA and red clay with addition of 40 % SCBA, and sintered at temperatures of 700, 800, 900, 1000 and 1100 °C. Conventional sintering occurred for 60 min. with a heating rate of 10 ºC / min. In the microwave oven sintering occurred in a hybrid manner, with a heating rate of 50 ºC/min for 5, 10 and 15 min. After sintering, linear retraction, compressive strength, water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent specific mass, thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, microtomography and scanning electron microscopy were performed. The results showed that sintering in microwave oven, when compared to sintering in conventional kiln, promotes an increase in the values of compressive strength and reduction of the water absorption values of the ceramic masses, probably due to the refinement of the microstructure. The addition of SCBA allowed the reduction of the specific mass of the specimens, especially of the ceramics with 40% addition. The aggregates with addition of SCBA sintered in microwave oven presented values of compressive strength and apparent specific mass similar to expanded clay, thus showing as an alternative of light aggregates with low environmental impact in the production process, considering the higher efficiency energy efficiency of the microwave oven and the reuse of agro-industrial waste.

[pt] A teoria de Bardin, Cooper e Schrieffer (BSC) teve enorme sucesso na explicação das propriedades da maior parte dos materiais supercondutores. Esses materiais, onde a teoria BCS se aplica, são denominados supercondutores convencionais. A observação do aparecimento de supercondutividade não-convencional em diversos materiais reabriu as discussões sobre o fenômeno. Enquanto a transição para fase supercondutora em materiais convencionais envolve apenas a quebra da simetria de calibre, no caso dos materiais não-convencionais, a mesma é caracterizada pela quebra de diversas simetrias adicionais. O mecanismo microscópico da supercondutividade nessas novas classes de materiais ainda é uma questão em aberto. no entanto, muitas propriedades físicas podem ser extraídas apenas de conciderações sobre as simetrias do parâmetro de ordem supercondutor, que está intimamente ligadoá função de onda do par de Cooper. Neste trabalho são analisadas algumas propriedades destes novos supercondutores baseadas em critérios de simetria. Um enfoque especial é dado à classe dos supercondutores não-convencionais onde há uma quebra de simetria de reversão temporal. Para estes materiais são previstas algumas propriedade bem pouco usuais. Quando a estrutura cristalina tiver alta simetria, é possível o surgimento de uma polarização de um spin no condensado. Nestes casos, a magnetização intrínseca pode levar à formação de uma fase espontânea de vórtices. Ocorre também uma forte anisotropia na resposta do supercondutor frente à aplicação de campos magnéticos externos. / [en] The theory of Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer (BCS) had great success in explaining most properties of superconducting materials. These materials, where BCS applies, are denominated conventional superconductors. the experimental evidence of unconventional superconductivity in several materials reopened discussions about the phenomenon. While, in conventional materials, the superconducting phase involves only the breaking of gauge symmetry, in the unconventional materials the phase is characterized by several additional broken symmetries. The microscope mechanism of superconductivity in this new classes of materials is still an open question. However, many phisical properties can be understood considering only symmetries of the superconducting order parameter, which is intimately linked to Cooper pair wave function. In this work some properties of these new superconductors are analyzed based symmetry criteria. Special emphasis is given to the class of unconventional superconductors where time- reversal symmetry is broken. For these materials, some unusual properties are predicted. When the crystal structure has high symmetry, the appearence of a spin polarization in the condensate is possible. In these cases, an intrinsic magnetization can lead to the information of a spontanous vortex phase. A strong anisotropic response to an externally applied magnetic field also occurs.

I genomsnitt utsätts vi för 3000 reklambudskap under en dag, men bara cirka 14 % av de okonventionella kampanjerna har någon effekt. Vi har blivit för medvetna om hur reklam påverkar oss och för kritiska mot media för att köpa dessa budskap. Jay Conrad Levinsons grundade för cirka 30 år sedan begreppet gerilla marknadsföring. Den här kreativa marknadsföringsmetoden var till en början tänkt för de företag som hade begränsade resurser. Metoden kan vara väldigt kostnadseffektiv och används idag flitigt bland både stora som små företag. Vi har valt att i vår uppsats lägga fokus på konsumenterna och hur de ser på traditionell marknadsföring jämfört mot mer kreativa medieval. En viktig faktor och den del som hela begreppet gerillamarknadsföring bygger på är word-of-mouth. Detta är ett fenomen som går ut på att folk som utsätts för en viss kampanj pratar vidare om detta och på så sätt sprider budskapet vidare. Vi bygger vår empiri på en enkätundersökning där 80 personer besvarade frågor hur de upplever traditionell marknadsföring samt vad de får för uppfattning av fyra olika exempel på gerillakampanjer. Resultatet bekräftar den teori som vi har angående att denna form av marknadsföring skulle skapa ett större intresse samt tendera att öka folks benägenhet till word-of-mouth. On average we are exposed to 3000 advertising messages a day, but only about 14% of the unconventional campaigns have any effect. We have become too aware of how advertising affects us and critical of the media to buy these messages. Jay Conrad Levinson's founded about 30 years ago the concept of guerrilla marketing. This creative marketing method was initially meant for those companies with limited resources. The method can be very cost effective and widely used today among both large and small companies. We have chosen in this essay to focus on consumers and how they see traditional marketing compared to the more creative media choices. An important factor, and the part that the whole concept of guerrilla marketing is based on is word-of-mouth. This is a phenomenon that involves people who are exposed to a particular campaign talking further about this, and thus spread its message. We build our empirical work on a survey in which 80 people answered the questions how they see traditional marketing and what they get for the idea of ​​four different examples of guerrilla campaigns. The result confirms the theory that we have regarding this form of marketing would create a greater interest and tend to increase people's propensity to word-of-mouth. / Program: Butikschefsutbildningen

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar uma estimativa preliminar do volume de recurso contingente não-convencionais de folhelhos oleígenos (oil shale) na Formação Tremembé através de métodos probabilísticos aplicados à informações compiladas de bibliografias existentes sobre a bacia. Como base para esta estimativa utilizou-se informações obtidas através de sísmica 2D, poços existentes na área e perfis geoquímicos. Através da interpretação dos mesmos foram gerados os valores de inputs para os parâmetros utilizados no cálculo, como: espessura econômica, densidade do minério e valor de Ensaio Fisher (Litros de óleo por tonelada de rocha). Para a análise foi construída uma planilha Excel no qual já descrito cada parâmetro do cálculo. Foi utilizado o software @Risk, da Palisade Inc., que é capaz de atribuir distribuições estatísticas a parâmetros utilizados no cálculo obtendo, a partir do método Monte Carlo, distribuições dos possíveis resultados. A metodologia apresentada se demonstra mais adequada ao caso em estudo que o método determinístico, devido a restrição e ausência da precisão dos dados o que aumentaria as incertezas e as chances de erro no cálculo do volume, podendo impossibilitar uma avaliação, no caso do segundo. A metodologia probabilística ao mesmo tempo em que permite uma avaliação preliminar na ausência de dados precisos, ela gera cenários probabilísticos de resultados, possibilitando a antecipação da tomada de decisões em um projeto, permitindo sua continuação ou abandono. / This paper aims to present a preliminary estimate of the volume of unconventional resource (oil shale) in Tremembé Formation, with probabilistic methods applied to previous studies in the basin. The estimate was based on 2D seismic, well and geochemical profiles. The interpretation of these values were generated for the input parameters used in the calculation, such as economic thickness, density and value of the Fisher Assay (liters of oil per tonne of rock). The analysis was done in Excel with a description of each parameter used. The plug-in software @ Risk (Palisade Inc.) was used, enabling statistical distributions and the use of Monte Carlo simulation in the estimate. The methodology proved to be more appropriate to the case study than to the deterministic method, due to restriction and lack of accurate data which would increase the uncertainties and the chances of error in calculating the volume, allowing a preliminary assessment generating distributions probabilistic results, enabling the anticipation of the decision-making process.

<p>U skladu sa postavljenim ciljevima rada formirana je kolekcija&nbsp;<br />fenotipski i genotipski okarakterisanih multiplo rezistentnih&nbsp;<br />kultura genomske vrste <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em>. Za sojeve iz&nbsp;<br />kolekcije kultura utvrđen je anti-<em>A. baumannii</em> efekat etarskih&nbsp;<br />ulja, biljnih ekstrakata i njihovih bioaktivnih komponenti, kao&nbsp;<br />nekonvencionalnih antimikrobnih agensa. Takođe, osim njihovog&nbsp;<br />pojedinačnog efekta utvrđen je i kombinovani efekat&nbsp;<br />konvencionalnih i nekonvencionalnih antimikrobnih agenasa, koji&nbsp;<br />je dovedo do redukcije minimalnih ihnibitronih koncentracija oba&nbsp;<br />agensa u kombinaciji. Kombinacije etarskih ulja i njihovih&nbsp;<br />bioaktivnih komponenti sa trenutno dostupnim konvencionalnim&nbsp;<br />antibioticima, čija je efikasnost smanjena kada se primenjuju&nbsp;<br />pojedinačno, predstavljaju novu perspektivnu strategiju u terapiji&nbsp;<br />infekcija multiplo rezistentnim sojevima vrste <em>A. baumannii</em>.</p> / <p>In accordance to the aims of the work the collection of phenotypic and<br />genotypic characterized multidrug-resistant cultures of genomic species<br /><em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em> was formed. For the strains from the culture<br />collection an anti-<em>A. baumannii </em>effect of the essential oils, plant extracts<br />and their bioactive components, as non-conventional antimicrobial<br />agents, was determined. Also, in addition to their individual effect the<br />combined effect of conventional and non-conventional antimicrobial<br />agents was determined, which lead to a reduction of the minimal<br />inhibitroy cocnentrations of both agents in combination. Combinations<br />of the essential oils and their bioactive components with the currently<br />available conventional antibiotics, whose efficiency reduced when<br />administered individually, represent a promising new strategy for the<br />treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant <em>A. baumannii.</em></p>

As gas production from conventional gas reservoirs in the United States decreases, industry is turning more attention to the exploration and development of unconventional gas resources (UGR). This trend is expanding quickly worldwide. Unlike North America where development of UGRs and technology is now mature and routine, many countries are just beginning to develop unconventional gas resources. Rogner (1996) estimated that the unconventional gas in place, including coalbed methane, shale gas and tight-sand gas, exceeds 30,000 Tcf worldwide. As part of a research team, I helped to develop a software package called Unconventional Gas Resource Advisory (UGRA) System which includes the Formation Analog Selection Tool (FAST) and Basin Analog Investigations (BASIN) to objectively and rapidly identify and rank mature North American formations and basins that may be analogous to nascent international target basins. Based on BASIN and FAST results, the relationship between mature and underexplored basins is easily accessed. To quantify the unconventional resource potential in typical gas basins, I revised and used a computer model called the Petroleum Resources Investigation Summary and Evaluation (PRISE) (Old, 2008). This research is based on the resource triangle concept, which implies that all natural resources, including oil and gas, are distributed log-normally. In this work, I describe a methodology to estimate values of technically recoverable resources (TRR) for unconventional gas reservoirs by combining estimates of production, reserves, reserves growth, and undiscovered resources from a variety of sources into a logical distribution. I have also investigated mature North American unconventional gas resources, and predict unconventional resources in underexplored basins worldwide for case study. Based on the results of testing BASIN and PRISE, we conclude that our evaluation of 24 North American basins supports the premise that basins analysis can be used to estimate UGRs.

The cadA gene in Dictyostelium encodes a unique Ca2+-dependent cell adhesion molecule DdCAD-1. It is synthesized as a soluble protein in the cytoplasm and then transported to the plasma membrane by contractile vacuoles. The solution structures of Ca2+-free and Ca2+-bound DdCAD-1 reveals that it contains two β-sandwich domains, belonging to the βγ-crystallin and immunoglobulin fold classes, respectively. Whereas the N-terminal domain has a major role in homophilic binding, the C-terminal domain tethers the protein to the cell membrane. Although hydrophobic interactions constitute the major force for adhesion, electrostatic interactions may act as a ‘switch’ to regulate the homophilic binding by a change in electrostatic potential caused by the binding of Ca2+ to the three binding sites. To further investigate DdCAD-1 transport, DdCAD-1-GFP fusion proteins were expressed in cadA-null cells. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that DdCAD-1 was imported by invagination of the contractile vacuole membrane. The N-terminal, C-terminal domains, and two of the three Ca2+-binding site mutant forms of DdCAD-1 failed to enter the contractile vacuole, suggesting that Ca2+-binding and the integrity of DdCAD-1 are required for import. Indeed, proteins with altered conformation failed to enter the contractile vacuole, indicating that the import signal is integrated in the three-dimensional structure of DdCAD-1. Finally, we describe how the cadA gene acts as a single-gene green beard. In chimera experiments, cells expressing DdCAD-1 were more likely to form fruiting bodies than cadA-null cells on soil plates. Here cadA behaved as a single gene green beard. However, cadA exhibited anti-green beard behaviour on non-nutrient agar plates. Wild-type cells differentiated mostly into prestalk cells and eventually died, whereas the cadA-null cells survived as spores. DdCAD-1 was enriched in cell-cell contact regions of anterior cells, while it was mostly localized in the cytoplasm of posterior cells. The presence of DdCAD-1 on the cell surface of prestalk cells is crucial for cell sorting, which in turn explain the anti-green beard effect observed in chimeras containing cadA+ and cadA- cells. These observations demonstrate that DdCAD-1 plays a direct role in cell sorting through differential cell-cell adhesion which results from the differential distribution of DdCAD-1.

The demand for energy from developed and developing economies of the world is driving the search for energy resources to more challenging environments. The exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons now requires the drillbit to hit pay zones from drillships or platforms that are located on water surfaces below which is, possibly, in excess of ten thousand feet of water above the sea bed. From Brazil, to the Gulf of Mexico and the Gulf of Guinea on the western coast of Africa, hitherto unfamiliar, but now common, concepts in the drilling parlance such as ultra-deep drilling (UDD), ultraextended- reach drilling (uERD) and slimhole drilling, are employed to reach and produce reservoirs which a few decades ago would seem technologically impossible to produce. This is expected to exert tremendous demands on the physical and mechanical properties of the drillstring components. Limiting factors for reaching and producing oil and gas resources hidden very deep in the subsurface are both the capacity of the drilling rig to support the weight of the drillstring, which in some instances can be several kilometres long, and the bending, tensile and impact stresses the string has to withstand in well trajectories that are getting both longer and more tortuous. Associated with this increased well depths and complex well trajectories is the prohibitive cost penalty of a failed drillstring. The in-service failure of drillstrings has always been an issue in the industry long before the wells become this deep and complex. The global oil and gas industry estimates the cost of string failure to be in excess of quarter of a billion dollars annually. Researchers are continuously looking for ways to design against string failure and improve the level of confidence in drillstrings. Defect-tolerant design, tooljoint geometry modification and surface coldworking are just a few of the ideas that have gained mileage in this effort. Others that are now in consideration are the use of nonconventional materials such as aluminium and titanium alloys for drillstring components. More novel, still, is the use of a combination of two materials - one ‘softer’ than the other to form a hybrid string of two materials of unequal moduli of elasticity. This is done to make the string lighter, reduce stress concentration factor at the connections and place fatigue resistant materials in areas of high well bore curvature.In this work a computational technique in the form of two-dimensional finite element analysis is used to develop a robust model of a drillstring connection and to analyse the stresses on the model of a threaded connection of standard drillstring tooljoint made from alloy steel. Further comparative analyses were undertaken on models of drillstrings made from a newly developed drillstring material for ultra-deep drilling, the UD-165, aluminium and titanium alloys and, finally, on hybrid drillstrings made from two different materials of unequal moduli of elasticity. The aim is not only to develop and validate a better method of computational drillstring analysis but also to use the model to investigate and suggest areas of optimisation that will benefit industry especially in the areas hybrid strings.

The cadA gene in Dictyostelium encodes a unique Ca2+-dependent cell adhesion molecule DdCAD-1. It is synthesized as a soluble protein in the cytoplasm and then transported to the plasma membrane by contractile vacuoles. The solution structures of Ca2+-free and Ca2+-bound DdCAD-1 reveals that it contains two β-sandwich domains, belonging to the βγ-crystallin and immunoglobulin fold classes, respectively. Whereas the N-terminal domain has a major role in homophilic binding, the C-terminal domain tethers the protein to the cell membrane. Although hydrophobic interactions constitute the major force for adhesion, electrostatic interactions may act as a ‘switch’ to regulate the homophilic binding by a change in electrostatic potential caused by the binding of Ca2+ to the three binding sites. To further investigate DdCAD-1 transport, DdCAD-1-GFP fusion proteins were expressed in cadA-null cells. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that DdCAD-1 was imported by invagination of the contractile vacuole membrane. The N-terminal, C-terminal domains, and two of the three Ca2+-binding site mutant forms of DdCAD-1 failed to enter the contractile vacuole, suggesting that Ca2+-binding and the integrity of DdCAD-1 are required for import. Indeed, proteins with altered conformation failed to enter the contractile vacuole, indicating that the import signal is integrated in the three-dimensional structure of DdCAD-1. Finally, we describe how the cadA gene acts as a single-gene green beard. In chimera experiments, cells expressing DdCAD-1 were more likely to form fruiting bodies than cadA-null cells on soil plates. Here cadA behaved as a single gene green beard. However, cadA exhibited anti-green beard behaviour on non-nutrient agar plates. Wild-type cells differentiated mostly into prestalk cells and eventually died, whereas the cadA-null cells survived as spores. DdCAD-1 was enriched in cell-cell contact regions of anterior cells, while it was mostly localized in the cytoplasm of posterior cells. The presence of DdCAD-1 on the cell surface of prestalk cells is crucial for cell sorting, which in turn explain the anti-green beard effect observed in chimeras containing cadA+ and cadA- cells. These observations demonstrate that DdCAD-1 plays a direct role in cell sorting through differential cell-cell adhesion which results from the differential distribution of DdCAD-1.

Title: Think inside the Guerrilla box? – A quantitative study of how consumers perceive guerrilla marketing in contrast to traditional marketing Course: European Business, Undergraduate thesis at C-level, 15 Hp. Authors: Jennifer Lundström and Madeleine Sjöbom Question: Based on consumer’s perception, is guerrilla marketing more beneficial than traditional marketing? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyse how consumers perceive guerrilla marketing in contrast to traditional marketing, looking at a gender perspective. This to be able to determine whether it is more beneficial for a company to invest in extra energy and time with less money spent and choose guerrilla marketing over traditional marketing. Methodology: A quantitative study, with a deductive approach and extensive structure Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework includes theories concerning the twomethods and gender marketing. A communication stream model has furthermore been developed and modified from existing theories within the concept of marketing and communication. The AIDA model has been used to determine the buying behaviour. Empirical framework: The empirical framework presents the outcome of the primary research such as findings and statistics. Conclusion: Guerrilla marketing shows a clear advantage in most cases except when it comes to credibility. If companies can over win the issue with trust, guerrilla marketing is to prefer over traditional marketing, based on consumer perception. Major gender differences were none to be found.