Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) constitute a highly conserved subset of mitochondrial solute carriers. Discovered in small rodents in the early 1970’s, UCPs and their homologs have since been found in nematodes, plants, birds, and, most recently, in significant depots within humans (Krauss et al. 2005, Van marken Lichtenbelt 2009). Following activation by long chain fatty acids (LCFA, e.g. oleic acid) and reactive oxygen species (ROS, e.g. 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE)), UCPs form a proton channel within the inner mitochondrial membrane and permit the influx of hydrogen ions from the inter membrane space into the mitochondrial matrix. UCPs effectively uncouple oxidative phosphorylation (OX-PHOS) from ATP generation, resulting in increasing oxygen consumption and dissipating the chemical energy in the form of heat. Found primarily in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of small hibernating mammals, the canonical role of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in mammalian adaptive thermogenesis has been thoroughly studied. However, UCP1 is not the only member of the uncoupling family found within BAT. Also playing a key role in this tissue is uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3), which is a close homolog to UCP1. However, in spite of the fact that UCP3 shares more than 50% amino acid homology and tissue localization with UCP1, the true function UCP3 is very poorly elucidated. Part of the difficulty in determining this function lies in the expression levels of the UCP3 protein, which are hundreds of folds less than UCP1 in this tissue. In addition, their homologous structure makes teasing apart UCP3-specific phenomena from UCP1-mediated mechanisms very difficult using conventional techniques in cell and molecular biology. While UCP1 is almost exclusively found in BAT, UCP3 is expressed primarily in skeletal muscle (SKM), which lacks UCP1 completely (Krauss et al. 2005). Because UCP3 is so enriched in SKM, many studies have focused on its role in that tissue and have then tried to transpose these functions into BAT. As a result, UCP3 has been implicated in facilitating numerous biological processes, including non-adaptive facultative thermogenesis, affecting SKM oxidative capacity by modulating LCFA export, and ameliorating elevated levels of ROS-mediated stress within the tissue via glutathionine (GSH) interacting moieties. Ultimately, however, little consensus exists on the function of UCP3 within SKM, and subsequently, even less is known about its purpose in BAT. Previous data has shown that murine UCP1 has the capacity to bind to itself and form homo-tetramers when expressed in vitro in recombinant E. coli (Hoang T. et al. 2013). Here we show that UCP1 interacts with UCP3 in BAT in vivo, supporting Hoang’s research above by showing that UCP1 has the capacity to not only homodimerize but potentially oligomerize with other UCP homologs. While many groups using UCP3-null mice have reported no gross changes in physiologic responses, data previously published in the lab showed that mice lacking UCP3 were protected from potentially fatal hyperthermic effects when administered sympathomimetic agents such as 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine (METH), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or norepinephrine (NE) (Mills et al. 2003, Kenaston et al. 2010). This implies that UCP3 plays an intimate role in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) mediated thermogenesis. Based upon the foregoing, the primary goal of the research discussed in this thesis was to elucidate the functions of UCP3 within BAT. In this study, we recapitulated results seen by other students in this lab: that global UCP3-null mice do indeed exhibit a blunted thermogenic response when treated with sympathomimetic agonists. In addition, despite the near-ubiquitous expression of UCP2 throughout the mammalian organism, this UCP is not involved in SNS-mediated thermogenesis (Arsenijevic et al. 2000). Our data shows that UCP3 is vital to the catecholamine-mediated thermogenic responses following sympathomimetic drug administration. When challenged by METH, UCP3-null mice were able to respond, albeit with a blunted increase in body temperature. Furthermore, when challenged by NE, a key neurotransmitter involved in mediating the responses initiated by the SNS following METH exposure, UCP3-null mice were able to mount half the hyperthermic response seen in WT littermates. However, UCP1/UCP3 double-null animals exhibited an almost four-fold hypothermic effect compared to WT littermates when challenged with NE. In addition, UCP1/UCP3 double-null mice were unable to restore body temperatures back to baseline values, an effect seen in all the other genotypes. This implies that UCP3 plays an important role in restoring body temperatures to physiological norms. Therefore, while the mechanism underlying the decreased responsiveness to NE remains unclear, it is clear that whether localized to SKM or BAT, UCP3 is a major player in the mammalian response to SNS-mediated thermogenesis and global thermoregulation. / text

Orientador: Ivan de Godoy Maia / Resumo: Proteínas desacopladoras (UCPs; do inglês uncoupling proteins) são proteínas especializadas no transporte mitocondrial que desacoplam a respiração da síntese de ATP. UCPs geram um fluxo de prótons através da membrana mitocondrial interna, dependente de ácidos graxos e sensível a nucleotídeos purínicos (PN). No presente trabalho, foram realizados vários estudos empregando UCPs de plantas (pUCP). Inicialmente, foi empreendida a caracterização bioquímica de uma UCP de milho (Zea mays; ZmUCP), representativa de espécies monocotiledôneas. Essa proteína, quando expressa em Escherichia coli e reconstituída em lipossomos, foi capaz de induzir um fluxo de prótons dependente de ácido linoléico (LA) e sensível a ATP com valores de Km, Vmax e Ki similares àqueles observados para pUCPs de espécies dicotiledôneas. A ZmUCP foi utilizada para investigar a importância de um par de histidinas presente no segundo loop matricial da UCP1 de mamíferos e ausente nas pUCPs. A introdução do referido par de histidinas na ZmUCP (Lys155His e Ala157His) provocou um aumento na afinidade por LA enquanto que a sua atividade permaneceu inalterada. Em um estudo mais abrangente de estrutura-função, mutações pontuais nos resíduos Lys147, Arg155 e Tyr269, localizados nas chamadas assinaturas das UCPs, e Cys28 e His83, específicos para pUCPs, foram introduzidas na proteína AtUCP1 de Arabidopsis. Os efeitos de tais mutações nas propriedades bioquímicas da AtUCP1 foram examinados usando sistema de reconstituição em lipossomos. O resíduo Arg155 parece ser crucial para a afinidade da AtUCP1 por LA enquanto que His83 tem importante função na atividade de transporte. Os resíduos Cys28, Lys147, e também Tyr269, são importantes para a correta funcionalidade da AtUCP1, já que suas substituições... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are specialized mitochondrial transporter proteins, which uncouple respiration from ATP synthesis. UCPs mediate a fatty acid (FA)-dependent, purine nucleotide (PN)-inhibitable proton flux across the inner membrane mitochondrial. In the present study, several assays on plant UCPs (pUCP) were performed. Firstly, we biochemically characterized an UCP from maize (Zea mays; ZmUCP), a representative uncoupling protein from monocot species. This protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and reconstituted in liposomes. ZmUCP was fully active and induced a linoleic acid-dependent proton flux that was sensitive to ATP. The obtained Km, Vmax and Ki values were similar to those observed for dicot pUCPs. ZmUCP was also used to investigate the importance of a histidine pair present in the second matrix loop of mammalian UCP1 and absent in pUCPs. ZmUCP with the introduced histidine pair (Lys155His and Ala157His) displayed increased LA-affinity while its activity remained unchanged. In a subsequent study using AtUCP1, point mutations were introduced in amino acid residues Lys147, Arg155 and Tyr269, located inside the so-called UCP-signatures, and Cys28 and His83, specific for pUCPs. The effects of amino acid replacements on AtUCP1 biochemical properties were examined using reconstituted liposomes. Residue Arg155 appears to be crucial for AtUCP1 affinity to LA whereas His83 plays an important role in transport activity. Residues Cys28, Lys147, and also Tyr269 are important for correct AtUCP1 function, as their substitutions affected either the AtUCP1 affinity to LA and its transport activity, or sensitivity to PN inhibitors. Furthermore, we analyzed the expression profiles of the six genes encoding pUCP in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtUCP1-6) in response to salt (NaCl) and osmotic (mannitol)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

In order to support rampant cell growth, tumor cells must reprogram metabolism to simultaneously drive macromolecular biosynthesis and energy production. Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) oppose this phenotype by inducing futile mitochondrial respiration that is disengaged from ATP synthesis. We found that uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) was normally expressed in follicular and epidermal keratinocytes and that its levels were augmented by calcium-induced differentiation in vitro. Over-expression of a UCP3 transgene targeted to the basal epidermis by the keratin-5 promoter (K5-UCP3) led to increased differentiation of both epidermal and bulge stem cells, the progenitors of most squamous carcinomas. Consistent with this phenotype, K5-UCP3 mice were completely protected from chemically induced skin carcinogenesis. To define the mechanisms by which UCP3 conferred such strong tumor resistance, we interbred K5-UCP3 mice with a “pre-initiated” mouse model, and found that UCP3 over-expression blocked tumor promotion. Uncoupled epidermis displayed reduced proliferation after treatment with tumor promoter, along with diminished activation of Akt signaling. This effect corresponded to decreased Akt activation by epidermal growth factor (EGF) in K5-UCP3 cells, along with UCP3 overexpressing primary human keratinocytes. Mechanistic studies revealed that uncoupling drove global lipid catabolism, along with impaired recruitment of Akt to the plasma membrane. Over-expression of wild type Akt rescued tumor promoter-induced proliferation and two-stage chemical carcinogenesis in bi-transgenic mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that mitochondrial uncoupling is an effective strategy to limit cell proliferation and tumorigenesis through inhibition of Akt, and suggest a novel mechanism of crosstalk between mitochondrial metabolism and growth signaling. / text

Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are highly conserved inner mitochondrial membrane proteins that have been found in plants, nematodes, flies, and vertebrates. UCPs dissipate the proton gradient formed by the electron transport chain in an energy-expending process that generates heat. In mammals, the brown fat-specific UCP1 is thought to be the dominant, if not the only significant mediator of thermogenic responses. However, adult humans express only negligible amounts of brown fat and UCP1, yet still show significant non-shivering thermogenic responses (e.g. amphetamine-induced hyperthermia, diet induced thermogenesis, fever). Thus, the fact that human thermogenic mechanisms haven't been identified is a huge gap in our understanding of human thermoregulation. UCP3 is primarily expressed in skeletal muscle, an established thermogenic organ which is a major target of amphetamine-induced pathology. UCP3 knockout mice have a near complete loss (~80%) of amphetamine-induced thermogenesis and are completely protected from amphetamine-induced death over a range of lethal doses. With regard to mechanisms of UCP3 activation, we observed that norepinephrine and free fatty acids are elevated in the bloodstream prior to peak amphetamine-induced hyperthermia. However, little is known about the anatomic location of UCP3-dependent thermogenesis or the mechanisms by which fatty acids regulate UCP function. Thus, we sought to investigate the physiology and biochemical activation of UCP3 to establish the thermogenic potential of skeletal muscle uncoupling and elucidate the mechanisms of UCP3 function. The overall goal of this research was to identify the tissue target(s) and mechanisms involved in amphetamine-induced UCP3-dependent thermogenesis. Herein, we show that in addition to a deficit in induced thermogenesis, UCP3-null mice also lack responses to other physiologically-relevant stimuli (i.e. catecholamines and bacterial pathogens). Conversely, UCP3 knockout mice, engineered to express UCP3 only in skeletal muscle have an augmented thermogenic response to amphetamines. In order to explore UCP3's mechanism of activation, we performed a modified yeast two-hybrid analysis and identified [Delta][superscript 3,5][Delta][superscript 2,4]dienoyl-CoA isomerase (DCI) as a UCP3 binding partner. DCI, an auxiliary fatty acid oxidation enzyme, protects cells from the accumulation of toxic lipid metabolites. Using immunoprecipitation and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) assays, we determined that UCP3 and DCI directly bind in the mitochondrial matrix in order to augment lipid metabolism. These findings support a novel model in which skeletal muscle UCP3 is responsible for inducible thermogenesis through cooperation with binding partners such as DCI which enhance oxidation of fatty acids. Together, these studies shed light on thermogenic pathways in rodents that are likely to be relevant to humans. / text

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-05-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:42:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 favaro_rg_dr_botib.pdf: 702142 bytes, checksum: 37419e284ee746774dfc59ce6ab27b1b (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Proteínas desacopladoras (UCPs; do inglês uncoupling proteins) são proteínas especializadas no transporte mitocondrial que desacoplam a respiração da síntese de ATP. UCPs geram um fluxo de prótons através da membrana mitocondrial interna, dependente de ácidos graxos e sensível a nucleotídeos purínicos (PN). No presente trabalho, foram realizados vários estudos empregando UCPs de plantas (pUCP). Inicialmente, foi empreendida a caracterização bioquímica de uma UCP de milho (Zea mays; ZmUCP), representativa de espécies monocotiledôneas. Essa proteína, quando expressa em Escherichia coli e reconstituída em lipossomos, foi capaz de induzir um fluxo de prótons dependente de ácido linoléico (LA) e sensível a ATP com valores de Km, Vmax e Ki similares àqueles observados para pUCPs de espécies dicotiledôneas. A ZmUCP foi utilizada para investigar a importância de um par de histidinas presente no segundo loop matricial da UCP1 de mamíferos e ausente nas pUCPs. A introdução do referido par de histidinas na ZmUCP (Lys155His e Ala157His) provocou um aumento na afinidade por LA enquanto que a sua atividade permaneceu inalterada. Em um estudo mais abrangente de estrutura-função, mutações pontuais nos resíduos Lys147, Arg155 e Tyr269, localizados nas chamadas assinaturas das UCPs, e Cys28 e His83, específicos para pUCPs, foram introduzidas na proteína AtUCP1 de Arabidopsis. Os efeitos de tais mutações nas propriedades bioquímicas da AtUCP1 foram examinados usando sistema de reconstituição em lipossomos. O resíduo Arg155 parece ser crucial para a afinidade da AtUCP1 por LA enquanto que His83 tem importante função na atividade de transporte. Os resíduos Cys28, Lys147, e também Tyr269, são importantes para a correta funcionalidade da AtUCP1, já que suas substituições... / Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are specialized mitochondrial transporter proteins, which uncouple respiration from ATP synthesis. UCPs mediate a fatty acid (FA)-dependent, purine nucleotide (PN)-inhibitable proton flux across the inner membrane mitochondrial. In the present study, several assays on plant UCPs (pUCP) were performed. Firstly, we biochemically characterized an UCP from maize (Zea mays; ZmUCP), a representative uncoupling protein from monocot species. This protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and reconstituted in liposomes. ZmUCP was fully active and induced a linoleic acid-dependent proton flux that was sensitive to ATP. The obtained Km, Vmax and Ki values were similar to those observed for dicot pUCPs. ZmUCP was also used to investigate the importance of a histidine pair present in the second matrix loop of mammalian UCP1 and absent in pUCPs. ZmUCP with the introduced histidine pair (Lys155His and Ala157His) displayed increased LA-affinity while its activity remained unchanged. In a subsequent study using AtUCP1, point mutations were introduced in amino acid residues Lys147, Arg155 and Tyr269, located inside the so-called UCP-signatures, and Cys28 and His83, specific for pUCPs. The effects of amino acid replacements on AtUCP1 biochemical properties were examined using reconstituted liposomes. Residue Arg155 appears to be crucial for AtUCP1 affinity to LA whereas His83 plays an important role in transport activity. Residues Cys28, Lys147, and also Tyr269 are important for correct AtUCP1 function, as their substitutions affected either the AtUCP1 affinity to LA and its transport activity, or sensitivity to PN inhibitors. Furthermore, we analyzed the expression profiles of the six genes encoding pUCP in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtUCP1-6) in response to salt (NaCl) and osmotic (mannitol)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Mitochondria are a major site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cells. While ROS can cause oxidative damage, they are vital in many signaling processes. Recently, mitochondrial superoxide flashes (mSOF) were defined through sensitive measurements of temporal and spatial differences in superoxide production. mSOF are stochastic events of quantal bursts in superoxide production, which are temporally linked to transient mitochondrial inner membrane depolarizations. The aims of the present study were to characterize a hydrogen peroxide sensitive biosensor to monitor these events and elucidate a role for uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) and the mechanistic details of mSOF. While pHyPer- dmito was sensitive enough to monitor these dynamic changes its kinetics were insufficient to detect these ~20s long flashes. Additionally, analyses showed a prolonged duration of flashes in the absence of UCP3. Furthermore, we unearthed a novel relationship between flash amplitude and mitochondrial depolarization. Finally, investigations of mSOF in muscles of various fiber type compositions showed no differences, though additional investigations are warranted.

As obesity and obesity-associated diseases become more prevalent in western societies, new methods to promote weight-loss and protect patients from the dangerous consequences of excess adipose tissue are needed. While both researchers and clinicians previously turned to chemical uncouplers for many decades to create a negative energy balance and thus promote weight-loss, these compounds proved to be extremely dangerous treatment options, even when taken in mild dosages. Substances like 2-4 dinitrophenol (DNP), were able to significantly induce weight loss, however many life-threatening conditions such as fatal hyperthermia are commonly attributed to these uncoupling agents. Recently, with the discovery of natural brown/beige fat reservoirs in humans, many members of the medical community have become heavily invested in the targeting of more localized, less systemic uncoupling tissues. The action of UCP-1 in human thermogenic adipose introduces an opportunity to harness a natural, yet futile cycle, and hence boost a patient’s basal metabolism without ultimately compromising their long-term health. Many challenges remain before such a treatment is viable, including deciphering the biochemical pathways that induce brown fat thermogenesis. It appears that several uncoupling signals may govern the genetic programs that lead to this thermogenic activity, and the "browning" of white adipose stores in humans. Particularly in the last ten years, many studies have uncovered new components of the thermogenic program by ablating target genes in mice. While a direct pathway of thermogenic activation does exist when subjects are placed in a cold environment, a successful, high-adoption, anti-obesity treatment through a thermogenic regimen will likely involve a gene-therapy or protein-based biopharmaceutical intervention. It is conceivable that thermogenic manipulation could play a significant role in the battle against obesity and obesity-associated diseases, however a significant intellectual breakthrough in appetite suppression and/or appetite management (i.e. a successful intervention of the orexigenic and anorexigenic physiological pathways) could in theory supplant this approach.

The rampant growth of obesity worldwide has stimulated explosive research into human metabolism. Metabolic rate has been shown to be altered by diets differing in macronutrient composition, with low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets eliciting a significant increase over other interventions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) on mitochondrial respiration and coupling status in adipose tissue. To explore this, we employed three distinct systems, namely cell, rodent, and human models. In every model, βHB robustly increased mitochondrial respiration. Furthermore, in cultured adipocytes and rodent adipose, we quantified the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and coupling status. We observed that genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and uncoupling were significantly higher in models exposed to ketone treatments. In conclusion, ketones increase mitochondrial respiration in cells and mammalian adipose tissue, but not ATP production, indicating greater mitochondrial uncoupling. These findings may partly explain the increased metabolic rate evident in states of elevated ketones and may facilitate the development of novel obesity interventions in the future.

The prototype uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) mediates proton leak-dependent thermogenesis in mammals, but the physiological functions of the novel UCP2-5 are unclear. Nematodes only express one uncoupling protein that is most similar to UCP4 in the human brain, which is believed to be the most evolutionarily conserved of the uncoupling proteins. Consistent with reported UCP functions in mammals, we observed that ceUCP4-null nematodes had decreased metabolic rates and increased adiposity compared to wild type. Surprisingly, these phenotypes corresponded to decreased succinate-mediated mitochondrial respiration without apparent changes in mitochondrial uncoupling. ceUCP4-null mitochondria exhibited normal electron transport chain functions, but had a decreased capacity for succinate import. Supporting the functional importance of ceUCP4-dependent complex II regulation in vivo, ceUCP4 deficiency was demonstrated to result in a selectively lethal response to genetic and pharmacological inhibition of Complex I. Similarly, ceUCP4-deficiency significantly prolonged lifespan in the short-lived mev-1 mutant that generates deleterious complex II-derived reactive oxidants. These results define a new physiological function for the ancestral ceUCP4 in the regulation of complex II-mediated oxidative phosphorylation through an unexpected effect on mitochondrial succinate transport. The data described in this dissertation also describe a novel mechanism by which uncoupling proteins mediate mitochondrial bioenergetics. / text

Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are localized on the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) and “uncouple” the electrochemical proton gradient formed by the electron transport chain (ETC) from ATP production. Though the prototypical uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is known to mediate the cold-induced thermogenesis in rodents and human neonates, the physiological and biochemical functions of the homologs UCP2-5 are still under debate. Our research focuses on UCP3, the homolog prevalently expressed in skeletal muscle (SKM), the most important metabolic organs. UCP3 has long been speculated to have a pivotal role in maintaining the mitochondrial metabolism. Several biochemical roles have been attributed to UCP3, including the regulation of fatty-acid transport and oxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and calcium uptake. And several proteins have been identified to directly bind with UCP3 and facilitate its function. But to further understand how UCP3 relates to different aspects of mitochondrial functions, a more comprehensive profile of the UCP3 interaction partners is needed. We performed a mass spectrometry-based experiment and successfully identified a list of over 170 potential proteins that may directly or indirectly interact with UCP3, and several novel functions of UCP3 are implied by these protein-protein interactions. Additionally, researches have shown that the metabolic defects are important contributing factors to the epigenetic changes. Considering the roles of UCP3 in sustaining the normal mitochondrial metabolism, we hypothesized that UCP3 has a novel function in regulating the genomic DNA methylation processes. The data we obtained from the pilot study confirms that loss of UCP3 will lead to aberrant DNA methylation changes. But further experiment is still needed to investigate the regulatory pathway between UCP3 and DNA methylation. The physiological role of UCP3 in defending against cancer, diabetes and obesity has been investigated, but the mechanisms how UCP3 protect the organism from these diseases have not been elucidated. Our research sheds light on the understanding of UCP3 functions and may be of significant therapeutic benefit in the prevention and treatment of these diseases. / text