Atualmente reagrupou-se sob o nome de subnutrição calórico-protéica uma série de afecções de carência antigamente descritas com diversos nomes e que tinham uma etiologia comum, a insuficiência alimentar, acarretando, ao mesmo tempo um emagrecimento e um esgotamento progressivo do estoque de proteínas do organismo. A partir de alterações na quantidade e qualidades dos alimentos ingeridos, o organismo busca regular seu metabolismo visando atingir a homeostase, na qual os hormônios desempenham papel fundamental. Dessa maneira, a desnutrição protéica e a secreção de insulina foram aqui correlacionados na avaliação morfológica e funcional do epitélio oral, representando, respectivamente, grave alteração nutricional (à semelhança da que acomete a população, especialmente, de países subdesenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento) e resposta produzida pela alteração do metabolismo energético das células. Os fatores de crescimento insulino-símile tipos 1 e 2 (IGF-I e IGF-II) são os principais fatores endócrinos determinantes do crescimento fetal. A maioria das ações conhecidas do IGF-I é mediada via um receptor tirosina-quinase, conhecido como IGF-IR. Recentemente, a insensibilidade ao IGF-I foi identificada como uma das causas de retardo de crescimento sem recuperação espontânea do desenvolvimento na vida pós-natal. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho tem o objetivo de estudar, através de métodos morfométricos, na mucosa palatina de ratos Wistar na fase púbere submetidos à desnutrição protéica pré e pós-natal e a renutrição pós-natal, o padrão celular e o componente colágeno da lâmina própria, bem como a expressão do IGF-I, do IGF-IR e da insulina e seu receptor, no intuito de encontrar possível correspondência entre as alterações metabólicas e morfofuncionais, decorrentes da depleção protéica. Para tanto, foram formados os seguintes grupos experimentais constituídos por animais heterogênicos (n=3) de acordo com a ração oferecida, protéica ou hipoprotéica: nutridos (N) e desnutridos (D) com 60 dias de idade, por ser essa a fase do final do período púbere, e renutridos (R), formado por animais do grupo D que, a partir do 21º dia (época do desmame) foram submetidos à ração protéica até atingirem 60 dias de idade. Os espécimes foram processados rotineiramente para microscopia de luz (HE, Azo-carmin e Pircro-sírius) e para imunohistoquímica (IGF-I, IGF-IR e insulina e seu receptor) e os dados morfoquantitativos analisados estatisticamente. Os resultados demonstraram que os parâmetros metabólicos tais como: alimentar, massa corporal, excreção de fezes, urina e ingestão de água, diferiram em todos os grupos semana após semana (S1&#8800;S2&#8800;S3&#8800;S4&#8800;S5&#8800;S6). A densidade de células epiteliais fora constatada pelo método de coloração H.E. e imunomarcadas com insulina e IGF-I e seus respectivos receptores. A subnutrição determinou um aumento significativo de células reativas a insulina (I) e seu receptor (IR) em relação ao grupo renutrido e nutrido (I: S &#8800;R; p<0.05) e (IR: S&#8800;N; S&#8800;R; p<0.05). O grupo R não obeteve aumento significativo de células imunomarcadas, assim, diferiu significativamente em relação ao grupo N para os hormônios IGF-I e seu receptor IGF-IR (R&#8800;N;p<0.05). O número de células da mucosa palatina modifica-se pouco na fase púbere e o seu desenvolvimento normal é sensível à depleção protéica, de modo que o tecido não é capaz de responder ao restabelecimento protéico. / Currently it has been grouped and named protein-caloric under nutrition a series of deficiency described in the past under several denominations with similar etiology, the food deficiency which leads simultaneously to a weight loss and progressive decrease of protein storage in the body. From the changes in the quantity and quality of ingested food, the organism tries to regulate its metabolism in order to homeostasis, in which the hormones play a fundamental role. This way, the protein under nutrition and the insulin secretion were here correlated in the morphological and functional evaluation of the oral epithelium representing high nutritional change (similarly to one which affect people specially from under developed countries) and response produced by changes in the energetic metabolism of the cells respectively. The grown factors insuline-símile type 1 and 2 (IGF-I and IGF-II) are the principal endocrine factors which determine the fetal growth. Many known actions of the IGF-I are mediated via tyrosine-kinase receptor known as IGF-IR. Recently, the insensibility to IGF-I was identified as one of the reason for the regrowth without abrupt recovery of the development in the post-natal life. Therefore, the present work aims to study, the cellular standard and the collagen of lamina propria, as well as the expression of the IGF-I, of the IGF-IR and the insulin and its receptor, using morphometric methods in the palatine mucosa of wistar rats in the pubertal phase subject to protein under nutrition pre and post natal and post-natal re-feeding with the objective of finding possible association between metabolic and morph functional changes coming from protein depletion. For this purpose, the following experimental groups were formed: heterogenic animals (n=3) according to the diet offered protein or hyperprotein diet: nourished (N) and undernourished (D) with 60 days of age (finish of pubertal phase), and re-nourished (R), formed by animals of D group that, from the 21st day (weaning day) were subject to protein diet up to 60 days of age. The specimens were processed routinely for light microscopy (HE, Azo-carmin and Pircro-sírius) and for immunohistochemistry (IGF-I, IGF-IR and insulin and its receptor) and the morph quantitative data statistically analyzed. The results demonstrate that the metabolic parameters such as: food, body mass, feces excretion, urine and water ingestion differ in all groups weekly (S1&#8800;S2&#8800;S3&#8800;S4&#8800;S5&#8800;S6). The density of epithelial was observed by HE method and immune-marked with insulin and IGF-I and their respective receptors. The under nutrition determined a significant increase of the cells reacting to insulin (I) and its receptor (IR) in relation to re-nourished and nourished groups (I: S &#8800;R; p<0.05) and (IR: S&#8800;N; S&#8800;R; p<0.05). No significant increase of immune-marked cells was observed in the R group, thus, differing significantly when comparing to N group for the hormones IGF-I and its receptor IGF-IR (R&#8800;N;p<0.05). The number of palatine mucosal cells has changed little in the pubertal phase and its normal development is sensitive to protein depletion, so the tissue cannot respond to the protein replacement.

Name: Efficiency of training time in soccer players in category U11 Objective: The aim of the thesis is to find and evaluate the time utilization of football players in the U11 category in the training unit (active vs loss time). Second goal is to compare the values of active and loss time in the training unit in terms of the performance level of the watched clubs (professional vs. amateur club). Methods: Training units were filmed on our own camera. Then the filmed material was analyzed and evaluated. Results: We found no significant differences in efficiency of a training time during training sessions between teams from a professional and amateur clubs in category U11 (40% vs. 42%). No significant difference was also found in efficiency of the training time between two teams from professional clubs (46% vs. 37%). Finally, we did not reveal any significant differences between teams from professional and amateur clubs in an inactive time during training sessions, which was expressed as differences between the time when exercise runs and break (24% vs. 29%). Keywords: Football, active time, lost time, training, under eleven

EN: The misdemeanor of endangering under the influence of addictive substance is one of the most frequently occurring criminal offenses that the Czech society encounters. I have divided my thesis into nine chapters. The first chapter deals with elements of the criminal offense under the influence of addictive substance as divided by legal theory. The second chapter describes the issue of the unlawfulness of the deed. The third chapter deals with an analysis of qualifying circumstances that legislature provided in the second paragraph of the misdemeanor of endangerment under the influence of drugs. The fourth chapter describes the issue and the conditions of participation of persons other than the principal perpetrator of the deed. The sixth chapter deals with the most common criminal offenses that occur along with the abovementioned misdemeanor. The seventh chapter is devoted to the new phenomenon of proving a condition that excludes competence in cases of influencing other addictive substance. In the eighth chapter I focus on the issue of showing of various types of sentences with regard to current practice in relation to sentencing for the deed in question under Section 274 of the Criminal Code. The ninth chapter describes various forms of so-called special methods of proceedings which are used in the...

- Sexual violence on women in armed conflicts - the role of the international criminal courts The main purpose of the thesis is to analyse the role of international criminal courts notably the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. It will analyse the process of the development of the international individual criminal responsibility of the perpetrators of sexual violence on women in the course of war. Sexual violence on women played an almost integral part of every armed conflict since the beginning of warfare. Despite this fact, the topic of sexual violence on women has been, until recently, generally ignored by politicians, historians and lawyers. The relevant treaties of the international humanitarian law also either ommited or trivialized rape and other crimes of a sexual nature. Not until the worst atrocities were committed in the armed conflict in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda at the beginning of the nineties was the sexual violence recognized as a serious crime which causes great suffering to victims, both physically and mentoly, and has to be properly investigated and prosecuted. In respect of the fact, that sexual violence has, in the last decades, become a particularly effective weapon of war rather than a random...

Magister Scientiae - MSc / This secondary analysis aimed to develop dietary scores to assess the dietary intake of pregnant women in the West Coast/ Winelands region and determine the association with LBW. Further to determine the association between the dietary scores and maternal socioeconomic and socio-demographic characteristics and maternal smoking and/or alcohol consumption during pregnancy. / South Africa

Masters of Public Health - see Magister Public Health / Background: Malaria is the leading cause of death of Uganda's children under 5 years of age and the number-one cause of illness in adults in Uganda. The success of malaria treatment strategies is closely linked to the behavior of patients and caretakers of young children. In the case of malaria this includes accessing appropriate treatment for suspected malaria in time. In Bungokho Sub County, in spite of the efforts by district health workers and the Ministry of Health to implement the malaria control, prevention and treatment strategies, pregnant women and caretakers of children under 5 years of age continue to present late for treatment in the health units resulting in possible avoidable death or disability. Aim and objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the factors that lead to late presentation of children and pregnant women with malaria for treatment at health units. This was done by exploring the perceptions of caregivers of children under five years and pregnant women on the community knowledge and understanding of the symptoms and treatment of malaria; and describing perceptions of caregivers and pregnant women on health care provision at the health units and alternative treatment for malaria. Methods :The study was conducted in Bungokho Health sub-district, in Mbale district, Eastern Uganda over a two month period in 2009. It was a descriptive exploratory study using qualitative research methods. Four focus groups were carried out, two with caregivers of children under 5 years and two with pregnant women, with each focus group consisting of eight participants. Two caregivers and two pregnant women were identified from the focus groups for further indepth interviews. Four in-depth interviews were conducted with health unit staff from Bungokho HCVI. Notes were taken and observations made during the focus groups and interviews. The proceedings were audio-taped and recordings used to expand and clarify notes. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze the data and identify recurrent themes from the focus group discussions and&nbsp; interviews of the reasons for late presentation for malaria treatment. Results: All caregivers were women, a significant majority of whom were peasants who had not gone beyond the primary education. Caregivers were aware of the general symptoms of malaria but associated more serious or dangerous symptoms with other causes including witchcraft. Pregnant women, on the other hand, seemed to have sound knowledge of both the general and dangerous symptoms of malaria and were likely to attend the health units timeously for reatment. Religious beliefs and practices, particularly belief in the healing ability of prayers prevented early reporting of malaria cases to health units leading to late presentation. Alternative treatment of malaria from traditional herbalists was also sought by the communities particularly when the intensity of malaria was at its peak during the rainy season. Poverty in the community seemed to play a big role in shaping community preference for treatment sources, as well as early presentation to the health units. It was found that the anticipated cost of laboratory tests and sundries at the health units deterred caregivers from taking children under five to health units. There was therefore a strong reliance (and preference for) community medicine distributor's (CMDs) because of free services and easy access. Lack of support from spouses (in particular husbands) coupled with the rude behavior of health workers towards caregivers and pregnant women discouraged visits to health units. The long waiting time and intermittent drug stock-outs also created a negative perception of service at the health units. Conclusions and recommendations: There is need for further sensitization of communities on the need to seek prompt treatment for children under five years of age at the health units (that is, within 24 hours of the onset of fever). Training and supervision of CMDs should be strengthened to ensure consistent supply of drugs, correct dosage of anti-malarial medication and improvements in the referrals to the health units. In order to improve service delivery at the health units, there is need to review and strengthen human resource management of the health units, including staffing requirements and management practices, such as support and supervision, patient care standards and client feedback mechanisms. It is also important that there are adequate stocks of anti-malarial drugs&nbsp; and laboratory supplies at health units. / South Africa

Magister Public Health - MPH / Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the prescribing practices and availability of antimalarial drugs to children under five years of age in primary health care facilities in Bondo district.

The Tokyo Tribunal and Its Contribution to International Criminal Law Abstract The aims of my thesis are to analyze whether the principle of legality (nullum crimen sine lege, nulla poena sine lege) has been breached by The Tokyo Tribunal and to evaluate the Tribunal's contribution to the field of international criminal law. The work is divided into five chapters. First two, The Charter and The Indictment outline the establishment and jurisdiction of the Tribunal, the rules of proceedings, counts of the indictment and the accused. The remaining three chapters are a compilation of legal argumentation with a focus on the arguments concerning the principle of legality: Crimes under International Law before the Post-War Tribunals summarizes the opinions of international commissions, The Judgement the opinions of majority judges and The Minority Opinions the opinions of minority judges. In the Conclusion, I argue that while the principle of legality was breached, the adherence to it is a matter of choice between the doctrine of strict liability and that of substantive justice and I identify the affirmation of The Nuremberg Principles, the notion of conspiracy to commit aggression as a separate crime and extending the scope of the command responsibility doctrine as the Tribunal's contribution to international...

This thesis is focused on the methods and tools which are helpful in decision-making under uncertainty and risk. The methods of decision-making for discrete and continuous values of risk factors are used in the thesis. In case of discrete values of risk factors and decision-making under risk, the thesis uses the rule of expected values, the rule of expected value and variance and also calculates the value of perfect information. In case of decision-making under uncertainty, the thesis is focused on the rule of maximin and maximax, Laplace's rule, Hurwitz's rule and Savage's rule. The following part of the thesis is devoted to decision-making with continuous values of risk factors. It utilizes the Monte Carlo simulation method and the sensitivity analysis with the help of Lumina Analytica software. The last part of the thesis is aimed at utilization of decision trees in case of multistage decision-making. It uses the Treeplan software which works as a plugin in MS office Excel. All the mentioned methods are practically applied to a concrete case of analysing and ex post evaluating the business plans of a company, which is based at Jindřichův Hradec market.

This thesis investigates optimality of heuristic forecasting. According to Goldstein a Gigerenzer (2009), heuristics can be viewed as predictive models, whose simplicity is exploiting the bias-variance trade-off. Economic agents learning in the context of rational expectations (Marcet a Sargent 1989) employ, on the contrary, complex models of the whole economy. Both of these approaches can be perceived as an optimal response complexity of the prediction task and availability of observations. This work introduces a straightforward extension to the standard model of decision making under uncertainty, where agents utility depends on accuracy of their predictions and where model complexity is moderated by regularization parameter. Results of Monte Carlo simulations reveal that in complicated environments, where few observations are at disposal, it is beneficial to construct simple models resembling heuristics. Unbiased models are preferred in more convenient conditions.