Nušalinimo ar atleidimo iš darbo teisiniai aspektai, kai darbuotojas darbe yra neblaivus aktualūs daugeliui darbdavių. Įstatymai įpareigoja darbdavį kontroliuoti, kad darbuotojas nedirbtų neblaivus. Savo ruožtu darbuotojas taip pat turi žinoti kokios pasekmės gali kilti jeigu jis darbo metu darbe vartoja alkoholį. Pats faktas, kad darbuotojas darbe buvo neblaivus, suteikia darbdaviui teisę ne tik nušalinti darbuotoją nuo darbo, bet ir nutraukti su juo darbo sutartį. Darbuotojui teisinė atsakomybė taikytina, kai jo neblaivumas ar apsvaigimas konstatuojamas darbo metu. Ir nesvarbu, ar tai būtų darbo dienos pradžioje, po pietų pertraukos ar darbo dienos pabaigoje. Darbuotojo buvimas darbo metu darbe neblaivaus gali būti vertinamas šiurkščiu darbo pareigų pažeidimu. Ši aplinkybė turi būti nustatoma pagal tokias aplinkybes: darbuotojo neblaivumo faktą; darbuotojo buvimo darbe faktą, t.y. buvimą darbovietėje, darbo vietoje ar kitoje vietoje, kur darbuotojas turi būti atlikdamas darbo pareigas ar vykdyti darbdavio užduotis; buvimo darbo metu faktą, tai reiškia asmens buvimą darbe tuo metu, kai jis turi atlikti darbo pareigas ar vykdyti darbdavio užduotis. Kai darbuotojas dėl nušalinimo nuo darbo ar atleidimo iš jo kreipiasi į teismą, darbdaviui išlieka pareiga įrodyti teismui, kad darbuotojas nušalintas nuo darbo arba atleistas iš jo pagrįstai ir teisėtai. Darbuotojo neblaivumo darbo metu darbe faktas, sudarantis pagrindą nutraukti darbo sutartį gali būti patvirtinamas visais... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This article focuses on the issue if an employee comes to work intoxicated with alcohol an employer shall not allow him working on that day and shall suspend his wage. Also an employment contract must be terminated without notice in the following cases: an employer shall be entitled to terminate an employment contract without giving an employee prior notice if during the working time, the employee is under the influence of alcohol with the exception of cases where intoxication was caused by the industrial processes at the enterprise. Description and analysis of Lithuanian legal situation was chosen as the metods to examine the current problems. Author examines statutes and precedens regulating the using of alcohol during the working time. The most urgent problems are examined in detail. These are the correct procedure of suspension from work and the indication of circumstances, grounds and evidence on which the termination of an employment contract are based. Work must be organised in compliance with the requirements laid down in regulatory acts on safety and health at work. An employer shall monitor if the employee during the working time is under the influence of alcohol or not. A gross breach of work duties shall involve: where, during the working time, the employee is under the influence of alcohol. It does not mater when the employee will be under the influence of alcohol – at the beginning, at the middle or at the end of the working time. If the employer wants to... [to full text]

<p>This secondary analysis aimed to develop dietary scores to assess the dietary intake of pregnant women in the West Coast/ Winelands region and determine the association with LBW. Further to determine the association between the dietary scores and maternal socioeconomic and socio-demographic characteristics and maternal smoking and/or alcohol consumption during pregnancy.</p>

<p>Background: Malaria is the leading cause of death of Uganda&rsquo / s children under 5 years of age and the number-one cause of illness in adults in Uganda. The success of malaria treatment strategies is closely linked to the behavior of patients and caretakers of young children. In the case of malaria this includes accessing appropriate treatment for&nbsp / suspected malaria in time. In Bungokho Sub County, in spite of the efforts by district health workers and the Ministry of Health to implement the malaria control, prevention and treatment strategies, pregnant women and caretakers of children under 5 years of age continue to present late for treatment in the health units resulting in possible avoidable&nbsp / death or disability. Aim and objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the factors that lead to late presentation of children and pregnant women with malaria for treatment at health units. This was done by exploring the perceptions of caregivers of children under five years and pregnant women on the community&rsquo / s knowledge and understanding of the&nbsp / symptoms and treatment of malaria / and describing perceptions of caregivers and pregnant women on health care provision at the health units and alternative treatment for malaria. Methods :The study was conducted in Bungokho Health sub-district, in Mbale district, Eastern Uganda over a two month period in 2009. It was a descriptive exploratory study using qualitative research methods. Four focus groups were carried out, two with caregivers of children under 5 years and two with pregnant women, with each focus group consisting of eight participants. Two caregivers and two pregnant women were identified from the focus groups for further indepth interviews. Four in-depth interviews were conducted with health unit staff from Bungokho HCVI. Notes were taken and observations made during the focus groups and interviews. The proceedings were audio-taped and recordings used to expand and clarify notes. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze the data and identify recurrent themes from the focus group discussions and&nbsp / interviews of the reasons for late presentation for malaria treatment. Results: All caregivers were women, a significant majority of whom were peasants who had not gone beyond the primary education. Caregivers were aware of the general symptoms of malaria but associated more serious or dangerous symptoms with other causes including&nbsp / witchcraft. Pregnant women, on the other hand, seemed to have sound knowledge of both the general and dangerous symptoms of malaria and were likely to attend the health&nbsp / units timeously for reatment. Religious beliefs and practices, particularly belief in the healing ability of prayers prevented early reporting of malaria cases to health units leading&nbsp / to late presentation. Alternative treatment of malaria from traditional herbalists was also sought by the communities particularly when the intensity of malaria was at its peak during the rainy season. Poverty in the community seemed to play a big role in shaping community preference for treatment sources, as well as early presentation to the health&nbsp / units. It was found that the anticipated cost of laboratory tests and sundries at the health units deterred caregivers from taking children under five to health units. There was therefore a strong reliance (and preference for) community medicine distributor&rsquo / s (CMDs) because of free services and easy access. Lack of support from spouses (in particular husbands) coupled with the rude behavior of health workers towards caregivers and pregnant women discouraged visits to health units. The long waiting time and intermittent drug stock-outs also created a negative perception of service at the health units. Conclusions and recommendations: There is need for further sensitization of communities on the need to seek prompt treatment for children under five years of age at the health units (that is, within 24 hours of the onset of fever). Training and supervision of CMDs should be strengthened to ensure consistent supply of drugs, correct dosage of anti-malarial medication and improvements in the referrals to the health units. In order to improve&nbsp / service delivery at the health units, there is need to review and strengthen human resource management of the health units, including staffing requirements and management&nbsp / practices, such as support and supervision, patient care standards and client feedback mechanisms. It is also important that there are adequate stocks of anti-malarial drugs&nbsp / and laboratory supplies at health units.</p>

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Uncertainty is a feature of many AI applications. While there are polynomial-time algorithms for planning in stochastic systems, planning is still slow, in part because most algorithms plan for all eventualities. Algorithms such as LAO* are able to find good or optimal policies more quickly when the starting state of the system is known. In this thesis we present an extension to LAO*, called BLAO*. BLAO* is an extension of the LAO* algorithm to a bidirectional search. We show that BLAO* finds optimal or E-optimal solutions for goal-directed MDPs without necessarily evaluating the entire state space. BLAO* converges much faster than LAO* or RTDP on our benchmarks.

In view of the current situation of fluctuating high crude oil prices, it is now more important than ever for petroleum refineries to operate at an optimal level in the present dynamic global economy. Acknowledging the shortcomings of deterministic models, this work proposes a hybrid of stochastic programming formulations for an optimal midterm refinery planning that addresses three factors of uncertainties, namely price of crude oil and saleable products, product demand, and production yields. An explicit stochastic programming technique is utilized by employing compensating slack variables to account for violations of constraints in order to increase model tractability. Four approaches are considered to ensure both solution and model robustness: (1) the Markowitz???s mean???variance (MV) model to handle randomness in the objective coefficients of prices by minimizing variance of the expected value of the random coefficients; (2) the two-stage stochastic programming with fixed recourse approach via scenario analysis to model randomness in the right-hand side and left-hand side coefficients by minimizing the expected recourse penalty costs due to constraints??? violations; (3) incorporation of the MV model within the framework developed in Approach 2 to minimize both the expectation and variance of the recourse costs; and (4) reformulation of the model in Approach 3 by adopting mean-absolute deviation (MAD) as the risk metric imposed by the recourse costs for a novel application to the petroleum refining industry. A representative numerical example is illustrated with the resulting outcome of higher net profits and increased robustness in solutions proposed by the stochastic models.

This thesis investigates particular topics in advanced motion control of two distinct mechanical systems: human-like motion control of redundant robot manipulators and advanced sensing and control for energy-efficient operation of electromagnetic devices. Control of robot manipulators for human-like motions has been one of challenging topics in robot control for over half a century. The first part of this thesis considers methods that exploits robot manipulators??? degrees of freedom for such purposes. Jacobian transpose control law is investigated as one of the well-known controllers and sufficient conditions for its universal convergence are derived by using concepts of ???stability on a manifold??? and ???transferability to a sub-manifold???. Firstly, a modification on this method is proposed to enhance the rectilinear trajectory of the robot end-effector. Secondly, an abridged Jacobian controller is proposed that exploits passive control of joints to reduce the attended degrees of freedom of the system. Finally, the application of minimally-attended controller for human-like motion is introduced. Electromagnetic (EM) access control systems are one of growing electronic systems which are used in applications where conventional mechanical locks may not guarantee the expected safety of the peripheral doors of buildings. In the second part of this thesis, an intelligent EM unit is introduced which recruits the selfsensing capability of the original EM block for detection purposes. The proposed EM device optimizes its energy consumption through a control strategy which regulates the supply to the system upon detection of any eminent disturbance. Therefore, it draws a very small current when the full power is not needed. The performance of the proposed control strategy was evaluated based on a standard safety requirement for EM locking mechanisms. For a particular EM model, the proposed method is verified to realize a 75% reduction in the power consumption.

Conformant planning is the problem of &#64257;nding a sequence of actions for achieving a goal in the presence of uncertainty in the initial state and state transitions. While few practical problems are purely conformant, the ability to &#64257;nd conformant plans is needed in planning with observations where conformant situations are an special case and where relaxations into conformant planning yield useful heuristics. In this dissertation, we introduce new formulations for tackling the conformant planning problem with deterministic actions using translations. On the one hand, we propose a translation in propositional logic and two schemes for obtaning conformant plans for it, one based on boolean operations of projection and model counting, the other based on projection and satis&#64257;ability. On the other hand, we introduce translations of the conformant planning problem into classical problems that are solved by a modern and e&#64256;ective classical planner. We analyze the formal properties of the translations into classical planning and evaluate the performance of the resulting conformant planners. / La planificación conformante es el problema de encontrar una secuencia de acciones para lograr un objetivo en presencia de información incompleta sobre el estado inicial y en las transiciones entre estados. Aunque pocos problemas son de carácter puramente conformante, la posibilidad de encontrar planes conformantes es necesaria en planificación con observaciones, donde las situaciones conformantes son un caso particular, y donde las relajaciones a planificación conformante dan heurísticas útiles. En esta tesis atacamos el problema de la planificación conformante con acciones determinísticas mediante dos formulaciones basadas en traducciones. Por un lado, proponemos una traducción a lógica proposicional y dos esquemas para obtener planes conformantes a partir de ésta, uno basado en operaciones booleanas de projección y conteo de modelos, y otro basado en projección y satisfacción proposicional. Por otro lado, introducimos traducciones que permiten transformar un problema de planificación conformante en un problema de planificación clásica que es luego resuelto usando planificadores clásicos. También analizamos las propiedades formales de las traducciones y evaluamos el rendimiento de los planificadores obtenidos.

Denna uppsats tar sin utgångspunkt i att den tekniska utvecklingen påverkar hur krig genomförs idag, där strid på operativ nivå utövas med sensor- och vapensystem från någon form av plattform. Därmed kommer teknik i högre grad påverka utgången av militära operationer. Vilket gör att det är viktigt att förstå hur militärteknik påverkar operationskonst. Då operativ planering kan ses som operationalisering av operationskonst torde militär-tekniska perspektiv återfinnas i planeringsmetodbeskrivningar. För att påvisa det kausala sambandet mellan operationskonst och militärteknik formulerades hypotesen – Militärteknik omhändertas i operativ planering genom att utgöra perspektiv på operationskonstens beståndsdelar. Denna hypotes prövades sedan gentemot två svenska planeringsmetoder, utan att kunna förkastas. Därmed är hypotesen tills vidare verifierad. Även om hypotesen prövats på svenska planeringsmetoder finns det stöd för att hypotesen även är giltig för andra planeringsmetoder. Faktum är att det snarare är detaljeringsgraden på metodbeskrivningarna som avgör om hypotesens indikatorer kan återfinnas. Då operations-konst kan vara både vetenskap och konst, räcker det inte med en tydlig metodbeskrivning. Chefer och planerare måste själva omsätta underlaget till en faktisk plan. Därför är det viktigt att dessa har kunskap och vetskap om hur de ska tänka. Vilket gör att militärteknik måste vara en naturlig del av utbildningen när operationskonstens beståndsdelar diskuteras.

This thesis examines propaganda and educational campaigns in the Brezhnev-era USSR, where the Party-state continued the longstanding Soviet attempt to form the country's youth into conscientious builders and defenders of communism. Focusing on the military, military-historical and physical-cultural activity that the state identified as areas of strategic importance in a period of intensifying competition with the capitalist world, the thesis analyses the interactions between propaganda and its producers, and the ordinary and extraordinary young people at whom it was aimed. It finds that state agencies and organisations of the Brezhnev era followed tradition in employing heroic motifs and discourses to elicit heroic behaviour amongst the population, often seeking to apply themes and material from earlier periods directly to the situation of late-1960s and 1970s youth. In particular, propaganda emphasised the importance of both models of wartime heroism, and the characteristics articulated in the 1961 Moral Code of the Builder of Communism - but in a political and social environment now much changed from those in which they had originally emerged. The thesis begins with a study of material surrounding the reinstatement of universal conscription after Khrushchev's army reforms, before examining youth involvement in one of the flagship military-patriotic education campaigns of the period. The second part of the thesis then shifts the focus to a more symbolic, yet no less significant site of the 'defence of the honour of the Motherland': the international sporting arena, particularly during the 1972 Olympiads in 'hostile' West Germany and Japan. Through a case study of coverage of the gymnast Olga Korbut, the thesis argues that, while propaganda-makers still sought to control the Soviet definition of 'heroism', conditions increasingly allowed for the emergence of celebrity and a popular heroism based more on self-advancement and public acclaim than on established Soviet ethical models.