Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo em dez crianças (média de idade de apresentação da doença, 3.0 ± 1.6 anos) usando ciclosporina (CSA) uma microemulsão utilizada no tratamento da síndrome nefrótica idiopática (SNI) - com função renal normal avaliada pelo clearance de creatinina estimado pela estatura, que apresentavam o C0 (nível do vale) entre 50 e 150 ng/ml e que encontraram remissão completa da doença com a CSA. O objetivo foi comparar os parâmetros farmacocinéticos da CSA entre crianças com SNI em remissão ou descompensadas da doença. O perfil farmacocinético da CSA foi avaliado através da área sob a curva de 12 horas (AUC012) utilizando sete pontos. Esse procedimento foi realizado no mesmo paciente durante a remissão e a descompensação da doença com a mesma dose de CSA em mg/kg. A AUC012 foi calculada através de régua trapezoidal. Todos os pontos da curva e a AUC04 simplificada foram comparados com a AUC012. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa em quaisquer pontos da curva nos dois estados da doença, nem mesmo quando normalizados pela dose em mg/kg. Nosso estudo mostrou que a AUC04 foi o principal parâmetro em ambos os estados da doença (remissão e recidiva) quando comparado com a AUC012 (r=0.95 na remissão e r=0.93 na recidiva), e o segundo melhor parâmetro foi o C2 (r=0.86 na remissão e r=0.80 na recidiva). Mais estudos controlados são necessários para reproduzir melhor estes achados e confirmar nossa proposta. Além disso, o C2 necessita ser determinado em crianças com SNI para evitar efeitos adversos enquanto promove eficiência / We report a prospective study in ten children (mean age at presentation, 3.0 ± 1.6 years) using Cyclosporin(CSA) - a microemulsion to treat Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome (INS), with normal renal function evaluated by creatinine clearance estimated by stature, who presented C0 (trough level) between 50 and 150 ng/ml and achieved complete remission with CSA. The objective is to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of CSA between nephrotic children on remission and relapse of the nephrotic state. The pharmacokinetic profile of CSA was evaluated with the 12-hour area under the time-concentration curve (AUC012) using seven time sample points. This procedure was done in the same patient during remission and relapse with the same dose of CSA (mg/kg). The AUC012 was calculated by trapezoidal rule. All points of the curve and the resumed AUC04 were compared with AUC012. We detected no significant differences at any points of the curve during remission and relapse, even when data were normalized by dose (mg/kg). Our study has shown that AUC04 was the main point on both states of the disease, remission and relapse, when compared to AUC012 (r=0.95 on remission and r=0.93 on relapse), and the second parameter found was C2 (r=0.86 on remission and r=0.80 on relapse). More controlled studies are needed to reproduce the findings and confirm this proposition. The target C2 concentration needs to be determined for INS in children to avoid adverse effects while promoting efficacy

Cabo Verde tem registrado um crescimento considerável em nível da subregião Oeste africana, apesar dos enormes desafios que o país apresenta, tais como escassez de água potável, de energia, de saneamento básico, deficiente infraestrutura, limitados recursos naturais, materiais e humanos. Este trabalho analisa as perspectivas e as alternativas para a economia de Cabo Verde, tendo em conta esses enormes desafios. Para este propósito, o trabalho inicia com a problemática do (sub)desenvolvimento, onde além de uma discussão teórica do assunto, se aborda a questão dos pequenos estados insulares da qual Cabo Verde faz parte e as oportunidades de desenvolvimento que ainda restam aos subdesenvolvidos. Em seguida, apresenta-se um histórico da economia de Cabo Verde, com destaque para os vários momentos verificados desde o período antes da independência até os dias de hoje. Depois se discutem alguns aspetos considerados relevantes da economia Cabo-verdiana, como as contas nacionais, a estrutura do emprego e de desemprego, a caracterização de alguns setores de atividade econômica e, também, faz-se uma análise do desempenho da economia. Por fim, no capítulo 5 discute-se a importância das relações internacionais do país, avaliam-se os desafios que o país enfrenta, as perspectivas de desenvolvimento face a esses desafios, e as alternativas de desenvolvimento, tendo por base o turismo, a ajuda pública ao desenvolvimento (APD), o investimento direto externo (IDE) e as remessas dos emigrantes (RE). Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que o país, apesar de melhoras significativas em diversas áreas de desenvolvimento, fato comprovado pela recente elevação a País de Rendimento Médio (PRM), o país apresenta ainda enormes desequilíbrios e distorções no seu processo de desenvolvimento. Evidencia-se neste trabalho que, apesar dos constantes desafios e constrangimentos que o país enfrenta, e apesar das alternativas de desenvolvimento se basearem nos fatores externos que não estão sob total controle do país, as perspectivas de desenvolvimento são bastante favoráveis. / Cape Verde has experienced considerable growth in the sub-region of West Africa which is a part, despite the enormous challenges the country presents, such as scarcity of water, energy, sanitation, lack of infrastructure, lack of natural resources, limited human and material resources. This paper analyzes the prospects and the alternatives for the economy of Cape Verde, given these enormous challenges. For this purpose, this work begins with the problem of the (under) development, where in addition to a theoretical discussion of the subject, addressing the issue of small island states which Cape Verde made part and the development opportunities that remain for developing countries. Then comes a history of Cape Verde's economy by addressing various events occurred since the period before independence until today. After that, it is considered some relevant aspects of the Cape Verde economy, such as national accounts, the structure of employment and unemployment, the characterization of certain sectors of economic activity, and also an analysis of economic performance. Finally, in Chapter 5 discusses the importance of the international relations of the country, to assess the challenges facing the country, prospects for development with these challenges, and the alternatives of development, based on tourism, Help official development assistance (ODA), foreign direct investment (FDI) and remittances (RE). The results of this work suggest that the country, despite significant improvements in several areas of the development, proven by the recent graduate to Middle Income Country (MIC), the country still has huge imbalances and distortions in its development process. Evidence in this work, despite the continuing challenges and constraints facing the country, despite the development alternatives are based on the external factors that are not under total control of the country, the development prospects are quite favorable.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:17:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Celia Regina do Nascimento.pdf: 623240 bytes, checksum: 2864dddbf800357a5a16a63fee7104c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / It is known that under-nourishment represents an important indicator of poverty, and that families of under-nourished children are exposed to multiple factors that affect their quality of life. This descriptive-exploratory study, with a quantitative and qualitative approach aimed to analyze the situation of vulnerability and identify the asset of the families of children that are part-time assisted by CREN Centro de Recuperação Nutricional, between 2005 and 2006 in São Paulo Vila Mariana. The methodology used in this study supported the development of a systematic work in social service at CREN, as the social evaluation based on the questionnaire created by Instituto de Estudos Especiais da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, in partnership with CREN, allowed the continuous characterization of the assisted under-nourished children´s families. The factors that turn these families more vulnerable and the resources they have - their asset, were taken in consideration. Through interview, questionnaires of social and economic characterization were applied to 42 assisted families at CREN. The results showed that families of under-nourished children part-time assisted by CREN were young, with low income, with a high number of children under 5 years-old, and with women as main breadwinners. The social, economic, and demographic characteristics, among others, confirmed the situation of high social vulnerability that these families experience. However, in the same context, it was noticed the presence of: a supportive social web, education, and predominance of biparental families. These characteristics are here defined as the asset of the families. Through this research, it was seen that when a social work considers the asset and situations of vulnerability in the beginning of the process, it is able to face the social reality in a more realistic way / É sabido que a desnutrição constitui-se em um importante marcador de pobreza, e que as famílias de crianças desnutridas estão expostas a múltiplos fatores que influenciam a sua qualidade de vida. Este estudo, de tipo descritivo-exploratório, de abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, teve como objetivo analisar a situação de vulnerabilidade e identificar o patrimônio presente nas famílias das crianças desnutridas atendidas no período de 2005 e 2006, em regime de semi-internato, no Centro de Recuperação e Educação Nutricional (CREN), em Vila Mariana, no município de São Paulo. A metodologia utilizada neste estudo possibilitou a sistematização do trabalho desenvolvido pelo Serviço Social no CREN, uma vez que, mediante a avaliação social, com base no questionário realizado pelo Instituto de Estudos Especiais da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, em parceria com o CREN, permitiu a contínua caracterização das famílias de crianças desnutridas atendidas, levando em consideração as variáveis que as tornam mais vulneráveis, bem como os recursos de que dispõem o seu patrimônio. Mediante entrevista, foram aplicados questionários de caracterização sócio-econômica junto a 42 famílias atendidas pelo CREN. Os resultados mostraram que as famílias de crianças desnutridas atendidas pelo sistema de semi-internato do CREN eram famílias predominantemente jovens, de baixa renda, possuíam alta proporção de crianças menores de 5 anos e de mulheres chefes de domicílio. Tais características sócio-econômicas e demográficas, além de outras, confirmaram a situação de alta vulnerabilidade social que estas famílias vivenciavam. No entanto, neste mesmo contexto, foi evidenciada: a presença de rede social de apoio, de escolaridade e predomínio de famílias biparentais características estas que, no presente estudo, são definidas como sendo o patrimônio destas famílias. Com esta pesquisa pôde-se perceber que realizar um trabalho social partindo do patrimônio e levando em conta as situações de vulnerabilidade é a forma mais realista de enfrentamento da realidade social

This thesis strives to examine firstly if migration is a significant adaptation strategy to the experience of abundant precipitation, and secondly whether under-five mortality works attenuating or enhancing when being an intermediating factor. With cross-country panel data for precipitation and migration percentage for 169 countries over the world for the time period 1950-2005, a fixed effect model has been created for both parts of the analysis — in the first one to estimate the effects of abundant precipitation on migration flows, and in the second one to examine if and how the mortality rates of children under the age of five works as driver on the effect between abundant precipitation and migration. The results illustrated a positive and significant effect of precipitation on migration when same-year data was used. For the five-year lag data and the ten-year lag data, the null hypothesis which indicates that there is no relationship between the variables could not be rejected, but there were still results that indicated that the migration goes up in a five-year perspective and decreases in a ten-year perspective. The results from the first part of the analysis do not illustrate enormous effects. For the second part of the analysis, results show that the effect of precipitation on under-five mortality does, in contrary to the stated hypothesis, implicate an attenuation as opposed to an enhancement of the effect of precipitation on migration. Due to low precision and non-significant results, it is not possible to determine how exactly the effects are directly affecting each other. This thesis has however helped to prove that one can reject that the effects are strongly enhancing each other.

Atualmente reagrupou-se sob o nome de subnutrição calórico-protéica uma série de afecções de carência antigamente descritas com diversos nomes e que tinham uma etiologia comum, a insuficiência alimentar, acarretando, ao mesmo tempo um emagrecimento e um esgotamento progressivo do estoque de proteínas do organismo. A partir de alterações na quantidade e qualidades dos alimentos ingeridos, o organismo busca regular seu metabolismo visando atingir a homeostase, na qual os hormônios desempenham papel fundamental. Dessa maneira, a desnutrição protéica e a secreção de insulina foram aqui correlacionados na avaliação morfológica e funcional do epitélio oral, representando, respectivamente, grave alteração nutricional (à semelhança da que acomete a população, especialmente, de países subdesenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento) e resposta produzida pela alteração do metabolismo energético das células. Os fatores de crescimento insulino-símile tipos 1 e 2 (IGF-I e IGF-II) são os principais fatores endócrinos determinantes do crescimento fetal. A maioria das ações conhecidas do IGF-I é mediada via um receptor tirosina-quinase, conhecido como IGF-IR. Recentemente, a insensibilidade ao IGF-I foi identificada como uma das causas de retardo de crescimento sem recuperação espontânea do desenvolvimento na vida pós-natal. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho tem o objetivo de estudar, através de métodos morfométricos, na mucosa palatina de ratos Wistar na fase púbere submetidos à desnutrição protéica pré e pós-natal e a renutrição pós-natal, o padrão celular e o componente colágeno da lâmina própria, bem como a expressão do IGF-I, do IGF-IR e da insulina e seu receptor, no intuito de encontrar possível correspondência entre as alterações metabólicas e morfofuncionais, decorrentes da depleção protéica. Para tanto, foram formados os seguintes grupos experimentais constituídos por animais heterogênicos (n=3) de acordo com a ração oferecida, protéica ou hipoprotéica: nutridos (N) e desnutridos (D) com 60 dias de idade, por ser essa a fase do final do período púbere, e renutridos (R), formado por animais do grupo D que, a partir do 21º dia (época do desmame) foram submetidos à ração protéica até atingirem 60 dias de idade. Os espécimes foram processados rotineiramente para microscopia de luz (HE, Azo-carmin e Pircro-sírius) e para imunohistoquímica (IGF-I, IGF-IR e insulina e seu receptor) e os dados morfoquantitativos analisados estatisticamente. Os resultados demonstraram que os parâmetros metabólicos tais como: alimentar, massa corporal, excreção de fezes, urina e ingestão de água, diferiram em todos os grupos semana após semana (S1&#8800;S2&#8800;S3&#8800;S4&#8800;S5&#8800;S6). A densidade de células epiteliais fora constatada pelo método de coloração H.E. e imunomarcadas com insulina e IGF-I e seus respectivos receptores. A subnutrição determinou um aumento significativo de células reativas a insulina (I) e seu receptor (IR) em relação ao grupo renutrido e nutrido (I: S &#8800;R; p<0.05) e (IR: S&#8800;N; S&#8800;R; p<0.05). O grupo R não obeteve aumento significativo de células imunomarcadas, assim, diferiu significativamente em relação ao grupo N para os hormônios IGF-I e seu receptor IGF-IR (R&#8800;N;p<0.05). O número de células da mucosa palatina modifica-se pouco na fase púbere e o seu desenvolvimento normal é sensível à depleção protéica, de modo que o tecido não é capaz de responder ao restabelecimento protéico. / Currently it has been grouped and named protein-caloric under nutrition a series of deficiency described in the past under several denominations with similar etiology, the food deficiency which leads simultaneously to a weight loss and progressive decrease of protein storage in the body. From the changes in the quantity and quality of ingested food, the organism tries to regulate its metabolism in order to homeostasis, in which the hormones play a fundamental role. This way, the protein under nutrition and the insulin secretion were here correlated in the morphological and functional evaluation of the oral epithelium representing high nutritional change (similarly to one which affect people specially from under developed countries) and response produced by changes in the energetic metabolism of the cells respectively. The grown factors insuline-símile type 1 and 2 (IGF-I and IGF-II) are the principal endocrine factors which determine the fetal growth. Many known actions of the IGF-I are mediated via tyrosine-kinase receptor known as IGF-IR. Recently, the insensibility to IGF-I was identified as one of the reason for the regrowth without abrupt recovery of the development in the post-natal life. Therefore, the present work aims to study, the cellular standard and the collagen of lamina propria, as well as the expression of the IGF-I, of the IGF-IR and the insulin and its receptor, using morphometric methods in the palatine mucosa of wistar rats in the pubertal phase subject to protein under nutrition pre and post natal and post-natal re-feeding with the objective of finding possible association between metabolic and morph functional changes coming from protein depletion. For this purpose, the following experimental groups were formed: heterogenic animals (n=3) according to the diet offered protein or hyperprotein diet: nourished (N) and undernourished (D) with 60 days of age (finish of pubertal phase), and re-nourished (R), formed by animals of D group that, from the 21st day (weaning day) were subject to protein diet up to 60 days of age. The specimens were processed routinely for light microscopy (HE, Azo-carmin and Pircro-sírius) and for immunohistochemistry (IGF-I, IGF-IR and insulin and its receptor) and the morph quantitative data statistically analyzed. The results demonstrate that the metabolic parameters such as: food, body mass, feces excretion, urine and water ingestion differ in all groups weekly (S1&#8800;S2&#8800;S3&#8800;S4&#8800;S5&#8800;S6). The density of epithelial was observed by HE method and immune-marked with insulin and IGF-I and their respective receptors. The under nutrition determined a significant increase of the cells reacting to insulin (I) and its receptor (IR) in relation to re-nourished and nourished groups (I: S &#8800;R; p<0.05) and (IR: S&#8800;N; S&#8800;R; p<0.05). No significant increase of immune-marked cells was observed in the R group, thus, differing significantly when comparing to N group for the hormones IGF-I and its receptor IGF-IR (R&#8800;N;p<0.05). The number of palatine mucosal cells has changed little in the pubertal phase and its normal development is sensitive to protein depletion, so the tissue cannot respond to the protein replacement.

Scandate cathode under various processing stages: scandia nano-powder, tungsten scandia mix powder, sintered and impregnated pellets, were characterized with techniques that included electron microscopy, EDS, XPS, and work function measurements. The size and shape uniformity of nano-scale scandia particles changed from round to square and polyhedron during heat treatment. Reduction in size and improvement in size uniformity as heat treating temperature increased were observed. When determining the highest Sc coverage, three assessment methods were used and with their combined results, it was concluded that set VII had the highest Sc at%. In the sintered pellets, it was observed with SEM that more initial scandia coverage in the mix powder sets corresponded to a larger number of scandia particles distributed over the tungsten surface. The structure of the cross section made on pellet surface was porous which was expected in any functional cathode. Kelvin probe measurements revealed that work function values of sintered pellets were similar and decreased by approximately 0.6 eV after the impregnation. A cross section on the impregnated pellet surface revealed that the pores that existed in sintered pellets were gone and filled with impregnated materials that emerged to the surface during impregnation.

Nos travaux portent sur l’étude d’une méthodologie de modélisation prédictive CEM en émission conduite pour une chaîne d’actionnement (CA). L’objectif ultime, lié à l’utilisation de ces modèles pour le dimensionnement de ce système, est basé sur une optimisation sous contraintes (conception sous contraintes). Au delà de l’application, nous cherchons à mettre en exergue les bénéfices d’une modélisation multi-niveaux dans la recherche d’un compromis entre la précision et la durée de simulation de ces modèles. Dès lors, le but sera d’obtenir un modèle prédictif pour les perturbations électromagnétiques (PEM) d’émission conduite provenant de la CA étudiée et de confronter les résultats de simulations aux résultats expérimentaux. Pour ce faire, le développement d’un premier modèle représentatif des différents phénomènes physiques intervenant dans le système est nécessaire de façon à simuler ces PEM. Dans le but d’améliorer la précision et la durée de simulation de ce premier modèle, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’application d’un algorithme de macromodélisation passive permettant d’obtenir un macromodèle précis et rapide à évaluer, ce qui permet d’en faire un prétendant idoine en vue d’une optimisation. Ensuite, dans le cadre d’une optimisation sous contraintes, nous avons proposé une illustration de l’utilisation du modèle CEM établi pour la CA étudiée. Cette optimisation par évolution différentielle se limitera au dimensionnement d’un filtre CEM, en faisant intervenir, à cette occasion, des contraintes reflétant la réduction des sources d’échauffement. / This phD dissertation is focused on the study of a methodology in order to predict the conducted electromagnetic interferences (EMI) arising from an actuating system (AS). The ultimate objective, linked to the use of these models for the sizing of this system, is based on an optimization under constraints (design under constraints).Beyond the application, we try to highlight the profits of multilevel modeling in looking for a tradeoff between the accuracy and the time cost of these models. Thereupon, the purpose will be to get a predictive model for the AS conducted EMI and to compare the simulation results to measurements.To that end, the development of a first representative model of the various physical phenomena occurring in the system is necessary so as to simulate the conducted EMI. In the purpose to improve the accuracy and the time cost of this first model, we were interested with care to a passive macromodeling algorithm allowing to obtain a fast and accurate macromodel to be estimated, what allows to make it an ideal pretender with the aim of an optimization.Then, within the framework of an optimization under constraints, we proposed an illustration of the use of the EMC model established for the studied AS. This optimization based on differential evolution will limit itself to the sizing of an EMI filter, by bringing in, on this occasion, constraints which reflect, in our case, thermal losses.

The objective of this research was to investigate the structural capacity of aggregate base materials stabilized with triaxial geogrid placed in a full-scale pavement involving control, or unstabilized, sections. Field testing was performed on a roadway in northeastern Utah that was 16 km (10 miles) long and included 10 test sections, seven stabilized sections and three control sections, each having five test locations. The pavement structure was comprised of a hot mix asphalt layer overlying an untreated aggregate base layer of varying thickness, depending on the test section. Except for the control sections, one or two layers of geogrid were incorporated into portions of the pavement structure at different locations. Falling-weight deflectometer testing and dynamic cone penetrometer testing were used to evaluate the structural capacity of the aggregate base layer in each pavement section. For data analysis, the Rohde's method was applied in conjunction with the 1993 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials pavement design guide methodology, and the Area under the Pavement Profile (AUPP) method was applied in conjunction with a mechanistic-empirical pavement analysis. Statistical analyses were then performed to enable comparisons of the test sections. Field results indicated that the asphalt layer thickness was consistently 140 mm (5.5 in.) at all 10 test sections, and the base layer thickness varied from 360 mm (14 in.) to 510 mm (20 in.). The results of the statistical analyses indicated that the majority of the 45 possible pairwise comparisons among the test sections were not statistically significant, meaning that variations in the presence and position of triaxial geogrid at those sections did not appear to affect the structural capacity. The remaining comparisons, however, were statistically significant and involved the test sections with the highest structural capacity. While one of these was unexpectedly an unstabilized control section, the others were constructed using one or two layers of geogrid in the base layer. In addition to being statistically significant, the observed differences were also practically important. Increases in the observed base layer coefficient from 0.12 to 0.18 correspond to an increase in the allowable number of equivalent single axle loads (ESALs) from 5.9 million to 19.2 million at the research site, while decreases in the observed AUPP value from 340 mm (13.37 in.) to 213 mm (8.38 in.) correspond to an increase in the allowable number of ESALs from 3.7 million to 17.3 million at the research site. These results indicate that, when geogrid reinforcement is compatible with the given aggregate base material and proper construction practices are followed, statistically significant and practically important increases in pavement design life can be achieved.

<p>This thesis analyses how romanies look upon schooling and how they reflect upon the possibility of getting an education. Many inquiries relating to romanies have been published in Sweden but very few are based on fieldwork among romanies. The aim of this thesis is therefore to through fieldwork focus on how romanies themselves look upon their educational situation.</p><p>The main questions for this study are: How is the image of romanies as a problem constructed in school? How are romanies separated from other students? How is the interplay between romanies and school representatives formed? How do romanies look upon the possibility of getting an education and does their perception differ from the usual official apprehension?</p><p>An important conclusion concerns how social workers and teachers continuously categorize romanies as different. The group is constantly differentiated from other ethnic groups and is often the target of integration projects. This leads to a constant stigmatization of the group but also to “weak power”. In certain situations where the ethnic identity may be an advantage the ethnic identity is over communicated while it is under communicated in an inferior situation.</p>

<p>This secondary analysis aimed to develop dietary scores to assess the dietary intake of pregnant women in the West Coast/ Winelands region and determine the association with LBW. Further to determine the association between the dietary scores and maternal socioeconomic and socio-demographic characteristics and maternal smoking and/or alcohol consumption during pregnancy.</p>