Ce travail trouve son origine dans l’étude d’une stèle funéraire exposée aujourd’hui au Musée archéologique d’Apollonia d’Illyrie, sous le numéro d’inventaire 5030. Le relief, exceptionnel à plus d’un titre, montre une descente aux Enfers par le biais d’un accessoire qui tient autant de l’échelle et de l’escalier que de la passerelle de bateau, puisqu’il aboutit dans la barque de Charon. Comment le dénommer ? C’est le terme grec klimax qui s’impose. Non seulement il renvoie indistinctement aux trois objets précités, en préservant leur multivalence, mais il est aussi le plus largement et le plus anciennement utilisé dans la littérature et l’épigraphie pour les désigner. Dans notre enquête, il est rapidement apparu que la klimax n’avait pas été étudiée pour elle-même par les archéologues qui s’y sont confrontés. Afin de pallier cette lacune, notre travail se consacre tout d’abord au motif de la klimax dans l’art antique, essentiellement dans le cadre légendaire. Klimakes d’assaut, d’embarquement et de débarquement, ou encore klimakes du théâtre antique, forment autant de thèmes examinés où la klimax joue un rôle clé. Une étude circonstanciée du relief d’Apollonia, centrée sur les problèmes que pose son iconographie, complète l’enquête. Cela se justifiait non seulement par la place particulière qu’occupe, dans l’imagerie antique, la scène figurée, mais aussi, et surtout, parce que le motif de la klimax y trouve un emploi exemplaire. / This work finds its origin in the study of a funerary relief exposed today at the Archaeological Museum of Apollonia in Illyria, under the inventory number 5030. The relief, exceptional in more than one way, shows a descent into the Underworld through an accessory that is both a ladder and a staircase as a gangway, as it ends up in Charon’s boat. How to call it ? This is the greek word klimax who’s imposed. Not only because it refers indistinctly to the three items mentioned above, preserving their polyvalence, but it is also the most widely and longest used in the literature and epigraphy to designate them. In our survey, it soon emerged that the klimax had not been studied for itself by archaeologists who confronted themselves there. To fill this gap, our work focuses first on the klimax in the ancient art, mainly through mythological context. Klimakes of assault, klimakes of boarding and landing, klimakes in relation with the ancient theater, form as many examined topics where the klimax plays a key role. A detailed study of the relief of Apollonia, which focuses on his iconography’s problems, completes the survey. That was justified not only by the particular place which occupies, in the ancient imagery, the sculpted scene, but also, and especially, because the klimax find here an exemplary use.

No single volume of mythological or philological research exists for Hades. In the one moment Hades appears in archaic Greek literature, speaking for only ten lines, Hermes stands nearby. Thus, to understand and journey to Hades is to reckon with Hermes’ close presence. As I synthesize research by writers from several different disciplines, may some light be brought into the depths. May we analyze Hades’ brief appearance in archaic Greek literature, examining how what I define as the “Hermetic” emits from his breath in the one moment he physically appears and speaks.

<p>This dissertation examines the fiction of three contemporary American writers – Joan Didion, Don DeLillo and Paul Auster – who interrogate the legacy of the American sublime in its contemporary configurations and reconfigurations. The texts that I have selected by each writer dramatize and question how and why the American sublime remains a fundamental way for American culture to conceptualize power as an expression of American identity and progress. In turn, what each text conveys is the destructive consequences that often follow with investing natural phenomena, technology, cultural sites and practices with power that elicits the particular qualities of awe and terror unique to the American sublime. Above all, these texts illuminate why American culture continues to produce, reproduce and popularize experiences and images of sublimity within cultural sites, practices, art and literature.</p> <p>Moreover, by emphasizing that these texts locate the American sublime as a culturally produced experience, my analysis develops from – but also departs from – the most recent book-length studies of the sublime and American fiction. The work of scholars such as Barbara Claire Freeman, Joseph Tabbi and Christope Den Tandt who have considered the sublime in relation to gender, technology and urban landscapes complement my approach to the cultural impact of the American sublime in the fiction of Didion, DeLillo and Auster. At the same time, my examination of the ways in which their fiction accounts for the dissemination of the American sublime through art and literature as well as popular culture, brings to the forefront an important feature each text shares – the possibility that art might contest – rather than reinscribe – traditional configurations or reconfigurations of American sublimity.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Begegnungen mit der Unterwelt stellen ein konstitutives Element antiker, vor allem epischer Poesie dar. Besonderer Popularität erfreute sich das Thema in der neronisch-flavischen Epik, die an die von Homer begründete und von Vergil weitergeführte Tradition anknüpfte, diese jedoch in innovativer Weise umgestaltete. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass die Nekyiai der kaiserzeitlichen Dichter, wiewohl in der Forschung oft negativ beurteilt, originelle Variationen des für das Genre zentralen Motivkomplexes darstellen und eine wichtige Etappe in der Geschichte des Topos bilden. Insbesondere wird mit Hilfe eines stärker die dynamische Wechselwirkung zwischen Prä- und Posttext berücksichtigenden sowie neben der diachronen auch die synchrone Ebene von Sinnkonstitution einbeziehenden Interpretationsansatzes die vielschichtige intertextuelle Dimension der neronisch-flavischen Unterweltsszenen erhellt, die sich durch den kontaminierenden Rekurs auf eine Reihe literarischer Vorlagen ergibt. Es wird dargelegt, dass die Jenseitsepisoden der nachaugusteischen Epiker eine wichtige poetologische Bedeutung haben, indem sie den bevorzugten Ort für die literarische Selbstpositionierung und -legitimierung des Verfassers bilden. Darüber hinaus wird der Einfluss der veränderten politischen, sozialen, ideologischen und ästhetischen Bedingungen im 1. Jahrhundert n. Chr. auf die Neukonzeption der Unterwelt im neronisch-flavischen Epos untersucht. / Encounters with the underworld are a constitutive element of ancient, especially epic poetry. The topic was particularly popular among Neronian and Flavian poets who closely engage the literary tradition established by Homer and further developed by Vergil, yet refashion it in an innovative way. In this thesis, I shall argue that the necyia scenes of the imperial poets, although often criticized by scholars, are original variations of the motif, which is of essential significance for the genre, and mark an important stage in the history of the theme. Using an interpretive approach which focuses more strongly on the dynamic interaction between hypo- and hypertext and also considers the synchronic level of creating meaning in addition to the diachronic one, I shall demonstrate in particular the complex intertextual dimension of the Neronian-Flavian underworld scenes, which is based on their combined reference to multiple literary models. In addition, I will show that the necyia episodes of the post-Augustan epicists have an important poetological meaning, providing a privileged venue for the author to position himself within the literary tradition and to legitimize his own work. Finally, I will examine the impact of the political, social, ideological, and aesthetic changes in the first century CE on the shift in representation of the underworld in Neronian-Flavian epic.

VELES SLAVIC DEITY IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Bc. Michaela Šebetovská ABSTRACT The thesis deals with Slavic god Veles. The emphasis is put on primary textual sources about him. With regard to their fragmentary nature, there is a need to make use of comparative material. Informations about other Indo-European gods and beings from Slavic folklore similar to Veles are used as well. The purpose is not only to understand isolated functions, but also connections between them. This seems as the best way how to gain the idea of the whole character of Veles as the Slavs before Christianity could see it.

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“Where the Shadows Lie: Finding the Other in the Spatial Depictions of the Underworld in The Book of Enoch, Inferno and Paradise Lost” answers a question of spatial behaviour in the three texts, in terms of the portrayal of the characters of Fallen Angels, who have been Othered from Heaven, in each text within the spatial context of their respective heterotopias. The spatial behaviour refers to how these characters are portrayed to act within a certain space, with that behaviour directly shaped and influenced by the space and place that the characters are depicted in. The question of spatial behaviour in this study revolves around whether the behaviour within the Othered space is that of acceptance, or of rebellion. The narrative of each text is analysed as a whole, in order to be contextualised through a Narratological analysis, as well as a Hermeneutic reading and a contextualisation within the realm of Social-Scientific Criticism. The texts are then analysed in more detail, with particular focus given to 1 Enoch 6-21, lines 1-9 and 22-57 in Inferno, and lines 33-45, 52-55, and 64-110 in Paradise Lost in order to Deconstruct their base similarities and then to answer the research question of spatial behaviour through Critical Spatiality. This analysis investigates the aspect of Thirding-as-Othering, in terms of how the Othered space is represented, and how the (Othered) Fallen Angels inhabit that space, based on the choices available to them: either, accept the imposed differentiation and division, or to resist their own “Otherness” and the Othered space that they were sentenced to. These spatial behaviours depict the choices taken by the author of each text, based on the cultural and religious values of their times and cultures, to represent the spatial behavioural options of their narratives’ characters. These options are the choice to fight against the banishment and make a space of Power out of the Othered space, or to accept being Othered and accept the Othered space for the prison it is meant to portray. This study incorporates a Narratological Analysis of The Book of Enoch, Inferno and Paradise Lost, followed by a Hermeneutical Interpretation and Social-Scientific reading. The texts are then analysed in terms of the focal points of 1 Enoch 6-21, lines 1-9 and 22-57 in Inferno, and lines 33-45, 52-55, and 64-110 in Paradise Lost, and are Deconstructed in terms of the spatial depictions of the Underworlds in order to determine the similarities in conditions, both physical and emotional, that are created by the Thirding, which is ultimately investigated, in terms of Critical Spatial Theory, in order to answer the aforementioned research question. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Ancient Languages / unrestricted

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This study gives the Zulu's views and ideas about celestial bodies and associated natural phenomena and how they illustrate features in both the oral and written literature. It sketches various focussing mainly on The concentration is conceptions about the whole universe celestial bodies and natural phenomena. on the sun, moon, stars, thunder and lightning in poetry and prose both modern and traditional. Emphasis is on the fact that Zulus do not perceive celestial bodies as mere bodies but assign certain beliefs and philosophies to them. In examining these different conceptions, Western as well as African literary theories have been used in this study. I~ ~r=rli~ional izibongo amakhosi are associated with the sun, the moon as well as the stars. Their warriors' attack is associated with the thunderstorm. These celestial bodies are also used as determinants of time in terms of day and night, seasons and different times for different daily chores. In modern poetry these bodies are mainly associated with God and in some instances they are referred to as God himself. In prose they are used as determinants of time and are also used figuratively to describe certain circumstances. The study gives an idea of how Zulus in general perceive these celestial bodies and natural phenomena. / African Languages / D.Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

This study gives the Zulu's views and ideas about celestial bodies and associated natural phenomena and how they illustrate features in both the oral and written literature. It sketches various focussing mainly on The concentration is conceptions about the whole universe celestial bodies and natural phenomena. on the sun, moon, stars, thunder and lightning in poetry and prose both modern and traditional. Emphasis is on the fact that Zulus do not perceive celestial bodies as mere bodies but assign certain beliefs and philosophies to them. In examining these different conceptions, Western as well as African literary theories have been used in this study. I~ ~r=rli~ional izibongo amakhosi are associated with the sun, the moon as well as the stars. Their warriors' attack is associated with the thunderstorm. These celestial bodies are also used as determinants of time in terms of day and night, seasons and different times for different daily chores. In modern poetry these bodies are mainly associated with God and in some instances they are referred to as God himself. In prose they are used as determinants of time and are also used figuratively to describe certain circumstances. The study gives an idea of how Zulus in general perceive these celestial bodies and natural phenomena. / African Languages / D.Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)