O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos do uso da marca pelo titular ou por terceiros sob a ótica da integridade. O uso da marca traz consequências negativas ao próprio signo no que tange à sua integridade material, causando o desgaste da sua distinção entre marcas de concorrentes, o que faz diminuir a distância distintiva entre os sinais de uma mesma atividade econômica ou afins. Além disso, o uso da marca também pode causar a perda completa de sua unicidade, corpo distintivo da marca, chegando, às vezes, à vulgarização da mesma, tornando-se res communis omnium. Do outro lado, a integridade material da marca pode passar por processos positivos que fortalecem o seu corpo distintivo. O uso da marca com sucesso faz aumentar sua fama perante o mercado e consumidores, diferenciando-a das demais e sendo alçada ao posto de marca famosa. A fama através do uso impulsiona marcas ordinárias ao status de marcas notoriamente conhecidas ou marcas de alto renome. Ambas representam degraus superiores de integridade material em relação às marcas que são ordinariamente protegidas dentro de suas atividades comerciais. Além disso, apesar do direito de uso exclusivo oferecido às marcas registradas, tal direito não é absoluto. Ou seja, mesmo ocorrendo usos desautorizados de marcas de terceiros que ocasionem alterações na integridade material das mesmas, há usos considerados permitidos pela legislação e jurisprudência. Dessa forma, pretende-se demonstrar que o uso da marca é o fio condutor desses fenômenos. / This paper aims to analyze the effects of the use of the trademark by the owner or by third parties from the perspective of the integrity. The use of the trademark brings negative consequences to the sign itself with respect to its material integrity, causing lack of its distinctiveness among competing marks, which slims the distinctive distance between the signs of the same or related economic field. Furthermore, the use of the trademark can also cause the complete loss of its uniqueness, distinctive body of the mark, reaching sometimes the vulgarization of the same, becoming res communis omnium. On the other hand, the material integrity of the mark can undergo positive processes that enhance its distinctive body. The successful use of the mark increases its fame before the market and consumers, differentiating it from others and being raised to a level of a famous mark. The fame through use elevates the ordinary marks to the status of well-known marks or trademarks of high repute. Both represent upper rungs of material integrity towards marks that are ordinarily protected within their fields of activities. Moreover, despite the right of exclusive use offered to registered marks, such right is not absolute. That is, even occurring unauthorized uses of trademarks by third parties which cause changes in the material integrity of the same, there are uses considered permitted by law and jurisprudence. Thus, this paper intends to demonstrate that the use of the mark is the common thread of these phenomena.

My dissertation focuses on (i) the development of new analysis tools and methodologies for analyzing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) data, and (ii) the comprehensive characterization of materials (nanodiamonds) using a multi-instrument approach. Chapter 1 contains (i) a discussion of the two techniques I focused on most in my work: XPS and ToF-SIMS, (ii) a discussion of the common chemometrics techniques used to analyze data from these methods, and (iii) the advantages/rationale behind the multi-instrument characterization of materials. Chapter 2 describes various good practices for obtaining reasonable peak fits in XPS, which can also be applied to peak fitting data from different techniques. To address the issue of user subjectivity/bias in XPS peak fitting, I introduce two less biased mathematical functions for characterizing XPS narrow scans, namely the equivalent width (EW) and the autocorrelation width (AW). These functions are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. In Chapter 5, I then introduce uniqueness plots as simple and straightforward graphical tools for assessing the quality of XPS peak fits and for determining whether fit parameters are correlated. This tool is extensively used in spectroscopic ellipsometry, and the mathematics behind it is known in XPS. However, to the best of my knowledge, this graphical tool has never been applied to XPS. ToF-SIMS data analysis is somewhat challenging due to the enormous amounts of data that are collected, and also the matrix effect in SIMS. This amount of information is significantly increased when depth profiles are performed on samples. Chapter 6 discusses a new chemometrics tool that I introduce for analysis of complex data sets, with emphasis on XPS and ToF-SIMS depth profiling data. The new approach is called the Information Content (IC) or entropy, which is adapted from Claude Shannon's work on Information Theory. Chapter 7 then contains a presentation of the comprehensive characterization of five nanodiamond samples used to manufacture particles for liquid chromatography. The advantages of a multi-instrument approach for material characterization and the lack of comprehensive material characterization in the literature are emphasized. To the best of my knowledge this is the most comprehensive characterization of nanodiamonds that has been reported in the literature. Chapter 8 presents conclusions of my work and future work. This thesis also contains six appendices. Appendix 1 contains an article from a scientific magazine that I wrote to highlight the importance and applications of the EW and AW to characterize XPS narrow scans. Appendices 2-5 are application notes I wrote on separations I performed on a nanodiamond based HPLC column. Finally, Appendix 6 describes the ToF-SIMS analysis of the tungsten species in the nanodiamond samples characterized in Chapter 7.

This thesis analyses the factors influencing the purchase of vinyl records by the members of generation Y in Sweden. Two interviews with local stores owners as well as a survey were perfomed in this regard.

Spin systems are powerful mathematical models widely used and studied in Statistical Physics and Computer Science. This thesis focuses the study of spin systems on colorings and weighted independent sets (the hard-core model). In many spin systems, there exist phase transition phenomena: there is a threshold value of a parameter such that when the parameter is on one side of the threshold, the system exhibits the so-called spatial decay of correlation, i.e., the influence from a set of vertices to another set of vertices diminishes as the distance between the two sets grows; when the parameter is on the other side, long range correlations persist. The uniqueness problem and the reconstruction problem are two major threshold problems that are concerned with the decay of correlations in the Gibbs measure from different perspectives. In Computer Science, the study of spin systems mainly focused on finding an efficient algorithm that samples the configurations from a distribution that is very close to the Gibbs measure. Glauber dynamics is a typical Markov chain algorithm for performing sampling. In many systems, the convergence time of the Glauber dynamics also exhibits a threshold behavior: the speed of convergence experiences a dramatic change around the threshold of the parameter. The first two parts of this thesis focus on making connections between the phase transition of the convergence time of the dynamics and the phase transition of the reconstruction phenomenon in both colorings and the hard-core model on regular trees. A relatively sharp threshold is established for the change of the convergence time, which coincides with the reconstruction threshold. A general technique of upper bounding the conductance of the dynamics via analyzing the sensitivity of the reconstruction algorithm is proposed and proven to be very effective for lower bounding the convergence time of the dynamics. The third part of the thesis provides an innovative analytical method for establishing a strong version of the decay of correlation of the Gibbs distributions for many two spin systems on various classes of graphs. In particular, the method is applied to the hard-core model on the square lattice, a very important graph that is of great interest in both Statistical Physics and Computer Science. As a result, we significantly improve the lower bound of the uniqueness threshold on the square lattice and extend the range of parameter where the Glauber dynamics is rapidly mixing.

When modeling a neuron, modelers often focus on the values of parameters that produce a desired output. However, if these parameters are not unique, there could be a number of parameter sets that produce the same output. Thus, even though the values of the various maximum conductances, half activation voltages and so on differ, as a set they can produce the same spike height, firing rates, and so forth. To examine whether or not parameter sets are unique, a 3-compartment motoneuron model was created that has 15 target outputs and 59 parameters. Using parameter searches, over one hundred parameter sets were created for this model that produced the same output (within tolerances). Parameter values vary between parameter sets and indicate that the parameter values are not unique. In addition, some parameters are more tightly constrained than others. Principal component analysis is used to examine the dimensionality of the input and output spaces. However, neurons are more than static output generators. For example, a variety of neuromodulatory influences are known to shift parameter values to alter neuronal output. Thus the question arises as to whether this non-uniqueness extends from model outputs to the models sensitivities to its parameters. In this work, the non-unique parameter sets are further analyzed using sensitivity analyses and output correlations to show that these values vary significantly between these parameter sets. Therefore, each of these models will react to parameter variation differently. This work concludes that parameter sets are non-unique but have varying sensitivity analyses and output correlations. The ramifications of this are discussed for both modelers and neuroscientists.

In order to meet our needs, consumer always believe that the more wild of selection, the better to choose the best of us. One such assumption is the regularity principle, which asserts that the addition of a new option to the choice set should not increase the probability of choosing any of the original options (Luce 1977). Clearly, both the attraction and compromise effects reflect an increase in the share of the target option after adding a third option. It implies that a new option added to a given set should take shares from existing options in proportion to their original shares. In fact, not all of the consumers react to these "third option" in the same level, because of the different personality traits , everyone have different thoughts even they get the same message. So, we want to know the impact of personality traits on compromise and attraction effects, and the intensity of those effects. We choose ¡§self-confidence¡¨, ¡§need for cognition¡¨, ¡§need for uniqueness¡¨, ¡§locus of control¡¨, and ¡§self-monitoring¡¨ to test the compromise and attraction effects, and we found that people with ¡§low need for uniqueness¡¨ had the strongest compromise effect; and with ¡§high need for cognition¡¨ had the strongest attraction effect. In addition, ¡§high self-confidence¡¨, ¡§high need for cognition¡¨, ¡§high need for uniqueness¡¨, and ¡§low self-monitoring¡¨ groups only exist attraction effect but compromise effect; ¡§low self-confidence¡¨, ¡§low need for cognition¡¨, ¡§low need for uniqueness¡¨ and ¡§high self-monitoring¡¨ groups react not only on attraction effect, but on compromise effect.

Machiavelli&rsquo / s uniqueness and originality renders his educational direction as pertinent for times and conditions that are similar to and prevalent in ours. On the grand scale, his thought process disrupts the classical sense of philosophy, metaphysics, and religion. This disruption of the classical Western consciousness is an aim in the contemporary realm of political thought, which, starting with the extensive criticism of modernity found in the works of Nietzsche, has been developed in the realm of political thought throughout the twentieth and onto the twenty-first century. Therefore, Machiavelli &ndash / who lived 500 years ago &ndash / is nevertheless the source for productive knowledge, analysis, and prognosis for the contemporary political crisis, a crisis due to the downfall of modernity. The presupposition of latter-day modernity, as being considered the best of all possible worlds, is no longer believable. Modernity, what was once considered as being utterly unique and superior in human history, is responded to today by critiques on class domination, Western imperialism, the dissolution of community and tradition, the rise of alienation, and the impersonality of bureaucratic power. Machiavelli supplants the dominant modern consciousness through being a source for a new artistic revolution, a revolution of consciousness through a humane call for strength in facing reality, in order to re-constitute a divergent set of epistemological and ontological discoveries, which are better aligned to the condition of the present-day than those formulated by the dominant Western modern consciousness.

We prove that a smooth generic embedded CR submanifold of C^n obeys the maximum principle for continuous CR functions if and only if it is weakly 1-concave. The proof of the maximum principle in the original manuscript has later been generalized to embedded weakly q-concave CR submanifolds of certain complex manifolds. We give a generalization of a known result regarding automatic smoothness of solutions to the homogeneous problem for the tangential CR vector fields given local holomorphic extension. This generalization ensures that a given locally integrable structure is hypocomplex at the origin if and only if it does not allow solutions near the origin which cannot be represented by a smooth function near the origin. We give a sufficient condition under which it holds true that if a smooth CR function f on a smooth generic embedded CR submanifold, M, of C^n, vanishes to infinite order along a C^infty-smooth curve  \gamma in M, then f vanishes on an M-neighborhood of \gamma. We prove a local maximum principle for certain locally integrable structures. / <p>Funding  by FMB, based at Uppsala University.</p>

[Abridged abstract] The goal is to give structural proof-theoretical analyses of logical constants, and thereby provide a criterion for what a logical constant is. Another goal is to illustrate the thesis that structural assumptions of logic are basic and that alternative logics (later called substructural logics) differ from each other only in their structural assumptions, and not in their assumptions about logical constants.

The zero-noise limit of differential equations with singular coefficients is investigated for the first time in the case when the noise is a general alpha-stable process. It is proved that extremal solutions are selected and the probability of selection is computed. Detailed analysis of the characteristic function of an exit time form on the half-line is performed, with a suitable decomposition in small and large jumps adapted to the singular drift.