Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-08-17T19:53:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Dornelles Assunção - 2016.pdf: 3136058 bytes, checksum: 7f229c7eb77bd6f11757f0eea88a5af2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-18T12:54:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Dornelles Assunção - 2016.pdf: 3136058 bytes, checksum: 7f229c7eb77bd6f11757f0eea88a5af2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T12:54:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Dornelles Assunção - 2016.pdf: 3136058 bytes, checksum: 7f229c7eb77bd6f11757f0eea88a5af2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-31 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The evaluation of DNA damage was carried out with the comet assay from blood samples of three bat species sampled at municipal parks of Goiania and Cerrado remnants, located in rural areas of the municipalities of Bela Vista and Urutaí, Goias state. The species sampled in the urban area were Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus planirostris and Platyrrhinus lineatus. In non-urban areas, only Artibeus planirostris was sampled. These frugivorous species are abundant and well adapted to different environments, including urban and agricultural areas. The remaining vegetation of the urban environment was very impacted and it was included in the most urbanized area of the city, with heavy traffic of vehicles, large concentration of buildings and high population density. Sampling in non-urban environments were held in Cerrado fragments in a rural area surrounded by pasture and agricultural activities. Thus, the DNA damage found in the urban environment bats were compared to verify whether there was significant variation among the parks, between species and if weight influenced the variation of the DNA damage. The DNA damage obtained for A. planirostris allowed to compare the urban and non-urban environment to identify in which of the environments this species presented higher DNA damages. The results showed that in the nonurban environment, the DNA damage was higher than in the urban environment being statistically significant. Moreover, in the urban environment, the increased DNA damage was associated with a reduction in area of the parks. In general, in the urban environment, the DNA damage may be linked indirectly to the edge effect and other environmental stressors, while in non-urban environment, higher levels of DNA damage may be related to pesticides used in the agricultural activities. / A avaliação do dano ao DNA em morcegos foi realizada com o ensaio cometa, a partir de amostras sanguíneas coletadas de 3 espécies capturadas em parques municipais de Goiânia e remanescentes de Cerrado situados na zona rural dos municípios de Bela Vista e Urutaí, ambos no Estado de Goiás. As espécies amostradas na área urbana de Goiânia foram Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus planirostris e Platyrrhinus lineatus. Nas áreas não urbanas, apenas Artibeus planirostris foi amostrado. Estas espécies frugívoras são abundantes e bem adaptadas a diversos ambientes, incluindo o meio urbano e regiões destinadas a agricultura. Os fragmentos vegetais remanescentes amostrados no ambiente urbano estão bastante impactados e inseridos na região mais urbanizada da cidade, com tráfego intenso de veículos, grande concentração de edifícios e densidade populacional elevada. As amostragens em ambiente não urbano foram realizadas em fragmentos de Cerrado na área rural, cercados por pastagem e atividades agrícolas. Dessa forma, foi comparado o dano encontrado no DNA dos morcegos para verificar se no ambiente urbano o dano varia significativamente entre os locais, entre as espécies e se o peso teria influência nessa variação. O dano ao DNA da espécie A. planirostris foi comparado entre os ambientes urbano e não urbano, para identificar em qual dos ambientes havia maiores índices de dano. Os resultados demonstraram que no ambiente não urbano, o dano ao DNA foi mais elevado que no ambiente urbano, sendo estatisticamente significativo. Além disso, no ambiente urbano, o aumento no dano ao DNA está relacionado à redução na área dos parques. Dessa forma, no ambiente urbano, o dano ao DNA parece estar associado ao efeito de borda e outros fatores estressores típicos desse ambiente, enquanto no ambiente não urbano, os valores mais elevados de dano ao DNA podem estar relacionados aos agrotóxicos e pesticidas utilizados nas atividades agrícolas.

A remoção da vegetação para dar lugar a edificações e superfícies pavimentadas implica na anulação de diversos serviços ambientais. Entre eles está o sombreamento, que impede a aquecimento do ar derivado da re-emissão da radiação solar pelas superfícies. O ar quente e seco contribui para o aumento da sensação de desconforto e favorece a incidência de doenças respiratórias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar valores de temperatura e umidade do ar, comparando-se dados coletados por estações meteorológicas automáticas instaladas em regiões arborizadas e áridas da cidade, durante a ocorrência de episódios representativos do clima da região. Os procedimentos metodológicos, baseados na Climatologia Dinâmica, consistiram em relacionar a sucessão de tipos de tempo meteorológico de escala regional às diferenças observadas entre os pontos de estudo, provocadas por fenômenos provenientes das atividades humanas. Isto permitiu a clara identificação de variações climáticas críticas para o conforto e a saúde humanos, tais como grandes amplitudes térmicas e baixos valores de umidade do ar. Os resultados mostraram amplitudes térmicas menores nas áreas arborizadas (em média 3ºC) e, em alguns casos, umidade do ar mais elevada em comparação aos valores observados nas partes áridas estudadas. Estas verificações reforçam a afirmação da necessidade de ampliação das áreas verdes de São Carlos, que contribuem na atenuação as condições climáticas de desconforto e insalubridade. Em conseqüência, aumentam a qualidade de vida da população e as condições de sustentabilidade do ambiente urbano. Tal afirmação vem ao encontro da legislação ambiental brasileira e dos anseios da população são-carlense. Espera-se que as constatações deste trabalho sejam um elemento adicional na adoção de políticas públicas mais comprometidas com a saúde humana e ambiental. / Removal of vegetation giving place to buildings and pavement involves the cancellation of many environmental services. One of them is shading effect, which avoids the air heating due to solar radiation re-emitted by surfaces. Hot and dry air promotes human discomfort and rise on incidence of respiratory diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze temperature and air humidity values, comparing data from automatic meteorological stations installed on wooded and arid areas of the city, during representative climatic episodes. Methodological procedures were based on the Dynamic Climatology principles. They allow relating the enchaining of weather patterns (at zonal scale) with differences observed in the urban sites (considering a smaller scale) promoted by human activities. So, it was possible to specify critical climatic variations to human comfort, such as great thermal amplitudes and decrease of air humidity values. Results showed smaller thermal amplitudes in wooded areas (average of 3ºC) and, in some cases, higher values of air humidity in comparison to values observed in the arid sites. These measurements reinforce the idea to improve São Carlos\' green areas, since they contribute to attenuate the uncomfortable and unhealthy climatic conditions. As a consequence, life quality and urban environment sustainability conditions will also increase. This matches with Brazilian\'s environmental laws, as well as with the desires of São Carlos\' inhabitants. The conclusions of this study will support the adoption of public policies concerned with human and environmental health.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-26T13:00:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 camillelanzarottinolasco.pdf: 4231521 bytes, checksum: 9bd719e28ed8fb0e1159fe2d22409fce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-26T13:17:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 camillelanzarottinolasco.pdf: 4231521 bytes, checksum: 9bd719e28ed8fb0e1159fe2d22409fce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-26T13:17:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 camillelanzarottinolasco.pdf: 4231521 bytes, checksum: 9bd719e28ed8fb0e1159fe2d22409fce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-09 / A Agricultura Urbana (AU) tem sido objeto de estudos recentes, devido à sua grande importância junto às ciências sociais e políticas e sua localização dentro dos limites das cidades contemporâneas. Suas implicações na Ecologia Urbana vão desde a manutenção de áreas verdes e interação com a fauna, até a perpetuação de saberes tradicionais da população, passando por questões como a segurança alimentar de seus habitantes, a utilização dos recursos naturais, e a sustentabilidade urbana. Entender como a Agricultura Urbana está inserida na Ecologia Urbana permite criar propostas integradas a outras questões de cunho ecológico que venham a direcionar a cidade para um futuro sustentável. O presente estudo teve como objetivo central compreender a dimensão ecológica da agricultura urbana, nas áreas intra e periurbanas, do Distrito Sede do município de Juiz de Fora, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, analisando como a prática da agricultura urbana dialoga com a ecologia desta cidade. Através das indicações de informantes foram encontradas 179 áreas de ocorrência de AU em Juiz de Fora, separadas em setores específicos na execução desta pesquisa: Projetos Sociais Municipais, Escolas (municipais, estaduais, federais e particulares), Instituições (públicas, religiosas, assistenciais e unidades básicas de saúde), Áreas de Produção Comercial, e Quintais Produtivos (no bairro Monte Castelo). Entrevistas semi-estruturadas e visitas foram realizadas em um total de 77 áreas. A partir do resultado obtido empiricamente, foi possível categorizar os agricultores urbanos de Juiz de Fora (migrantes rurais, idosos, professores, alunos, beneficiários de projetos e agricultores comerciais) que associaram a atividade agrícola a uma melhoria na qualidade de vida, apresentando orgulho de suas produções, felicidade e apreciação da beleza cênica. Constatou-se que as interações ecológicas se dão de várias formas, sendo encontrados pontos positivos como o menor deslocamento entre a produção e o consumidor final, a manutenção e criação de áreas verdes e com solo permeável, a pouca utilização de agrotóxicos, o fornecimento de alimento e habitat para indivíduos da fauna, a diversidade de espécimes vegetais, o aproveitamento de resíduos orgânicos através de compostagem (pouca ainda), a aproximação das pessoas com o verde e a utilização da AU como ferramenta de educação ambiental, alimentar e cidadã. Dentre os pontos negativos levantados estão: a utilização de águas contaminadas, a utilização de alguns agrotóxicos e de adubação química, e o pouco aproveitamento dos resíduos orgânicos. Sendo que a maioria dos problemas relacionados com a má utilização dos recursos naturais pelos agricultores urbanos se deve a falta de instrução, treinamento e acompanhamento. A pesquisa constatou que as áreas agrícolas urbanas em Juiz de Fora constituem locais de grande importância para os envolvidos, para a conservação dos recursos naturais e biodiversidade, para a manutenção de saberes tradicionais e são fundamentais na busca por uma sustentabilidade desta cidade. / The urban agriculture (UA) has been the object of recent studies due to its importance from the social and policy sciences and its location within the limits of contemporary cities. Their implications for Urban Ecology ranging from the maintenance of green areas and interaction with wildlife, to the perpetuation of traditional knowledge of the population, through such issues as, food security of its inhabitants, use of natural resources and urban sustainability. Understanding how Urban Agriculture is embedded in the Urban Ecology, create integrated proposals to other environmental issues that will guide the city into a sustainable future. This study aimed to understand the ecological dimension of the Urban Agriculture, within urban and in suburban areas of the District Headquarters of the municipality of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, analyzing how the practice of Urban Agriculture occurs and argue with the ecology of this city. Were found 179 areas of UA occurrence in Juiz de Fora indicated by the informants, separated into specific sectors in the implementation of this research: Social Municipal Projects, Schools (municipal, state, federal and private), Institutions (public, religious, welfare and basic health units), Commercial production areas, and Productive backyards (neighborhood of Monte Castelo). Semi-structured interviews and visits were carried out in a total of 77 areas. From the empirical result, it was possible to categorize the urban farmers of Juiz de Fora (rural migrants, elderly, teachers, students, beneficiaries of projects and commercial farmers) who joined the agricultural activity to an improvement in quality of life, having pride of their productions, happiness and appreciation of scenic beauty. The ecological interactions occur in several ways, being observed positive points as the smaller distance between production and final consumer, the maintenance and creation of green areas and permeable soil, low use of agrochemicals, supply of food and habitat for fauna individuals, diversity of plant specimens, use of organic waste through composting (still low), the approach of people with the green and use of the UA as a tool for food, citizen and environmental education. Among the negative points raised are: the use of contaminated water, the use of some pesticides and chemical fertilizer, and little use of organic waste. The majority of problems related to bad use of natural resources by farmers are due to lack of education, training and monitoring. This research found that urban agricultural areas in Juiz de Fora are places of great importance for those involved, for the conservation of natural resources and biodiversity, for the maintenance of traditional knowledge, and are fundamental in the search for sustainability of this city.

No description available.

L'accroissement de la production de déchets ménagers dans les grandes villes du monde depuis les années 1970 engendre un débat sur leur traitement et l'échelle de leur gestion qui s'articule avec la question de la protection environnementale et de la salubrité publique. il doit aussi composer avec les inégalités du service de gestion des déchets privatisé, source d'un urbanisme en fragmentation lié à la différenciation socio-spatiale des métropoles.a buenos aires, ce débat apparaît lors de la crise argentine (1999-2003), quand plusieurs milliers de cartoneros pauvres arrivent du conurbano pour récupérer et revendre les déchets recyclables de la capitale. il coïncide avec des protestations riveraines et environnementalistes face à la saturation des décharges contrôlées du modèle métropolitain de gestion des déchets. enfin, les municipalités veulent intervenir dans la gouvernance métropolitaine en décidant des modalités de gestion des déchets sur leur territoire.au regard de la fragmentation urbaine par les services, il faudra analyser les recompositions territoriales de la gestion des déchets et ses nouveaux acteurs, en se demandant si le concept de développement durable, au-delà de l'outil de marketing urbain, produit une prise de responsabilité fondée sur la valorisation des ordures ménagères et si la montée de la gouvernance locale engendre un modèle métropolitain participatif de gestion des déchets. / Last debates on environmental, social and economical urban performances have given a great share to waste management problems and shown that asserting one’s point of view on urban refuse also commits the metropolitan territories. In Buenos Aires (Argentina), socio-economical fragmentation, suburbanization and decentralization processes challenge the centralized sociotechnical system created in 1977. A difficult transition in the city’s urban ecology put at stake the waste recollection and treatment urban services organization. During the last military dictatorship (1976-1983), sanitarism had been a guide for waste metropolization as well as for the cinturón ecológico project. Nevertheless, this paradigm lasted until the failure of the liberal economic system popped out with the 2001 crisis. Massive wastepicking and recycling by the cartoneros opened the way for waste to become a public environmental problem. Transformations in public action enlighten new issues. At the international level, decision-makers try to promote urban sustainable management, by institutionalizing the waste picking activity, supporting secondary-raw material trade and protecting natural resources. But those projects often convey sanitary and real estate uncertainties among social actors, who try to participate into their governance. They use contestation as a way to put forward their own scenarios, either for transjuridictional and reticular waste picking territories or for waste treatment ones, on the metropolitan edges.

This study focuses on certain urban forestry aspects of the City of Tshwane (previously Pretoria) and in particular that of growth rate and carbon sequestration estimates of street trees with the aim of quantification of the value of these trees. The relationships between tree height and crown dimensions to stem diameter and tree age, as well as the relationship between stem diameter to tree age enable the development of growth rate equations that predict tree dimensions and carbon storage. This permits the calculation of monetary values of urban trees and thus the modelling of costs and benefits of urban forests. The main objectives were (1) to develop tree height, crown diameter, crown height, and crown base height to stem diameter relationships for the indigenous street tree species Combretum erythrophyllum, Rhus lancea andRhus pendulina, (2) to develop tree height, crown diameter, crown height, crown base height and stem diameter to tree age relationships for the above street tree species, (3) to determine the 30 year carbon sequestration estimate and monetary value of 115 000 street trees to be planted mainly in poorer previously disadvantaged communities during the period 2002 to 2008 and (4) to determine the monetary value of the 33 630 Jacaranda mimosifolia street trees in the City based on the quantity of carbon stored in the trees. Combretum erythrophyllum had the most rapid growth rate in many instances, thereafter came Rhus pendulina and then Rhus lancea, which consistently had the slowest growth rate for the investigated parameters. It is estimated that the 115 000 street trees to be planted will sequestrate more than 200 000 tonne CO2 equivalent and have an estimated monetary value of more than US$2 million if a market related CO2 price of US$10.00 per tonne is assumed. The Jacaranda street trees have an estimated carbon stock of 41 978 tonne CO2 equivalent and this would value the Jacaranda urban forest at US$419 786. Copyright / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Plant Science / unrestricted

China has undergone significant urban growth and industrialization over the last 30 years and its incredible development continues to move ahead at an increasingly rapid pace. In terms of urban expansion, China has just recently surpassed the world’s average urbanization rate of 50%, as it moves its massive population from rural to urban areas at an astonishing speed. It’s massive population and fast urbanizing speed aside, China is also unique in terms of its socio-political system and historical-cultural context: it is a hybrid of government planning and market forces. Since it encompasses a large part of the global population and has had a vastly different urbanization experience than that of Western countries, around which most theories are based, studying China’s urbanization is an opportunity to contribute to the field of urban studies in an unprecedented manner. However, these differences also make it difficult to develop a comprehensive study of China’s urban system since the predominant theories in the field are best suited to Western cities. This research rises to this challenge by systematically studying the relationship between the socioeconomic and biophysical processes in the Chinese urban system to understand the interaction between human and physical factors, and the landscape patterns that result from these interactions. This complex urban system is examined using a hierarchical, top-down approach. At the highest level is a Macro-scale analysis of the national urban system, followed by a study of the regional urban system: the JingJinJi Metropolitan Area at the Meso-scale, and finally a Micro-scale examination with a focus on the city of Beijing. Since urban systems develop over both time and space, the urban system is analyzed spatio-temporally on all three levels. Research at the national scale is composed of two parts. First, the challenges and opportunities of China’s urban development since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 are investigated in a general context. The institutional barriers that impede the management and continuation of China’s urban development are also discussed. Rank-size Analysis and satellite images are used to present the structural transitions of city scaling and urban clusters. These changes come with a series of challenges that are also iterated and discussed. This is followed by an analysis of the spatial distribution and transition patterns of China’s urban system using Centrographic Analysis, particularly since the post-1979 reforms. Second, the Macro-scale research focuses on a study of the urban hierarchy that is based on inter-city interactions as determined by the Synthesized Gravity Model (SGM). Under this model socioeconomic variables are synthesized and represented by the Influential Factor, while the Function Distance is derived from a Network Analysis that is based on multiple transportation methods. As an improvement on the conventional Gravity Model (GM), the SGM is used to accurately establish and represent the nodal structure of China’s urban system, the evolution of its hierarchical structure, and the relationships that exist between the nodal structure and socioeconomic factors. The results based on the SGM indicate that China’s national urban system is characterized by the emergence of urban clusters with stronger inter-city interactions since the 1990s. However, development among cities within certain urban clusters is not even, although the general pattern indicates a lessening inequality among cities. Spatially, while most cities at the top of the hierarchy are located in the east of China, cities in the middle and west of the country are also gaining higher positions in the hierarchy over time. On the Meso-scale, the applicability of the Cellular Automata (CA)-based SLEUTH model for regional urban growth pattern is studied through a focus on the JingJinJi Metropolitan Area (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei). By integrating socioeconomic factors into a modified SLEUTH model, the urban growth dynamics and future development scenarios of the area are simulated and predicted. The results based on the CA model show that this region is characterized by a dynamic development pattern with high spreading and breeding growth rules that relies greatly on the growing transportation systems. It also allows for the projection of three possible future urban growth scenarios, each occurring under different environmental and development conditions, showing the future urban growth with or without further intervention. This research confirms that four factors play essential roles in the formulation of the urban growth mechanism of the JingJinJi Metropolitan Area: Urban policies, Industry restructuring, Rural-urban migration, and Reclassification of urban boundaries. The Micro-scale study of Beijing is conducted from two perspectives: the social and natural. The social aspect adopts the factorial ecology approach to identify the social landscape patterns and the factors that have shaped Beijing’s social space in 1990 and 2000. The social mosaic has experienced a significant change due to suburbanization, resulting in a more dynamic and complex internal structure since the 2000s. From a natural perspective, Beijing’s physical landscape patterns are extracted by processing remotely sensed images that have the same temporal span. The physical change through landscape metrics demonstrates that Beijing’s expansion has generated a more complex and fragmented land use/cover pattern. Meanwhile, transportation systems play a significant role in urban expansion, although the expansion across the space (zonal rings and directional sectors) is not even. Finally, the relationship between the social and physical landscapes is quantitatively defined by the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) technique, using physical landscape metrics as dependent variables and social areas as independent variables. The GWR is able to demonstrate the relationship between the social and physical landscapes at this level: as a city’s social mosaic becomes more varied over time it results in the fragmentation of that city’s physical space.

The purpose of this study is to determine the applicability of western urban theories to African cities, especially to Lagos, Nigeria. The study surveys urban land use patterns, migration and migrants' adjustment in cities, social relationships in cities, and urban stratification. The investigation's thesis is that western urban theories in these four areas of urban ecology may not be entirely applicable to the study of African cities. Theories of land use patterns are discussed from the classical and the cultural, or voluntaristic, viewpoints; and the other three areas are examined from the perspective of broad western urban theories.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第23308号 / 地博第289号 / 新制||地||111(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科グローバル地域研究専攻 / (主査)准教授 D'SOUZA Rohan Ignatious, 教授 中溝 和弥, 教授 藤田 幸一, 准教授 中村 沙絵 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

The conversion of natural habitat to urban areas has lasting impacts on wildlife and biodiversity. Known effects to urban wildlife include direct mortality while crossing roads, reduced species diversity, and habitat fragmentation and degradation. Among wildlife occupying urban areas, turtle populations can be particularly impacted in anthropogenic landscapes. Snapping Turtle (<i>Chelydra serpentina</i>) is one of the most common species found within urban wetlands, but populations are beginning to show declines in northern portions of their geographic range. The preservation and management of this species is aided by knowledge related to its spatial ecology. I investigated <i>C. serpentina</i> home range, movement, habitat use, and habitat selection in a midwestern USA urban wetland complex during two active seasons (May-August 2019 and 2020) using radiotelemetry. Home range sizes and movement did not differ between sex or sample year except the mean movement of males decreased from 2019 to 2020. No differences in mean monthly movement were found between sexes but mean monthly movement did differ between month and year. Habitat use was skewed during the active season and did not differ between sex or year, but there were positive habitat associations between forested wetlands and modal centers of activity (MCA). Habitat selection was tested at two spatial scales by comparing random points to home ranges and turtle locations using Euclidean Distance Analysis. Turtles appeared to select home ranges from available habitat site-wide but did not select habitat within home ranges. Home range selection included semi-permanent open water, trail, road/barrier, permanent open water, scrub-shrub, ditches, shoreline, and vegetated ponds, while upland forest, field and agriculture habitat were avoided. Home ranges appear to be constrained by available habitat and movement differences between years may be due to anthropogenic change in water levels. The use of space seems to be more affected by wetland size and connectivity than proximity to barriers, which suggests that management practices that protect turtles from accessing roads and railways will benefit populations. Additionally, habitat selection and association indicate that ditches are utilized as corridors between wetland areas. When feasible, increasing the connectivity of large wetlands containing many habitat types should have positive impacts on the persistence of populations in human dominated landscapes.