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Food insecurity is defined as “a household‐level economic and social condition of limited or uncertain access to adequate food” (USDA Economic Research Service 2009). Low‐income households tend to be food insecure for many reasons. The first and most obvious would be the access to monetary resources. If a household does not have a sufficient income, it is difficult to keep an adequate amount of food for all household members at all times. Another reason would be that many low‐income households cannot afford a car and/or do not have easy access to public transportation or reliable private transportation.

ABSTRACT A LESSON FROM THE URBAN GARDEN Jamie Hamblin Purpose: In 2008 the world’s urban population surpassed the rural population; furthermore, the United Nations estimates by 2025 the world’s urban population will increase by about one billion people. Given recent population shifts and the interconnectedness between food and health, this research examines the role of agriculture in addressing urban food insecurity by reviewing urban interventions with a goal of food production. Methods: Using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, an adjusted theoretical framework was developed which accounted for negative implications of these interventions as well as sustainability. Ultimately, the framework generated a food security score respective of each project. Using this score, statistical tests were conducted to confirm characteristics of more effective projects. Results: Statistical analysis indicates food security score has a strong correlation with physical, future and social capital (0.72, 0.73 and 0.80 respectively). Food security score has a moderate correlation with duration of project and a strong correlation with number of project components (0.60 and 0.83). Furthermore, mean food security score of projects which used participatory methods was statistically different than mean food security score of projects which did not use participatory methods (p=0.01). Conclusions: Participatory methods prove an important aspect of an urban agricultural intervention. Statistical results affirm urban food insecurity should be addressed through an integrated strategy which considers long-term viability of the project. Food security score, developed for this research, can help identify valuable components of interventions; however, this system is fairly subjective with some limitations.

Biokol är en återstod från pyrolys av hållbar biomassa som exempelvis trädgårdsavfall och har många användningsområden. Produktion av biokol räknas ofta som en Negative Emission Technology som kan användas för att mildra klimatförändringarna och bidra till en hållbar utveckling. Detta projekt undersöker genom en förenklad komparativ livscykelanalys hur bostadsbolaget Stockholmshem AB på ett klimatvänligt och effektivt sätt kan producera biokol från sitt egetproducerade trädgårdsavfall. Tre potentiella tillvägagångssätt formulerades för hur företaget på olika skalor och med olika tekniker skulle kunna utföra en sådan produktion och sedan använda producerat biokol för plantering i sina bostadsområden. Även ett referensscenario baserat på nuvarande verksamhet formulerades och jämfördes med de tre potentiella scenarierna. För att underlätta utvärdering av effektivitet utfördes även en översiktlig kostnadsanalys av Stockholmshems utgifter kopplade till omhändertagande av trädgårdsavfall. Utvärderingen indikerade att Stockholmshem genom implementering av biokol i verksamheten kan minska sina utsläppsnivåer jämfört med befintligt system. Utsläppsminskningens storleksordning kan främst antas bero på vilken typ av produktionsteknik som används, där en högteknologisk pyrolysenhet leder till mest producerat biokol och maximal klimatprestanda. Kostnaderna för hantering av trädgårdsavfall kan potentiellt både minska och öka vid implementering av biokol i företagets verksamhet. / Biochar is a product that is created through the pyrolysis of sustainably sourced biomass. The production of biochar is considered a negative emission technology and can be used to mitigate climate change and contribute to sustainable development. The aim of this project was to determine how Stockholmshem AB in an efficient and climate friendly way can produce biochar from the garden waste generated by their own activities. To determine this, an assessment was carried out using a simplified comparative life cycle assessment of three scenarios, which were differentiated by scale, for how Stockholmshem could produce biochar. The scenarios were also compared in relation to a reference scenario designed to mirror the company’s current management of garden waste, which relied on incineration for district heating. To furthermore assess the effectiveness of the scenarios, a simple costing analysis was executed as well as an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis.  The assessment indicates that implementation of biochar in Stockholmshem’s operation in all scenarios results in reduced emissions compared to the reference scenario. An important factor for environmental performance was shown to be the scale of biochar production. A high-tech and large-scale pyrolysis unit both contributed to decreased emissions from pyrolysis and a larger amount of produced biochar which in turn led to more sequestrated carbon with further improvements in climate performance. In terms of economics, the most efficient way of producing biochar for the company can be assumed to involve internalized production due to reduced costs for waste disposal. Implementation of biochar production can potentially both lead to reduced and increased costs regarding disposal of garden waste for Stockholmshem.

Esta dissertação analisa algumas das hortas urbanas comunitárias da cidade de São Paulo. Trata-se de uma etnografia que explora as conexões, motivações e formas de ação desses agrupamentos autogeridos de voluntários que criam e mantêm espaços de plantio em áreas públicas. São tratadas de maneira mais detida três delas: a Horta das Corujas, no bairro da Vila Beatriz, a Horta do Centro Cultural São Paulo, no bairro Vergueiro e a Horta dos Ciclistas, na Avenida Paulista. A intenção dessa análise, no entanto, não é se ater a territórios fixos, e sim apreender os movimentos propiciados pela prática das hortas comunitárias na cidade. Dessa maneira, são aqui traçadas algumas das relações entre essas hortas e outras formas de agricultura urbana em São Paulo, os entrelaçamento e perspectivas de co-construções que emergem entre humanos e não humanos, além de suas relações com instâncias políticas formais. A interação entre as ações no espaço público, as técnicas e os ensinamentos de agroecologia propagados pelas hortas e a rede de trocas que opera entre elas expõe maneiras de se vincular à cidade que são permeadas por uma noção de política do cotidiano, a qual não se encontra apenas nas relações com o e do Estado. / This dissertation analyses some of the community urban gardens of São Paulo, SP. We have carried out an ethnography exploring the connections, motives and ways of action of those selfmanaged groups of volunteers, who create and keep cultivating spaces amidst public areas. We focus of three urban gardens: Horta das Corujas [Owls Garden], at Vila Beatriz neighborhood, the São Paulo Cultural Center Garden, at Vergueiro neighborhood; and Horta dos Ciclistas [Cyclers Garden], at Paulista Avenue. This analysis is not restrained, however, to fixed territories, but rather apprehends the movements engendered by community garden practices in the city. Thus, we trace some relations between those gardens and other forms of urban agriculture in São Paulo, their intertwining and the co-construction perspectives that emerges among humans and non-humans, as well as their relations with formal public agents. The interaction among actions performed in public spaces, the agroecology techniques and teachings, and their exchange network are embedded with a concept of everyday politics, practiced not only by or in face of the State.

Esta dissertação analisa algumas das hortas urbanas comunitárias da cidade de São Paulo. Trata-se de uma etnografia que explora as conexões, motivações e formas de ação desses agrupamentos autogeridos de voluntários que criam e mantêm espaços de plantio em áreas públicas. São tratadas de maneira mais detida três delas: a Horta das Corujas, no bairro da Vila Beatriz, a Horta do Centro Cultural São Paulo, no bairro Vergueiro e a Horta dos Ciclistas, na Avenida Paulista. A intenção dessa análise, no entanto, não é se ater a territórios fixos, e sim apreender os movimentos propiciados pela prática das hortas comunitárias na cidade. Dessa maneira, são aqui traçadas algumas das relações entre essas hortas e outras formas de agricultura urbana em São Paulo, os entrelaçamento e perspectivas de co-construções que emergem entre humanos e não humanos, além de suas relações com instâncias políticas formais. A interação entre as ações no espaço público, as técnicas e os ensinamentos de agroecologia propagados pelas hortas e a rede de trocas que opera entre elas expõe maneiras de se vincular à cidade que são permeadas por uma noção de política do cotidiano, a qual não se encontra apenas nas relações com o e do Estado. / This dissertation analyses some of the community urban gardens of São Paulo, SP. We have carried out an ethnography exploring the connections, motives and ways of action of those selfmanaged groups of volunteers, who create and keep cultivating spaces amidst public areas. We focus of three urban gardens: Horta das Corujas [Owls Garden], at Vila Beatriz neighborhood, the São Paulo Cultural Center Garden, at Vergueiro neighborhood; and Horta dos Ciclistas [Cyclers Garden], at Paulista Avenue. This analysis is not restrained, however, to fixed territories, but rather apprehends the movements engendered by community garden practices in the city. Thus, we trace some relations between those gardens and other forms of urban agriculture in São Paulo, their intertwining and the co-construction perspectives that emerges among humans and non-humans, as well as their relations with formal public agents. The interaction among actions performed in public spaces, the agroecology techniques and teachings, and their exchange network are embedded with a concept of everyday politics, practiced not only by or in face of the State.

No description available.

[pt] Este trabalho de dissertação tem como objeto de pesquisa a construção de meios de reapropriação e gestão coletiva do espaço público através dos projetos de hortas urbanas comunitárias da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Nesse sentido, os objetivos centrais deste estudo são identificar as tensões inerentes ao movimento de reapropriação do espaço público carioca por meio das hortas urbanas. Bem como, analisar os desafios e possibilidades da gestão coletiva deste espaço a partir das táticas, técnicas e planos de ação elaboradas pelos arranjos comunitários que participam das hortas. Referimo-nos às singulares maneiras de fazer e pensar a cidade que se desenrolam nestas inciativas e que, de modo criativo e multitudinário, semeiam o comum como um importante horizonte político na luta por uma produção do espaço mais justa, cooperativa e fraterna. Os propósitos desta investigação, por sua vez, nos remetem a uma problemática que está em curso no momento presente da vida cotidiana da metrópole e que se constrói com base nas relações desiguais de dominação e apropriação espacial que se estabelecem entre os diferentes grupos sociais. Diante da racionalidade estratégica e mercadológica do ordenamento territorial hegemônico, o processo de segregação social pautado na propriedade privada do solo se consolidou como uma tendência geral no território carioca. E o espaço público, inserido nesta lógica privatista de controle territorial, está em progressiva metamorfose, incorporando elementos que limitam suas condições de acessibilidade e alteridade. Entretanto, enquanto muitas das transformações contemporâneas da cidade se realizam em sintonia com a ordem dominante, outras nos apontam indícios de rupturas significativas do status quo. São mudanças protagonizadas por uma multidão de citadinos que questionam os imperativos do Estado neoliberal ao reivindicar o direito de usar, ocupar e governar a urbe de modo autônomo. Sob esta perspectiva, nos últimos anos multiplicaram-se os ensaios de gestão coletiva do espaço público carioca através das hortas urbanas comunitárias. Tais iniciativas revelam muitas aberturas existentes para o exercício da vida em comum, vida que se cultiva junto com o Outro. De um jeito peculiar, estes projetos comunitários de hortas urbanas resistem em solo carioca e nos sinalizam múltiplos canteiros de alternativas e possibilidades para a emancipação da sociedade. / [en] This dissertation work has as object of research the construction of means of reappropriation and collective management of public space through the projects of community urban gardening in the city of Rio de Janeiro. In this sense, the central objectives of this study are to identify the tensions in the movement of reappropriation of public space through urban gardens. As well as, to analyze the challenges and possibilities of the collective management of this space from the tactics, techniques and plans of action elaborated by the community arrangements that participate in the gardens. We refer to the singular forms of making and thinking the city that exist in these initiatives and that, in a creative and multitudinous way, sow the common as an important political horizon in the struggle for a more democratic, cooperative and fraternal production of space. The purposes of this investigation, in turn, lead us to a problem that is ongoing in the present moment of the metropolis everyday life and that is built based on the unequal relations of spatial domination and appropriation that are established between different social groups. In times of space metropolization, the reorientation of State policies based on the economic determinations of the real estate-financial market culminated in the elaboration of new government guidelines in Rio de Janeiro, now expressed under an order that homogenizes, fragments and hierarchizes the uses and representations of the city. In view of the strategic and market rationality of these hegemonic actors, the process of social segregation based on private land ownership has consolidated itself as a general trend in the territory. And the public space, inserted in this privatist logic of territorial control, is in a progressive metamorphosis: incorporating elements that limit its conditions of accessibility and alterity. However, while many of the city s contemporary transformations take place in tune with the dominant order, others point to signs of significant disruptions to the status quo. From this perspective, in recent years, the collective management initiatives of the public space in Rio de Janeiro have multiplied through community urban farming. In a peculiar way, such initiatives reveal many existing openings for the exercise of life in common, a life that is cultivated together with the Other.