Since the introduction of economic reforms in the late 1970s, China has experienced phenomenal economic growth along with rapid urbanization. The accelerated urbanization coincides with remarkable social-economic transformations and urban landscape changes. A city, as an urban system, is composed of social and physical subsystems that interact with each other. Equally assessing each component is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of the urbanization process. The goal of this thesis research is to deconstruct the urbanization process through a social-ecological perspective. More specifically, this study examines social transformations, physical evolutions, and their relationships. Four research questions are proposed as (1) How does urban social landscape transform in time and space? (2) What trends are apparent in the urban land growth process and spatial heterogeneity? (3) How does social transformation relate to urban land growth, within a spatio-temporal perspective? and (4) How do social-demographic features relate to residents’ use and perception of urban green open spaces, focusing on the ecological services provided by and the need to improve those spaces? Given the lack of research on second-tier cities’ growth processes, this study selects Wuhan, a megacity in central China, as a case study, with a focus on its urban development zone (UDZ). A social-ecological approach is applied to study the multi-dimensional features of an urban system. The thesis is in paper format, containing five chapters. Besides the Introduction (Chapter 1) and Conclusion (Chapter 5), the main body consists of three articles. These three articles correspond to the four research questions proposed. Chapter 2 responds to the first research question by addressing how the urban social landscape transforms. Chapter 3 seeks to answer the second and third questions by evaluating urban land growth and its links with social factors from a spatio-temporal perspective. Chapter 4 matches the fourth question by seeking to understand residents’ preferences and feelings toward the urban green open space. Chapter 1 introduces the research context, reviews the urban ecology theory and relevant empirical research, as well as assesses the social-ecological approach related to studying the urban system. In this chapter, we also propose an improved social-ecological system (ISES) framework which guides the equally weighted study of both social and physical subsystems in an urban area. Chapter 2 (the first paper) seeks to investigate progressive transformations in the social dimensions of Wuhan UDZ while also focusing on their spatial transformations, using national census data in 1990, 2000, and 2010. We used varimax rotated principal component analysis (PCA) for the extraction of social dimensions and ArcMap for spatial visualization. This allows us to further analyze the spatial distribution of social clusters. The results suggest that industrial relocation, educational attainment increase, population aging, and migration are the main characteristics of social transformation during 1990 and 2010. Industrial relocation along with the spatial separation appeared as principal social dimensions in the 1990s but became more prominent in the 2000s, accompanied by the improvement of workers’ education levels. Aging population presented spatial movement outward from the city center. Population mobility increased significantly, and immigration became an important social dimension and presented spatial expansion in the 2000s. The socio-spatial patterns transform with a combination of concentric rings and sectoral clusters in different stages. These transformations are formed by the regional push-pull forces and the centripetal-centrifugal forces inside the city. We conclude that the social landscape transforms in a way with diversity and inclusion. Government dominates socio-spatial transformations in the initial stages, while market plays an increasing role in the later stages. To build a more inclusive society requires continuous and systematic improvement of relevant policies. Chapter 3 (the second paper) discusses urban land growth patterns and answers how social factors are associated with the evolution patterns between 1990 and 2010. We extract land cover information based on Landsat images with the vegetation area – impervious surface –water area (V-I-W) model and examine the urban growth patterns during various stages using landscape metrics of the area, aggregation, and shape. Then, we apply geographically weighted regression (GWR) to depict the link between urban land metrics and social factors. The results show that urban land coalescence and diffusion simultaneously exist; the city center is dominated by redevelopment, infilling, edge expansion; and the peripheral areas by outlying expansion. GWR coefficient surfaces show little differences in the models between social factors and urban land area metrics PLAND while remarkable differences are present in the coefficients of GWR models for the urban land patch shape irregularities and social factors. Urban land growth patterns relate to the government-led land supply system, the functional zoning of urban space planning, and the agglomeration and dispersion of social space under the market orientation. The authors conclude that urban management should consider the coexistence of different spatial growth modes and introduce factors such as social preferences in the urban land layout. This may apply to rapidly urbanizing areas. Chapter 4 (the third paper) aims to understand social-natural relationships, with a focus on how socio-demographic features can shape residents’ preference toward green open spaces and their perceptions of ecological services and improvements. Data is collected through online questionnaire surveys and interviews. The results indicate that preferences toward green open spaces vary among different social groups. Demands for improvement to green open spaces are rooted in residents’ appreciation for daily relaxation and health benefits, and link with their preference for visiting. However, how residents perceive green open spaces’ benefits does not rely only on an in-person visit. Interaction experience with nature and knowledge of natural development affect perception of daily use and health-related services. Residents’ perceptions of green open space’s ecological functions are associated with the changes in nature reported by those respondents. Responses to improving green open space reflect the residents’ pursuit of the aesthetics and practicality of such spaces. Though respondents are commonly aware of the ecological importance of green open space, there are differences in their willingness to voluntarily participate in its management. We conclude that to encourage the public to participate in configuration and improvement of green open spaces through a variety of ways, including considering residents’ opinions, is an efficient way in order to better social-ecological relationships. Chapter 5 reviews the main findings and conclusions, research limitations as well as future possibilities. This study establishes a dialogue between urban social and physical subsystems, with an integrated quantitative study of the urbanization process, emphasizing the relationships between two urban subsystems. It provides a comprehensive social-ecological view on a second-tier city based on the social and physical transformations that occurred in Wuhan during a transitional period of a socialist market economy. We conclude that the development of China's second-tier cities between 1990 and 2010 is characterized by the transformations of social dimensions and landscape, the coexistence of multiple urban spatial development modes, and the spatial differentiation between the center and the periphery of the city. The GWR models present spatial non-stationary relationships between social factors and the urban patch shape regularities. The further examination of social-natural relationships finds that residents’ social-demographic features and environmental experience affect their perceptions toward green open space, especially ecological services and improvement necessity. The evolution of urban social and physical systems and their relationships has brought increased attention to inclusive urban social management, public participatory planning, and people-centered social and ecological interactions. This research provides a constructive rethinking of second-tier cities’ growth in China and may serve as a reference for other rapidly urbanizing areas.

Au Brésil, l'institutionnalisation de l'idée du droit à la ville se traduit par la promulgation de deux articles dans la Constitution en 1988 ainsi que par la promulgation de la loi du "Statut de la ville" en 2001. L'institutionnalisation de cette idée résulte de longues mobilisations des mouvements sociaux urbains au cours des années 1990. Toutefois, malgré l’institutionnalisation de l’idée du droit à la ville, sa mise en œuvre est faiblement assurée par l’État brésilien comme attendu par la société civile. En la présence de cette problématique, ce mémoire entend d’observer le changement idéationnel de l'idée du droit à la ville, dans sa trajectoire d'institutionnalisation, en tant qu'idée de politique publique portée par des acteurs de la société civile issus de la gauche brésilienne. Cette analyse part des postulats scientifiques selon lesquels l'influence des idées est sous-estimée dans les théories néo-institutionnelles. Les acteurs de l'institution et ceux hors de cette dernière, en véhiculant et luttant pour des idées, contribuent également à leur transformation. Ainsi, à partir d'entrevues semi-dirigées réalisées lors d'un terrain de recherche à Río de Janeiro ainsi qu'une analyse d'archives, je teste de manière empirique l'articulation du mécanisme de cadrage autour de l'idée du droit à la ville. / In Brazil, the institutionalization of the idea of the right to the city resulted in the promulgation of two articles in the Constitution in 1988 as well as the promulgation of the law of the "Statute of the City" in 2001. The institutionalization of this idea is the result of long mobilizations of urban social movements during the 1990s. However, despite the institutionalization of the idea of the right to the city, its implementation is poorly ensured by the Brazilian state as expected by Civil society. Faced with this issue, this thesis intends to observe the ideational change of the idea of the right to the city, in its trajectory of institutionalization, as an idea of public policy carried by actors of civil society from the Brazilian left. This analysis starts from the scientific postulates according to which the influence of ideas is underestimated in neo-institutional theories. The actors of the institution and those outside it, by conveying and fighting for ideas, also contribute to their change. Thus, from semi-structured interviews carried out during a research field in Río de Janeiro as well as an archive analysis, I empirically test the articulation of the framing mechanism around the idea of the right to the city.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-08-30T18:38:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCAS ALVES DE LIMA NIC?SIO.pdf: 34799286 bytes, checksum: addbc267f24556eec3d04519ec6fd916 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T18:38:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCAS ALVES DE LIMA NIC?SIO.pdf: 34799286 bytes, checksum: addbc267f24556eec3d04519ec6fd916 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-30 / The present study seeks to raise issues relating to the housing rights by observing the actions of social movements in particular in the central area of the city of S?o Paulo (district of Rep?blica) considering its impact on the territory and in society. The condition of vulnerability in the residence is present both in central areas as the edges urban peripheral areas, however, the housing programs need to be subdivided according to the location, because many times does not believe that it comes from different contexts with specific needs. Even the social movements who are fighting for the housing rights still experience ways of dealing with the issue of the centrality and the resistance has been the main instrument for guaranteeing rights and encourage discussion with the various actors (society, real estate market, State) that produce the urban space. The research investigates how the housing of low-income population and its dynamics in central areas is understood, managed, accept and even compelled by society, by the real estate market and by the State and which institutional tools the movements have for the maintenance of guaranteed rights. Take as the object of research the occupations of idle buildings in the center of S?o Paulo in particular "Occupation S?o Jo?o" and the role of the ?Front of Fight for Housing? - the FLM (Frente de Luta pela Moradia) - entered the territory of the district of Rep?blica. / O presente estudo busca levantar quest?es referentes ao direto ? moradia observando a atua??o dos movimentos sociais em especial na regi?o central da cidade de S?o Paulo (distrito da rep?blica) considerando seu impacto no territ?rio e na sociedade. A condi??o de vulnerabilidade na moradia est? presente tanto nas ?reas centrais como nas bordas perif?ricas urbanas, entretanto, os programas habitacionais carecem de distin??o segundo a localiza??o, pois muitas vezes n?o considera que se trata de contextos distintos com necessidades espec?ficas. At? mesmo os movimentos sociais experientes que lutam pelo direito ? moradia ainda experimentam formas de lidar com a quest?o da centralidade e a resist?ncia tem sido a principal instrumento para a garantia de direitos e fomentar a discuss?o com os diferentes atores (sociedade, mercado, Estado) que produzem o espa?o urbano. A pesquisa investiga como a moradia da popula??o de baixa renda e suas din?micas em ?reas centrais ? entendida, gerida, aceita e at? combatida pela sociedade, pelo mercado e pelo Estado e quais ferramentas institucionais os movimentos possuem para a manuten??o da garantia de direitos. Toma-se como objeto da pesquisa as ocupa??es de edifica??es ociosas no centro de S?o Paulo em especial a ?Ocupa??o S?o Jo?o? e a atua??o da Frente de Luta por Moradia ? a FLM ? inseridas no territ?rio do distrito da rep?blica.

Este trabalho procura compreender as práticas e ações dos movimentos de moradia e sem-teto em São Paulo e seus integrantes, na década de 1990, inseridos no contexto do desmanche. Este contexto modificou e transubstanciou as categorias, os diagramas e a forma como os movimentos sociais fazem a experiência e incidem no debate público, alterando os termos da ação política. A experiência circula, mas num campo de encolhimento do possível. A tese pretende mostrar que nesse contexto a política aparece como um excesso. Num contexto de encolhimento do possível a política só pode aparecer necessariamente no seu fundamento, o excesso democrático. A alteração desse contexto demanda uma reinterpretação dos movimentos sociais a partir da leitura das histórias narradas por seus participantes e pelos atores que os circundam. Para empreender a exposição escolhemos três movimentos de moradia e semteto em São Paulo que conformaram suas ações ao longo da década de 1990. A partir das histórias narradas procuramos traçar um mapeamento desses movimentos, suas práticas e os sentidos das nomeações estabelecidas. / This work intends to understand the practices and actions of the social movements which fight for housing projects and the sem-teto and its members in São Paulo, in the 1990 decade, inserted into the deconstruction context. This context has modified and transformed the categories, diagrams and the way which social movements experienced and fell upon public debate, changing terms of political action. The experience spreads, but in a field of possible shrinkage. The thesis intends to show that in this context politics appears as an excess. In a context of the possible shrinkage, politics can only appears necessarily on its principle, the democratic excess. The change of this context demands a re-interpretation of social movements starting from the observation of stories reported by its members and actors that surrounds them. Three movements that fight for housing projects and the sem-teto in São Paulo, which had their actions configured through the 1990 decade, were chosen to explore the thesis. Starting from the reported stories we focus on drawing a mapping of these social movements, its practices and the meanings of the established nominations.

Este trabalho procura compreender as práticas e ações dos movimentos de moradia e sem-teto em São Paulo e seus integrantes, na década de 1990, inseridos no contexto do desmanche. Este contexto modificou e transubstanciou as categorias, os diagramas e a forma como os movimentos sociais fazem a experiência e incidem no debate público, alterando os termos da ação política. A experiência circula, mas num campo de encolhimento do possível. A tese pretende mostrar que nesse contexto a política aparece como um excesso. Num contexto de encolhimento do possível a política só pode aparecer necessariamente no seu fundamento, o excesso democrático. A alteração desse contexto demanda uma reinterpretação dos movimentos sociais a partir da leitura das histórias narradas por seus participantes e pelos atores que os circundam. Para empreender a exposição escolhemos três movimentos de moradia e semteto em São Paulo que conformaram suas ações ao longo da década de 1990. A partir das histórias narradas procuramos traçar um mapeamento desses movimentos, suas práticas e os sentidos das nomeações estabelecidas. / This work intends to understand the practices and actions of the social movements which fight for housing projects and the sem-teto and its members in São Paulo, in the 1990 decade, inserted into the deconstruction context. This context has modified and transformed the categories, diagrams and the way which social movements experienced and fell upon public debate, changing terms of political action. The experience spreads, but in a field of possible shrinkage. The thesis intends to show that in this context politics appears as an excess. In a context of the possible shrinkage, politics can only appears necessarily on its principle, the democratic excess. The change of this context demands a re-interpretation of social movements starting from the observation of stories reported by its members and actors that surrounds them. Three movements that fight for housing projects and the sem-teto in São Paulo, which had their actions configured through the 1990 decade, were chosen to explore the thesis. Starting from the reported stories we focus on drawing a mapping of these social movements, its practices and the meanings of the established nominations.

Master's thesis is devoted to the problem of the social space’s role in forming of the image of the city. On basis of author’s methodology the theoretical model of the structure of the image of the city was formed. On basis of the analysis of empiric sociological investigation’s results the forming factors of image of the city was revealed, the social space of the city is base among them. / Магистерская диссертация посвящена проблеме роли социального пространства в формировании имиджа города. На основе авторской методологии сформирована теоретическая модель структуры имиджа города. На основе анализа результатов эмпирического социологического исследования выявлены факторы формирования имиджа Екатеринбурга, базовым среди которых является социальное пространство города в целом.

Parque Científico y Tecnológico (PACYT, Science and Technology Park) is a large-scale R+D project that seems to be framed in a Smart City plan for Concepción, Chile, which the media has presented as “the Chilean Silicon Valley” (Araus, 2015; Tele13, 2019) and promises to bring not only research and development opportunities for the city but also thousands of direct and indirect jobs (Estudio Interdiseño, 2018; la Tercera, 2015) carried out by PACYT Corporation. Nonetheless, voices have raised to question the construction of the 91 hectares initiative, and some of them have even organized in citizen groups targeting the creation of the urban complex, which actively share information contesting the PACYT through social media, and coordinate activities to protest and spread the word. This is the study case to be analyzed in the present research, which aims to explore and understand, on the one hand, the reasons that have led to the organization of citizens contesting the PACYT project, and on the other hand, the way the project has been advertised and developed in relationship to the city's inhabitants. It intends to make a novel contribution to the field of Urban Studies, both in the areas of Critical Smart Urbanism and Postcolonial Studies, which in this case collide in Latin America, part of the Global South, while opening a discussion around the topic of citizens contesting urban developments with a Smart City background, where few incursions have been made and more specifically in the Latin American context, where the Smart City seems to have a particular interpretation. With that in mind, the current research tries to dig into an under-studied territory, and in doing so, it plans to bring to the table the relevance of studying the approach and way of developing Smart Cities’ ideas in Latin American, and to put focus on what city’s inhabitants have to say about those developments and what their interests are, using the lenses of the right to the city and the understandings coming from urban social movements and conflicts. In that sense, the research outputs are to question the form in which Smart City projects are being implemented in Latin America and to find possible guidelines to incorporate the city’s inhabitants in the development of them elsewhere, with that in mind, future research can be supported by this investigation, which encourages further studies both in the described fields and territory. To do so, the current investigation explores and unwrap theories regarding the mentioned fields and focuses on analyzing the case making use of mixed methods research, by executing qualitative and quantitative methodological tools to reach relevant data that helps to answer the research inquiries. In that sense, the results show that it can be confirmed that the nature of the PACYT, i.e. its R+D purposes and origins linked to a Smart City plan to transform the city into smartness, does not play a relevant role in the development of the conflict that has emerged between the PACYT management, and the people opposed to its construction, but several aspects explain the urban social conflict and that will be explored in the present work. / <p><strong>Acknowledgment.</strong></p><p>First of all, I would like to thank all the interviewees that decided to share their thoughts in the present study, as well as to all the people that participated in the survey; without your contribution, it would have not been possible for me to reach my research goals and to count on with the rich material I have. On the other hand, I want to thank people from academia, such as my peers, who have given me advice and stamina, to my tutor, who has contributed with his wisdom, and to my mentor at university, who has kept me on track and provided me with valuable insights. I am grateful to these people for helping me with my willpower and effectiveness. Finally, I need to thank those surrounding me, like my family for supporting me from the distance, my partner for being here to contain and take care of me, and my dog for always being around me and spreading his love and joy.</p>