<div> <p>Public transportation is vital for many people who do not have the means to use other forms of transportation. In small communities, transit service is often limited, due to funding constraints of the transit agency. In order to maximize the use of available funding resources, agencies strive to provide effective and efficient service that meets the needs of as many people as possible. To do this, effective service planning is critical.</p> <p> </p> <p>Unlike traditional road-based transportation projects, transit service modifications can be implemented over the span of just a few weeks. In planning for these short-term changes, the traditional four-step transportation planning process is often inadequate. Yet, the characteristics of small communities and the resources available to them limit the applicability of existing transit demand models, which are generally intended for larger cities.</p> <p> </p> <p>This research proposes a methodology for using population and demographic data from the Census Bureau, combined with stop-level ridership data from the transit agency, to develop models for forecasting transit ridership generated by a given geographic area with known population and socioeconomic characteristics. The product of this research is a methodology that can be applied to develop ridership models for transit agencies in small cities. To demonstrate the methodology, the thesis built ridership models using data from Lafayette, Indiana.</p> <p> </p> <p>A total of four (4) ridership models are developed, giving a transit agency the choice to select a model, based on available data and desired predictive power. More complex models are expected to provide greater predictive power, but also require more time and data to implement. Simpler models may be adequate where data availability is a challenge. Finally, examples are provided to aid in applying the models to various situations. Aggregation levels of the American Community Survey (ACS) data provided some challenge in developing accurate models, however, the developed models are still expected to provide useful information, particularly in situations where local knowledge is limited, or where additional information is unavailable.</p> </div> <br>

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-09-03T12:58:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Tonsic de Araujo.pdf: 2556434 bytes, checksum: 2dcf9410376ab9d2a36e38c4da487841 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T12:58:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Tonsic de Araujo.pdf: 2556434 bytes, checksum: 2dcf9410376ab9d2a36e38c4da487841 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-16 / This study has aimed at verify the applicability of accounting information in SME companies of public transportation sector as well attempts to understand the importance given by these companies owner-managers to the accounting statements. This qualitative research has applied semi structured interviews method. Even if there are a reasonable number of qualified SMEs firms only three companies volunteered to participate. Based on the results, it was possible to note that ownermanagers recognize the importance of the accounting information on the decision making, with more relevance to the strategic management and tax information. The respondents also pointed out great relevance for the information timeliness and, due to the predominance of outsourced offices, all the respondents claimed for closest contact with the company accountant helping to deal with daily setback related do financial and tax information / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de verificar a aplicação das informações contábeis em PMEs do setor de transporte urbano de passageiros e compreender a importância que os gestores dessas empresas atribuem a essas informações. Este trabalho, de caráter exploratório e qualitativo, utilizou como metodologia entrevistas semiestruturadas em que os participantes foram três empresas que se enquadram como PME e que possuem, em seu portfólio de serviços, concessão de linhas de transporte público. Com base no estudo, foi possível notar que os empresários atribuem grande importância às informações geradas pelo departamento contábil, principalmente em aspectos relacionados à gestão estratégica e aproveitamento tributário. Ainda foi possível apurar que há grande preocupação dos gestores quanto à tempestividade e relevância da informação. Por ser predominantemente elaborado por escritórios terceirizados, os entrevistados se mostraram insatisfeitos com o distanciamento entre empresa e escritórios na tratativa de problemas cotidianos. Além disso, há grande interesse em informações além da escrituração contábil, como, por exemplo, soluções corporativas e aproveitamento e otimização tributária urbano

A Matriz Energética Brasileira é plenamente sustentável tendo em vista as emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEEs), devido ao fato da eletricidade de origem hídrica, bem como do uso do etanol da cana-de-açúcar utilizado em veículos automotivos leves. A maioria das emissões dos GEEs no Brasil vem do desmatamento da Amazônia. Contudo, o uso do óleo diesel especialmente para o transporte (caminhão e ônibus) ainda é um problema a ser resolvido, não apenas devido à emissão de carbono, mas também, porque o óleo diesel no Brasil ainda apresenta emissões altamente poluentes: material particulado (MP), óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx) e óxidos de enxofre (SOx) - as emissões mais importantes, além dos gases de efeito estufa (GEEs). O uso do biodiesel está contribuindo para a redução de tais emissões, mas medidas completares ainda são necessárias. A introdução da Lei Federal de Mudanças Climáticas (nº 12.187) é um destes instrumentos. No Município de São Paulo a Lei de Mudanças Climáticas (Lei Municipal nº 14.933) de 9 de novembro de 2009 estabelece uma redução dos GEEs em torno de 20% até 2020. Para atingir este objetivo, além da necessária redução das emissões locais (GELs) na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), com aproximadamente 20 milhões de pessoas, uma perspectiva recente e significante é o uso de ônibus movidos a etanol. Os testes efetuados no Projeto BEST BioEtanol para o Transporte Sustentável - comprovam tal afirmação e esta é, talvez, a única tecnologia desenvolvida e melhorada para o cumprimento de tais necessidades no curto prazo. O uso do etanol em ônibus já é uma realidade em Estocolmo (Suécia). Além da cidade de São Paulo (pioneira nas Américas), este projeto custeado pela União Européia esta sendo levado adiante em oito cidades da Europa e da Asia. No Brasil, o projeto foi desenvolvido e coordenado pelo CENBIO, Centro Nacional de Referência em Biomassa do Instituto de Eletrotécnica da USP, com a participação de outras instituições. Este projeto tem sido desenvolvido desde 2007 e, atualmente, conta com dois ônibus diesel adaptados para operar com etanol. A prefeitura de São Paulo decidiu recentemente comprar outros 50 ônibus. Os ônibus atuam tanto na Empresa Metropolitana de Transportes Urbanos (EMTU) na linha Jabaquara São Mateus, quanto na São Paulo Transportes (SPTRANS), no corredor Lapa Vila Mariana. Com vistas a contribuir efetivamente para a introdução do ônibus movido a etanol na RMSP e em todo território brasileiro, bem como efetivar a redução de poluentes de efeito local e global, diminuindo as doenças cardiorrespiratórias, em adição ao cumprimento da lei Municipal de Mudanças Climáticas, esta tese tem como propósito identificar e quantificar as emissões, os benefícios sociais e externalidades do etanol, substituindo o óleo diesel. As externalidades (custos e benefícios ambientais e sociais) ocorrem quando alguém se envolve em qualquer ação que origina impacto positivo ou negativo, no bem estar humano. Quando uma externalidade ocorre, o interesse da sociedade em um negócio tradicional qualquer, vai além do bem estar entre compradores e vendedores; leva em consideração também outras pessoas que possam ser afetadas em qualquer situação. BEST BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport surge como uma inovação adequada para o transporte público da RMSP, mas políticas são necessárias para a orientação de tomadores de decisões. As políticas públicas devem estabelecer preços no que tange aos benefícios ambientais (externalidades positivas) e fixar custos (externalidades negativas). Neste contexto, a avaliação dos impactos ambientais e, portanto, as identificações das externalidades são fundamentais para consolidar tal tecnologia como uma solução viável a curto prazo na RMSP. / Brazilian energy matrix is quite sustainable regarding GHG (Green House Gas) emissions due to the electricity from hydro-origin and the usage of vehicles. Most GHG emissions in Brazil come from Amazonian (rain forest) deforestation. However, the usage of diesel oil mainly for transporting (trucks and buses) is still a problem to be solved, not only due to carbon emissions, but also because of diesel oil in Brazil still produces highly pollutant emissions: particulate material (PM), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and Sulfur Oxide (SOx) are the most substantial emissions as well as GHG. Biodiesels usage is contributing to reduce such emissions but, further steps are even necessary. The introduction of the Federal Climate Change Law 12187 is one of these deeds. The Municipal Climate Change Law 14933, in the city of São Paulo, from November, 9th, 2009, sets up reduction of GHG emissions in 20% by 2020. For reaching such a goal, beyond necessary reduction of local emissions in RMSP Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (approximately 20 million in habitants), a recent and meaning perspective is the usage of buses powered by ethanol. The tests accomplished by the project named BEST Bioethanol for Sustainable Transportation corroborate such fact and this is the only developed and improved technology to the fulfillment of these requirements in a short-term. The usage of ethanol has already been reality for a long time in Stockholm, Sweden. Besides the city of São Paulo (pioneer in the whole American Continent), this project is carried forward in eight plus European and Asiatic cities and is funded by the European Economic Union. In Brazil, this project was developed and coordinate by CENBIO Brazilian of reference of Biomass from Electrotechnic and Energy Institute of USP University of São Paulo, with other institute partnership. Such project has been developed since 2007 and, currently, count on two diesel buses adapted to operate with ethanol and the São Paulo mayoralty has just decide to buy 50 more buses.These buses operate both in EMTU São Paulo Metropolitan Company for Urban Transportation on Jabaquara-São Mateus bus corridor and SPTRANS São Paulo Transportation on Lapa-Vila Mariana bus corridor. In order to foster effectively the introduction of powered by ethanol in RMSP Metropolitan Region of São Paulo and in the whole Brazilian Territory as well as to settle the reduction of global and local air pollutant, decreasing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, besides the fulfillment of the Municipal Climate Change Law, this thesis focus in identifying and quantifying emissions, social benefits and externalities of ethanol replacing diesel oil. Externalities (environmental and social costs and benefits) take place when one engages in any case that impacts positively or negatively in human welfare; when externalities occurs, societys interest in any tradition business goes beyond buyer and sellers welfare; it takes in to account other people who may be affected in any case. BEST Bioethanol for Sustainable Transportation stands for adequate innovation to the public transportation in RMSP Metropolitan Region of São Paulo but policies are necessary to guide decisions settlers. Public policies are to set price regarding environmental benefits (positive externalities) and to set cost (negative externalities). Therefore, appraisal of environmental impacts and, thereafter, identification of externalities are essential to faster such a technology as a feasible result in RMSP Metropolitan Region of São Paulo in short-time.

Thesis. 1976. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Rotch. / Bibliography: leaves 143-144. / M.C.P.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-11-14T12:34:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Scaringella Tarikian.pdf: 2584910 bytes, checksum: 9d6c6ce9e8afb2a6af3850006ea46728 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-14T12:34:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Scaringella Tarikian.pdf: 2584910 bytes, checksum: 9d6c6ce9e8afb2a6af3850006ea46728 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Based on the analysis of the evolution of urban space and its main features throughout the historical and social development of the city of São Paulo, this dissertation presents a sociological analysis of the recent measures and policies to encourage the use of active transport, in particular the bicycle system, which has received a significant increase in recent years. Based on multidisciplinary tools, with special emphasis on the theory of 'Right to the City', we sought to deepen knowledge about the urban evolution model in the city of São Paulo, to correlate it with patterns of organization of mobility and transportation, considered as one of the main problems of the municipality today, in order to analyze its effects and consequences on social life in view of the mobilization around the appropriation or reconquest of the Urban Public Space / Tendo como pano de fundo a análise acerca do processo de evolução do espaço urbano e suas principais especificidades ao longo do desenvolvimento histórico e social na cidade de São Paulo, a presente dissertação faz uma análise sociológica sobre as recentes medidas e políticas de incentivo ao uso de transporte ativo, em especial o sistema cicloviário, que recebeu significativo incremento nos últimos anos. Partindo-se de ferramental multidisciplinar, com especial ênfase na teoria do ‘Direito à Cidade`, buscou-se aprofundar o conhecimento sobre o modelo de evolução urbana na cidade de São Paulo, para correlacioná-lo com padrões de organização de mobilidade e transporte, tido como um dos principais problemas do município atualmente, para, enfim, analisar seus efeitos e consequências sobre a vida social em vista da mobilização em torno da apropriação ou reconquista do Espaço Público Urbano

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:17:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Eduardo de Paiva Cardoso.pdf: 3216018 bytes, checksum: c3c55bbc8b59a01a6459090d841c6f4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-16 / This study is concerned with the analysis of transportation in the urban the city of São Paulo, under the social risks and deprivations approach. The social inequality arises from a lot of factors as (1) the economics performance, (2) the socioeconomic conditions of the distinct population that inhabit the city, (3) the urban distribution, mostly the spatial abysm among the dwelling places, the socioeconomic activities and the public infrastructure as hospitals, schools etc and (4) the transportation attendance in the various regions of the city, mainly the public urban transportation. The quality of attendance of the urban transportation to the different population, on the other hand, depends on: (1) the number of available lines, (2) the frequency and destination of these lines, (3) the needs of displacement of these population and (4) the cost of the urban transportation relate to the income of these population. The quality and the accessibility to the urban transportation are subjects often studied in the fields of Transportation Engineering and Urbanism in the last few years. At the same time, in Social Service and Social Sciences areas, many works have sought to identify the spatiality of the social inequality, making use of concepts as: poverty line, social inclusion/exclusion, social vulnerability etc. From understanding the factors that compose the urban transportation universe and its social risks and deprivations we developed a methodology that allowed us to compare these two universes. As a final result of this work we have: (1) a methodology for the analysis of transportation variables that permits the comparison of these variables to socioeconomic variables as social vulnerability and social inclusion/exclusion; (2) the comparison of the social inequality spatiality to the urban transportation attendance spatiality, allowing us to identify, to the regions of greatest social deprivations in the city of São Paulo, the level of the urban transportation attendance, and to assess if the existing urban transportation system is quelling social deprivations or not / Este estudo teve como objetivo a análise do transporte coletivo urbano da cidade de São Paulo sob a ótica dos riscos e carências sociais. A desigualdade social resulta de diversos fatores como (1) o desempenho da economia, (2) as condições socioeconômicas das diferentes populações que habitam a cidade, (3) a distribuição urbana, principalmente o fosso espacial entre os locais de moradia, as atividades socioeconômicas e as infra-estruturas públicas como hospitais, escolas, etc. e (4) o atendimento do transporte à população nas diferentes regiões da cidade, principalmente o transporte coletivo público. A qualidade do atendimento do transporte coletivo urbano às diferentes populações, por sua vez, depende do: (1) número de linhas disponíveis, (2) da freqüência e destinos destas linhas, (3) das necessidades de deslocamento desta população e (4) do custo deste transporte relativo aos ganhos da mesma população. A qualidade e a acessibilidade ao transporte coletivo são temas bastante tratados nas áreas da Engenharia de Transporte e Urbanismo durante os últimos anos. Ao mesmo tempo, nas áreas de Serviço Social e Ciências Sociais, inúmeros trabalhos têm buscado identificar a espacialidade da desigualdade social utilizando conceitos como: linha de pobreza, inclusão/exclusão social, vulnerabilidade social etc. A partir da compreensão dos fatores que compõem o universo do transporte coletivo urbano e dos riscos e carências sociais desenvolvemos uma metodologia que permitiu a comparação destes dois universos. Como resultado final deste trabalho temos: (1) uma metodologia de análise de variáveis de transporte que permite a comparação destas, com variáveis socioeconômicas como vulnerabilidade social e inclusão/exclusão social, (2) a comparação da espacialidade da desigualdade social à espacialidade do atendimento do transporte coletivo urbano, permitindo-nos identificar, para as regiões de maiores carências sociais do município de São Paulo, o grau de atendimento do transporte coletivo e aferir até que ponto o sistema de transporte urbano existente é um mitigador ou não das desigualdades sociais

While bicyclists and other active travelers obtain health benefits from increased physical activity, they also risk uptake of traffic-related air pollution. But pollution uptake by urban bicyclists is not well understood due to a lack of direct measurements and insufficient analysis of the determinants of exposure and ventilation (breathing). This knowledge gap impedes pollution-conscious transportation planning, design, and health impact assessment. The research presented in this dissertation generates new connections between transportation system characteristics and pollution uptake by bicyclists. The primary research questions are: 1) how do urban bicyclists' intake and uptake of air pollution vary with roadway and travel characteristics and 2) to what extent can transportation-related strategies reduce uptake. Breath biomarkers are used to measure absorbed doses of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This research is the first application of breath biomarkers to travelers and the first uptake measurements of any pollutant to include roadway-level covariates. Novel methods to collect and integrate bicycle, rider, traffic, and environmental data are also introduced. Bicyclist exposure concentrations, exhaled breath concentrations, respiratory physiology, and travel characteristics were collected on a wide range of facilities in Portland, Oregon. High-resolution trajectory and pollution data were then integrated with roadway and traffic data. Models of exposure, ventilation, and uptake of VOCs were estimated from the on-road data. Important new quantifications in the models include the effects of average daily traffic (ADT) on multi-pollutant exposure, the lagged effect of on-road workload on ventilation, and the effects of exposure and ventilation on absorbed VOCs. Estimated models are applied to situations of interest to travelers and transportation professionals. Sample applications include the inhalation dose effects of road grade, cruising speed choice, stops, and detouring to parallel low-traffic facilities. In addition, dose-minimizing routing behavior is compared with revealed routing preferences in the literature. Finally, findings from this research and the literature are distilled so that they can be incorporated into bicycle network design guidelines.

During the past several decades, most U.S. metropolitan areas have experienced strong suburbanization of housing and jobs (i.e., urban sprawl). The sprawl that arises from urban growth has become a big issue in many metropolitan areas in the U.S. In response, there has been increased interest in urban containment policies. There are contrasting views (planning-oriented vs. market-oriented) of urban sprawl and urban containment policies. Planning-oriented scholars asserted the problems of 'geographic sprawl (GS)' and the positive effects of urban containment polices, while market-oriented scholars asserted the problems of 'economic sprawl (ES)' and the negative or negligible effects of urban containment policies. Therefore, this dissertation analyzed whether urban containment policies affect urban sprawl, employment center formation, and urban commuting. The results of this dissertation indicate that urban containment policies play an important role in affecting urban sprawl, employment center formation, and urban commuting, as well as explaining the contrasting views (planning-oriented vs. market-oriented) of urban containment policies. Implementing urban containment policies can produce positive effects such as compact development, which can promote J-H balance. However, as seen in the relationship between urban containment policies, urban sprawl and housing values, stronger urban containment policies can produce negative effects, such as traffic congestion and an increase in housing prices.

For a number of reasons--congestion, public health, greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, demographic shifts, and community livability to name a few--the importance of walking and bicycling as transportation options will only continue to increase. Currently, policy interest and infrastructure funding for nonmotorized modes far outstrip our ability to model bike and walk travel. To ensure scarce resources are used most effectively, accurate models sensitive to key policy variables are needed to support long-range planning and project evaluation, and to continue adding to our growing understanding of key factors driving walk and bike behavior. This research attempts to synthesize and advance the state of the art in trip-based, nonmotorized mode choice modeling. Over the past fifteen years, efforts to model the decision to walk or bike on a given trip have been hampered by the lack of a comprehensive behavioral framework and inconsistency in measurement scales and model specification. This project develops a mode choice behavioral framework that acknowledges the importance of attributes along the specific walk and bike routes that travelers are likely to consider, in addition to more traditional area-based measures of travel environments. The proposed framework is applied to a revealed preference, GPS-based travel dataset collected from 2010-2013 in Portland, Oregon. Measurement of nonmotorized trip distance, built environment, tour-level variables, and attitudinal attributes as well as mode availability are explicitly addressed. Route and mode choice models are specified using discrete choice techniques, and predicted walking and bicycling routes are tested as inputs to various mode choice models. Results suggest strong potential for predicted route measures to enhance walk and bicycle mode choice modeling. Findings also support the specific notion that bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure contribute not only to route choice but also to the choice of whether to bike or walk. For decisions to bicycle, availability of low-traffic routes may be particularly important to women. Model results further indicate that land use and built environments around trip ends and a person’s home still have important effects on nonmotorized travel when controlling for route quality. Both route and area travel environment impacts are mostly robust to the inclusion of residential self-selection variables, consistent with the idea that built environment differences matter even for households that choose to live in a walkable or bikeable neighborhood. The combination of area and route-based built environment measures alongside trip context, sociodemographic, and attitudinal attributes provides a new perspective on nonmotorized travel behavior relevant to both policy and practice.

Thesis submitted to the Division of Science and Engineering. Bibliography: leaves 307-322.