RESUMO O transporte urbano é importante para a sociedade porque promove as relações econômicas e sociais mediante o deslocamento das pessoas. Contudo, o setor está passando por uma mudança de cenário, em virtude da expansão da concorrência do transporte informal e aumento do uso de carros particulares. Tal mudança tem causado queda no número de usuários do serviço e aumentos nos custos do setor. Essa situação induz as empresas a solicitar em aumentos nas tarifas. Entretanto, tais aumentos não solucionaram o problema. Por isso, este estudo faz uma reflexão crítica sobre a tomada de decisões relativa à tarifa no transporte coletivo urbano por ônibus, utilizando-se da abordagem conceitual de gestão econômica. A reflexão tem o objetivo de contribuir com a aplicação dos conceitos de gestão econômica na elaboração de um modelo tarifário que colabore no processo de tomada de decisão da tarifa e no planejamento de resultado. Para tanto, fez-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental para descrever as características do setor e as variáveis que afetam a decisão a respeito da tarifa. Dessa forma, analisaram-se e evidenciaram-se aspectos relevantes do setor a respeito das relações institucionais, do planejamento e o processo de tomada de decisão, do modelo tarifário GEIPOT, da abordagem gestão econômica e da decisão sobre a tarifa. Como considerações finais verifica-se que: existe uma tendência a mudanças nas responsabilidades institucionais referentes ao planejamento e ao processo de tomada de decisão no setor; há problemas conceituais no modelo GEIPOT; o modelo tarifário contribui com o planejamento de resultados e com o processo que envolve a decisão sobre a tarifa do setor. / ABSTRACT Urban transportation is important for society because it promotes economical and social relations through the movement of passengers. However, the sector has been facing changes in its scenery due to the growing competition in informal transportation and to the increased utilization of private cars. This change has been causing a decrease in the number of users of this service as well as higher costs in the sector, and such a situation leads companies to require price adjustments, though these adjustments do not solve the problem. For these reasons, this study makes a critical reflection on making decisions related to pricing for urban transportation by bus, using the economic management conceptual approach. The reflection aims to contribute for the application of the economic management concepts in the elaboration of a pricing model that can be helpful in the decision making regarding prices and in the planning of results. With this objective, a bibliographic and document research was made in order to describe the characteristics of the sector and the variables affecting decisions regarding prices. Therefore, some aspects related to the public power intervention in the sector were herein analyzed and evidenced, as well as the utilization of the economic management approach for the elaboration of a decision model regarding prices. Finally, it is found that the pricing model contributes for planning results and for the process which involves making decisions related to pricing in the sector.

Orientadores: Akebo Yamakami, Ricardo Coelho Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T08:18:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Verga_Juliana_D.pdf: 1085866 bytes, checksum: 6325aac2b413dfa3fc773ecc3791388c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A teoria de grafos é comumente utilizada na área da engenharia para resolver problemas que podem ser representados na forma de redes. Dentre diversos problemas abordados, o problema de transporte multimodal é um dos que podem ser modelados por grafos. Este trabalho apresenta três algoritmos para redes de transporte multimodal aplicados ao tráfego urbano. O primeiro algoritmo é de carregamento incremental de fluxo e aborda incertezas nos custos e nas capacidades dos arcos utilizando a teoria dos conjuntos fuzzy. Neste caso, o problema foi modelado através de subgrafos, onde cada modo de transporte considerado é representado por um subgrafo e o grafo total é a união de todos os subgrafos. O segundo é um algoritmo de caminho mínimo para grafos coloridos com custos crisp e é baseado no algoritmo clássico de caminho mínimo de Ford-Moore-Bellman. O terceiro algoritmo é de carregamento incremental de fluxo e utiliza o segundo algoritmo para encontrar os caminhos mínimos multimodais. Neste caso os custos e capacidades são crisp e assim como no primeiro algoritmo, os custos dependem do fluxo. A modelagem com relação ao segundo e ao terceiro algoritmo, foi feita utilizando grafos coloridos, onde cada modo de transporte é representado por uma cor / Abstract: The graph theory is commonly used in the area of engineering to solve problems that can be represented in the form of networks. Among several problems, the multimodal transport problem is one that can be modeled by graphs. This work presents three algorithms for multimodal transport networks applied to urban traffic. The first algorithm is of incremental loading flow and deals uncertainties in costs and in capacities of arcs using the fuzzy sets theory. In this case the problem was modeled by subgraphs, where each mode of transport considered is represented by a subgraph and the total graph is the union of all subgraphs. The second, is an algorithm of shortest path for colored graphs with crisp costs and is based in the classical shortest path algorithm of Ford-Moore-Bellman. The third algorithm is of incremental loading flow and uses the second algorithm to find the multimodal shortest paths. In this case the costs and the capacities are crisp and thus in the first algorithm, the costs depend on the flow. The modeling with respect to the second and third algorithm was done using colored graphs, where each transport mode is represented by a color / Doutorado / Automação / Doutora em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Marcelo Weishaupt Proni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T20:39:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Faustino_RaphaelBrito_M.pdf: 3812937 bytes, checksum: cc89ce58853da83ae3c174c239cba0ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O processo de urbanização no Brasil avançou de forma desordenada, o que resultou numa grave crise urbana no último quarto do século passado. O problema urbano deteriorou-se sobremaneira a partir da crise econômica ocorrida nos anos 1980 e não foi solucionado durante a recuperação econômica dos anos 2000. Ainda hoje se verificam, em variadas escalas, a depender do tamanho das cidades, diversos problemas relacionados ao processo de urbanização, mas também vinculados ao padrão de políticas públicas adotadas para a área de desenvolvimento urbano. A partir de 1988, diversos marcos institucionais e regulatórios foram definidos para o desenvolvimento urbano, em conjunto com expressiva evolução dos recursos aplicados. Contudo, as políticas destinadas ao enfrentamento da questão não proporcionaram uma melhoria consistente das condições de vida nas cidades brasileiras. Procurando contribuir para o debate dessa questão, o objetivo do presente estudo é analisar a trajetória da evolução institucional, a aprovação dos marcos regulatórios e a evolução dos principais programas para a áreas de habitação, saneamento e mobilidade urbana. Para tal, além de examinar o discurso do governo federal sobre as diretrizes dos referidos programas, o estudo também contempla uma avaliação dos resultados obtidos a partir dos principais indicadores disponíveis. Fica evidente que o processo de institucionalização e a regulação das políticas de desenvolvimento urbano constituíram um avanço importante, mas não foram suficientes para modificar substantivamente o quadro urbano brasileiro, uma vez que a questão urbana ultrapassa o âmbito dessas políticas setoriais, articulando-se com os desequilíbrios do desenvolvimento capitalista brasileiro, caracterizado por profunda desigualdade social, que acaba por se refletir nas cidades / Abstract: The urbanization process in Brazil advanced in a disorderly way, which resulted in a severe urban crisis in the last quarter of the last century. The urban problem has deteriorated from the economic crisis that occurred in the 1980s and was not resolved during the economic recovery of the 2000s. Many problems related to the process of urbanization still occur, with some differences depending on the size of cities, but also linked to the pattern of public policies adopted in the area of urban development. Since 1988, many institutional and regulatory frameworks have been defined for urban development. Also, the urban policy had a significant increase of the funds invested. However, these policies had not provided a consistent improvement of living conditions in cities. The aim of this study is analyze the trajectory of institutional evolution, the approval of regulatory frameworks and the main programs for areas of housing, sanitation and urban mobility. To this end, in addition to examining the official documents of the federal government about the guidelines of these programs, the study also includes an evaluation of the results obtained from the main indicators available. It is evident that the process of institutionalization and regulation of urban development policies were an important step forward, but not enough to modify the brazilian urban context. The urban problems linking up with imbalances in the brazilian capitalist development, that is characterized by deep social inequality, which reflects in the cities / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Orientador: Fabiano Fruett / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T07:23:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CastellanosRodriguez_JuanCamilo_M.pdf: 42626482 bytes, checksum: eafc8b75ac536e02d78f602d6c6a5a0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento, projeto e aplicação de um sistema de medição embarcado destinado à avaliação de conforto do usuário do transporte público. O hardware deste sistema é dotado de acelerômetro triaxial e sistema de posicionamento global (GPS). Três algoritmos, desenvolvidos especialmente para este sistema, foram utilizados para a avaliação do conforto. O primeiro algoritmo está baseado na deteção de picos de aceleração que ultrapassam um limiar definido, estes eventos podem ser produzidos pela forma inadequada de dirigir do motorista e por estruturas ou defeitos no pavimento que possam gerar desconforto ao usuário. O segundo algoritmo adiciona a deteção de mudanças de aceleração (Jerk) acima de um limiar de 0,4m/s3. Enquanto, o terceiro algoritmo acrescenta o cálculo de um índice de conforto baseado no valor RMS da aceleração ponderada de acordo com a norma internacional ISO2631-1. Assim, o sistema permite reportar a amplitude, a posição geográfica e temporal dos eventos de aceleração, Jerk ou índice de conforto, através de um enlace sem fio ou pela leitura de um cartão de memória SD. Além de gerar um relatório, estes eventos são mostrados em um mapa por meio de um instrumento virtual desenvolvido na plataforma LabVIEW¿. A análise das informações geradas permite identificar espacialmente a distribuição dos eventos, facilitando a tomada de ações preventivas ou corretivas, por parte das empresas de transporte e/ou prefeituras, que melhorem o conforto do usuário deste meio de transporte / Abstract: This work describes the development and the implementation of an embedded measurement system, which aim is the comfort assessment in public transportation vehicles. The hardware is based on tri-axial accelerometers and a global positioning system (GPS). Also, for this system were specially developed three algorithms, which were implemented to evaluate the comfort. The first algorithm is based on the detection of acceleration's peaks over threshold values produced by reckless driving, holes, speed bumps or others defects. The second one adds the detection of acceleration changes (Jerk) peaks over 0.4m/s3; whereas, the third one adds the RMS measurement from frequency-weighted accelerations according to the international standard ISO2631-1. Using a wireless link or an SD card, the system can report the magnitude, time, type and geographic position of the acceleration and jerk' events and the comfort index. Beyond to generate a report, these events are shown through a virtual instrument, developed in the LabVIEW¿ platform. The analysis of those information allows to identify, geographically, the event's distribution. Hence, it is easier to make preventive or corrective actions to improve the comfort / Mestrado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Ph.D. (Energy Studies) / The purpose of this research was to assess the influences of transport infrastructure on urban development and mobility in emerging megacities. The method is demonstrated using the Gauteng City-Region as a case study. The main criteria were to assess how past urban growth patterns have been influenced by the established transport infrastructure, to assess the transport energy implications of past trends and on this basis, develop land-use/transport scenarios that optimise space, transport accessibility and energy. The procedure involved a time-series analysis of Landsat satellite-derived land-use change at three decadal intervals (1991, 2001 and 2009), spatial analysis of corridor (ribbon/linear) development using a series of urban growth maps in conjunction with transport infrastructure, estimation of the transport energy implications of current and past urban structures and the development of possible urban land-use/transport scenarios. The land-use change and urban growth trends analysis was based on a method combining land-use/cover mapping of Landsat5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) satellite imagery, supervised classification and post-classification. Effects of transport infrastructure on land-use development were assessed by analysing urban growth densities within buffer zones of major roads and railway stations, at 0.5 km intervals. To estimate the transport energy implications of current and past urban structures, satellite imagery derived urban growth data are combined with products of the Gauteng Transportation Study 2000 (GTS 2000) model developed on the EMME/2™ platform. Future land-use/transport scenarios are developed within the framework of critiqued urban growth models, success and failures stories in other city-regions, policy positions of the three spheres of Government and preceding results of this study...

M.Ing. (Engineering Management) / Commuter rail in South Africa faces many challenges as a result of a long history of inadequate investment in rail rolling stock, infrastructure, operations as well as the loss of appropriate managerial and technical (engineering) skills within the industry. Over time, commuter rail services have continued to fail to respond adequately to the changing passenger demands. On the other hand mobility has undergone constant change in terms of both population growth and spatial patterns. For an effective and viable country, the transport infrastructure and operations have to respond to this continual process of change. From the transport context, South Africa is still haunted by its poor transport legacies of the past, which emerged mainly as a result of dysfunctional institutions. The dysfunctional institutional arrangements have resulted in poor accountability in the provision of public transport services, which were found to be largely disempowering. Government‘s socio-economic and transport policies could not be supported adequately by such institutional arrangements. As South Africa embarks on a journey of turning its public transport system around, the challenges for public transport are to simultaneously transform through meaningful integration, whilst at the same time enhancing capacity through upgrading and modernization in order to meet long-term needs of the economy. This research focuses on the impacts of urbanization, commuter rail network and planning interventions aimed at an integrated public transport solution. Firstly, the research investigates the impact of urbanization in relation to public transport and in addressing the ongoing challenge of rapid growth and thereby perpetuating social, economic and spatial inequalities. Secondly, there is a disjuncture between legislation and implementation that the research investigates. Thirdly, the study investigates the connectedness of Gauteng in relation to economic opportunities, social facilities and amenities. It aims to explore the extent of integration of Gauteng institutionally, spatially and socio-economically. The study concludes that transportation is the single most important factor in shaping the economy. Transportation should therefore be highlighted in the spatial development planning framework and processes in Gauteng. The key in addressing the impact of urban rapid growth on commuter rail is managing land use and transport networks in such a way that the highest level of access to services and employment opportunities are maintained.

A great deal of planning literature in the last decade has been devoted to growth management and the concept of land use and transportation interactions. "New" approaches to planning, such as Transit Oriented Development (TOD) and Neo-Traditional Neighbourhood Design, are products of this evaluation of current development practices. The influence of housing affordability and accessibility, although intuitively related to the growth management problems of urban sprawl and automobile dependence, has often been overlooked. The purpose of this research is to bridge important gaps in our understanding of how residential land use and transportation infrastructure investments are shaping unsustainable growth and travel patterns in the GVRD, which is the main problem being addressed. The research objectives related to this problem are the correlation of observed trends in growth, housing and travel indicators, the determination of the importance of price and accessibility factors in household location decisions, and the analysis of the role that land use and transportation decisions have played in influencing housing costs and accessibility. To provide a context for understanding the scope of the problem and the relationships between the research results and proposed recommendations, the applicable literature, theory, and policies in the areas of growth management, land use, transportation and housing are given. Supporting research results include: a survey of senior stakeholders in the region on land use, transportation and housing issues; a synthesis of significant socioeconomic, growth, transportation and housing data; a summary of surveys outlining preferences for residential location and housing type; and an analysis of Place of Work data crosstabulated against Place of Residence and socioeconomic variables. The results show a strong dependency between location decisions and the cost and accessibility of housing, particularly for the critical group of younger households with children. Policy recommendations, based on the research and covering land use, transportation, housing, governance and education, are proposed to address the main sustainability problems studied. The recommendations focus on promoting affordable, higher density communities, with a choice of transportation modes, as an attractive alternative to lower density, automobile-dependent suburbs. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis describes the work done on the first phase of the implementation of an Automatic Passenger Counting (APC) system at the Roanoke Valley-Metro transit property. The primary objective of the first phase of this project was to create a software program to decode, edit, analyze and store the data from the APC. The second phase of the project will make reports by aggregating data from the work done in the first phase. The basis for efficient management of operations in transit properties is having accurate and reliable information on transit ridership, fare revenue, and schedule adherence for individual routes and for the transit system as a whole. Data from passenger counts are used to identify peak load points and quantify service demands. Fare revenue data are needed to analyze the systems productivity, and the time checks are essential to monitor and control the scheduling activities. The actual data collection efforts at Valley-Metro have proven to be obsolete, unreliable and very expensive. The new APC system offers the management at Valley-Metro with a new and powerful tool that will enhance their capability to make better decisions when allocating the service needs. / M.S.

Recent population estimates from 2018 have placed Delhi as the second most populous urban agglomeration, and it is set to become the most populous urban area by 2030 in the world. The region’s expansion is far from complete. The visible growth in the last decades is intuitively experienced by the city’s inhabitants and commuters who travel from nearby areas in the form of congestion. Also, in the last two decades, the growth of Metro Rail network has been a part of that visible expansion. At its inauguration in 2002, it symbolized a solution for easing the congestion of vehicles on Delhi’s roads, and it demonstrated the possibility of implementing a transportation system in India comparable to those in other rapidly growing economies. Since then, Delhi Metro Rail (DMR) has expanded to a network length of 389 kilometers with 285 stations. A larger legacy of DMR is in spurring similar projects in other Indian cities. Prior research examining the impact of DMR has speculated that its development strategy may have triggered new ways of deriving value from land and property markets and played a role in neighborhood transformation processes. Are these speculations about land use and property change indeed correlated with the rapid development of transit systems? Furthermore, are these impacts similarly seen in all parts of DMR's network?This dissertation empirically examines the magnitude of urban changes in the context of new transit development with a well-founded understanding that the announcement and construction of the new transportation systems are two critical junctures to understanding the process of spatial fragmentation and neighborhood transformation in emerging mega-urban regions. The research questions considered are: RQ1. How did various actors and decisions shape the trajectories of urban transportation development in Delhi? What is the role of Metro Rail development in producing a World-Class city? RQ2. How has the land cover and land use changed in the past two decades? What prominent patterns of land transformations can be seen from urbanization phenomena? RQ3. How do transportation and land development change land markets? What are the effects of proximity and access? In this study, I use a spatial and temporal approach to investigate the transportation-land connection framed around the development trajectory of DMR. I utilize multiple techniques, including remote sensing classification, data analysis and analysis of historical materials, and land market analysis to understand the making of this urban agglomeration. The main findings are as follows: First, the impact of transportation development is mixed. Peripheral cities have seen more land transformation due to metro rail development than the core (Delhi -NCT). Second, due to the ease of access to the land, cities in the study area have expanded horizontally outwards. Land built or absorbed in the urban boundaries has been derived from agricultural land holdings. Thus, the question of access needs to be revisited. Lastly, masterplans and State actors play a critical role in the land transformation process. Together, they have shaped the land use configurations in Delhi and its peripheries. This study contributes to the broader understanding of the process of transportation-led urbanization and the more-than-accessibility impact of metro-rail systems in shaping land systems. Findings from this study will be useful to understand the impact of mass rail transit systems, developed in the style of DMR, on other urban geographies in India. / Geography

The advent of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and smart cities, powered by sensors and cyber-physical systems, has transformed urban mobility planning through data-driven approaches. Advances in communication technologies enable the collection of large-scale mobility data, offering valuable insights into mobility patterns within urban road networks. Key sources of this data, such as vehicular travel durations and driver trajectory behaviors, are crucial for understanding the dynamics of traffic flow and drivers' interactions with urban road systems. This dissertation presents geospatial probabilistic machine learning models designed to capture spatiotemporal and contextual properties of vehicular mobility patterns in urban environments. It further emphasizes how these insights can address operational challenges, particularly in emergency response systems, where ambulances interact closely with urban road networks. Optimizing decision-making in such systems is intricately linked to efficient navigation, accurate travel duration prediction, and effective routing, all of which are deeply tied to understanding mobility patterns and dynamics. By its stochastic nature, mobility data is inherently uncertain, dynamic, sparse, and noisy, influenced by diverse spatiotemporal and exogenous factors. Probabilistic models are particularly well-suited for addressing these challenges, as they effectively handle uncertainty, variability, and noise, and their extensions, in the right way, are capable of handling sparse information and dynamic conditions. This dissertation focuses on probabilistic models, emphasizing their robustness and ability to generalize to new scenarios and cities, making them a powerful tool for effectively learning urban mobility dynamics and enhancing transportation systems' resilience and sustainability.