Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O rural, atualmente, configura-se como uma dimensão alvo de profundas controvérsias e debates. Argumenta-se que a caracterização daquilo que seria considerado rural estruturou-se num raciocínio antagônico à vida urbana, muitas vezes resumida ao cotidiano da cidade e à lógica capitalista. Esta dissertação objetiva discutir a complexidade do termo rural, ressaltando sua natureza multifacetada. Para tanto, baseamo-nos, além de um amplo e necessário levantamento bibliográfico, em diversos trabalhos de campo. Tais incursões foram realizadas ao longo de minha trajetória acadêmica, com realização de campos em praticamente todas as Regiões de Governo do estado do Rio de Janeiro, com especial ênfase nas Regiões Norte Fluminense, Serrana e Médio Paraíba. Ao tratarmos das principais vertentes que trabalham a questão das transformações em processo nos espaços rurais, constatamos uma crescente abordagem territorial trazida em muitos estudos. Na tentativa de se buscar alternativas à superada dicotomia rural/urbano, empenhamo-nos na produção de uma linha de análise geográfica à questão. É nesse viés que este trabalho se direciona, buscando demonstrar toda a complexidade existente no território fluminense, num esforço de trazer alguma contribuição sobre os estudos dedicados à questão rural. / The rural, currently, is configured as a dimension of deep controversy and discussion. One argues that characterization of that it would be considered rural was structuralized in na antagonistic reasoning to the urban life, many times summarized to the daily one of the city and the capitalist logic. This study aims to argue the complexity of the rural term, standing out its multifaceted nature. We are based, beyond an ample and necessary bibliographical survey, in diverse incursions to the studied area. Such incursions had been carried through my academic trajectory in practically all the Regions of Government of the Rio de Janeiro state, with special emphasis in the Norte Fluminense, Serrana and Médio Paraíba Regions. When dealing with the main sources that work the rural spaces changes, we evidence the territorial boarding increase in many studies. Searching alternatives to the surpassed rural/urban dichotomy, we pledge in the production of a geographic analysis to the question. This research will contribute to demonstrate all the territorial complexity in Rio de Janeiro state in an effort to collaborate on the studies of the rural question.

Levantamento e análise de uma Vila Operária de 1924 da cidade de Salto, Estado de São Paulo. Demonstração dos elementos de composição da implantação identificando os modelos de urbanização vinculados a correntes ideológicas e da arquitetura da época de construção da Vila Operária Brasital. Análise de modelos de urbanização da cidade industrial através do desenho identificando os elementos de urbanização, semelhanças e dessemelhanças. A unidade de vizinhança como elemento estruturador da cidade e a necessidade de seu dimensionamento. O Direito de Parcelar. / Survey and analysis of a vila (group of similar houses) built for industrial workers in the city of Salto, State of São Paulo. Demonstration of the composition elements of implementation related to ideological and architectural trends at the time of construction of the Vila Operária Brasital. Analysis of industrial citys urbanization models through drawings, identifying the urbanization elements, similarities and dissimilarities. The neighborhood unit as the citys structural element and the need to size it up. The Right of Land Split.

A estruturação urbana da Região Metropolitana de Belém (RMB) é estritamente relacionada à sua rede hídrica. A várzea dos rios e igarapés da região conforma um território classificado como baixada, conceituado por condicionantes físicas (cotas altimétricas suscetíveis à inundação) e socioeconômicas do sítio referentes ao perfil da população residente. Sob o contexto de desigualdades estruturais no país, observadas na concentração de renda e benefícios, incluindo o acesso à terra, as baixadas são a expressão local para favelas que se formaram como a alternativa viável para moradia da população migrante que se estabeleceu na capital entre os anos 1950 e 1970. A omissão do Estado na provisão de habitação de interesse social e de infraestrutura urbana básica, aliada a um padrão de rendimentos baixos fazem com que a RMB figure entre as metrópoles mais precárias do país. Dados censitários de 2010 a classificam como a metrópole brasileira com maior percentual de população vivendo em aglomerados subnormais (53,9%). Por outro lado, nos últimos 10 anos, houve uma inédita e vultosa provisão de investimentos para o desenvolvimento urbano da RMB, por meio do incentivo federal dado pelo Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC), em eixos voltados para a Urbanização de Assentamentos Precários e para a provisão de Saneamento Básico nas áreas de baixadas. Esta pesquisa pretende analisar, à luz da morfologia urbana e de conceitos compreensivos de soluções de drenagem, as seguintes intervenções do PAC em desenvolvimento em Belém: a Macrodrenagem e Urbanização da Bacia da Estrada Nova e a Urbanização da Comunidade Taboquinha. Busca-se identificar quais as alterações físico-urbanísticas previstas e qual padrão de soluções sanitárias e ambientais dado aos igarapés e canais das áreas em questão. Isso porque intervenções desta natureza na cidade partem, historicamente, de um padrão conservador e sanitarista que não alcança as melhorias pretendidas com projetos de urbanização de favelas. Pretende-se, portanto, contribuir na discussão sobre os modelos de intervenção desenvolvidos pelo PAC, identificando os avanços e limites que o programa apresenta para RMB. / The Metropolitan Region of Belém (RMB) urban structure is strictly related to its water bodies and hydrologic network. The rivers and streams floodplains in the region conforms a territory classified as lowlands, conceptualized by its physical (elevations susceptible to flooding) and socioeconomic constrains concerning the resident population profile. In the context of structural inequalities in the country, observed in the concentration of income and benefits, including access to land, lowlands are the slums local expression that were formed as a viable housing alternative to migrants who settled in the capital between 1950s and 1970s. The State\'s omission in providing social interest housing and basic urban infrastructure, combined with a low incomes standard means that the RMB is among the poorer cities in the country. This Brazilian city is classified by the 2010 census data as with the highest percentage of population living in subnormal settlements (53.9%). On the other hand, in the last 10 years there has been an unprecedented and massive provision of investments for RMB urban development, through federal incentive given by the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC), in axes focused on the Urbanization of Slums and for sanitation provision in the lowland areas. This research aims to examine, in the light of urban morphology and comprehensive concepts of drainage solutions, the following in progress interventions of PAC in Belém: the Macrodrainage and Urbanization of Estrada Nova Bacin and the Urbanization of Taboquinha Community. The aim is to identify the physical and urban expected changes and what standard of basic sanitation and environmental solutions is given to streams and drainage channels in question. That\'s because interventions of this nature in the city depart, historically, from a conservative and sanitary standard that does not reach the intended improvements in slums urbanization projects. It is intended, therefore, to contribute in the discussion of intervention models developed by the PAC and to identify the advances and limitations that the program provides for RMB.

Em 1944, Macapá foi transformada na capital do recém-criado Território Federal do Amapá. Nos vinte anos seguintes, as obras realizadas nesta cidade, a fim de modernizá-la, ensejaram que aí ocorresse um boom populacional. Milhares de migrantes paraenses e nordestinos formaram rapidamente grandes bairros. Estes novos assentamentos não eram assistidos pelos serviços públicos. Moradias e empregos eram insuficientes. Insuficiente era também o fornecimento de gêneros alimentícios. A carestia tornava a sobrevivência um enorme desafio para os mais pobres. O súbito crescimento demográfico, os obstáculos criados pela Segunda Guerra Mundial e a defesa governamental das margens de lucro das classes proprietárias fizeram tal problema ganhar proporções muito dramáticas. Dentro deste quadro de insegurança estrutural, os trabalhadores criaram uma série de táticas para sobreviver. Nosso estudo consiste, fundamentalmente, num inventário de tais táticas e num esforço para compreendê-las como combinações de elementos oriundos da tradição e da improvisação. Estas táticas tinham como base uma sociabilidade caracterizada principalmente pela solidariedade horizontal. / On 1944, Macapá was transformed in Federal Territory Amapás capital. On the next twenty years, buildings realized to get modern this city induced a demographic boom. Thousands migrators composed new quarters, where they didnt have public services. Homes end employments were insufficient. Alimentary provision was insufficient too. High prices challenged the poor survival. Sudden demographic boom, obstacles created by Word War II and government defense of the proprietary gain aggravated this problem. To face this structural insecurity context, workers created many survival tactics. Doing a wide inventory of this tactics is our aim. This tactics combine tradition and improvised actions and they were based on horizontal solidarity.

Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS) / Following Bryceson's article, 'De-agrarianisation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Acknowledging the Inevitable', and other related writings in the volume Farewell to Farms, rural development has become a contested academic and policy domain. One side of the debate is characterized by 'agrarian optimism', mirrored in various state policies and advice from the World Bank; the other side is typified by the de-agrarianisation thesis, which is sceptical regarding the agrarian path to rural development, because it doesn't accord with dominant trends. The main reasons given for the trend of de-agrarianisation are: unfavourable climatic trends, economic adjustments, and population growth. While the de-agrarianisation thesis seems to be a sensible proposition, it has failed to attract many disciples, evidenced by the continuation of current policy directions towards the agrarian optimistic path. The purpose of this study was to assess the applicability of the de-agrarianisation thesis in the Gokwe-Kabiyuni area of Zimbabwe, during a time when the nation went through climatic, economic and political crises. The idea was to assess the influence of such an environment to smallholder farmers in terms of livelihood strategies by observing trends in climate, education, occupation, and crop yields over the period. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to establish whether the de-agrarianisation process can be noted in two villages over the period 1990-2008. A comparative analysis of the experiences of smallholder farmers in these two villages revealed the existence of a cultivation culture and differential agrarian resilience depending on natural resource endowment and levels of infrastructural development, notwithstanding the involvement of the villagers in non-farm activities to diversify their livelihood portfolios. / South Africa

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / There is a realisation that urbanisation has overstretched the ability and efforts of central governments to serve from the centre, thus, giving rise to the search for a robust decentralisation policy that vests urban local governments with some level of autonomy.1 It is in this context that decentralisation has become critical in order to sufficiently respond to the varied service delivery challenges brought about by increasing urbanisation. However, all efforts to capacitate urban councils through the process of decentralisation are futile if the urban local governments lack the necessary financial means to fulfil their responsibilities. / South Africa

Urbanization as it affects the developing countries is one of the critical problems facing Jamaica today. The major urban centre, Kingston, is unable to cope with the many and varied problems introduced by the increasing number of people who are migrating from rural areas with the hope of finding a "better life" in the big city. However, its unhealthy magnetic power persists, draining the other areas of the country of the better educated, more ambitious, wealthier, as well as the less fortunate people, leaving these areas little developed and depriving the country as a whole of some of the greater social and economic potentials. The quest for a livelihood among Jamaicans, having commenced from as early as the 1380's, also encouraged significant portions of the population to migrate to foreign countries in search of employment even from such early times. Studies show that even this emigration has been largely unsuccessful. Although the migrants may realize a regular (though small) money income at their destinations they often fail miserably to be desirably absorbed in the social and economic structures of the various societies to which they migrate - they have even descended steeply from the social status which they enjoyed at home. On the basis of the above, It is contended that if Jamaica is to achieve its goals of social and economic stability, the full national inventory of human and natural resources has to be mobilized into a process of regional development. A new process of urbanization is necessary, that is, an "ordered, guided, and purposeful" approach to this phenomenon. The fundamental needs for which the population is in constant search namely: social and economic security, and the full range of services and amenities are more feasibly provided at the urban level, therefore, any development contemplated should take place in urban areas. Puerto Rico has successfully demonstrated that an acute population and urbanization problem, can be resolved by a determination to resolve it, and by careful planning. To achieve a balanced distribution of the population in Jamaica and an equitable distribution of the social services and the wealth, all areas of the island should be included In the new urbanization process. The urban areas, in order to produce aggregate efficiency should be coordinated within regional systems. Investigation of alternative regional systems of communities including the primate city hierarchy, the central place system, and the multi-nucleated system indicates that all exhibit characteristics of incompatibility with the island and would have to be subject to modifications in order to be adopted. Other determinants of location were investigated Including theories of industrial location, transportation, incidence of natural resources, occurrence of existing urban centres, and the surface configuration of the island. It is, concluded that the urban centres displaying certain potentials conducive to industrial-location (industrialization is the chosen mode for development) are to be selected for development along with other areas which the government should provide with the Industrial climate. With respect to development implementation, planning and development are considered more effective if executed at the regional level. There is a tendency for national planning to neglect the small urban centre, while planning at the local level poses severe administrative problems as well as the probability of gross aggregate inefficiency introduced by the potential rivalry between various local units. Planning and development are also deemed more effective if situated close to the source of power. The Prime Minister's office seems to be the most suitable arm of government to which this should be attached. In order to avoid the inflexibilities of the civil service which retards efficiency, it is suggested that a Jamaica Development Corporation should be formed. This is to be an autonomous body created by and accountable to the Prime Minister and charged with the function of identifying regional needs and executing regional planning and development techniques in the best interest of the country. The Corporation could be realized through a merger of the present Jamaica Industrial Development Corporation and the Jamaica Town Planning Department which should toe dissolved after its tasks are accomplished and proper provision is made for constant review. The hypothesis of the study is considered to toe generally valid. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Since the initialization of economic reforms in 1978, China has undergone significant urbanization and modernization at an increasingly rapid pace, with the national urbanization rate increasing from 17.9% in 1978 to 57.4% in 2016. An increasingly significant portion of China’s population is integrating itself into thriving urbanized areas. Though amounting to only 8.5% of the nation’s total population (1.5 billion), China’s ethnic minority population remains considerable in number. In the future, by adopting the National New-Type Urbanization Plan in 2014, China’s urbanization is expected to evolve into a more human-oriented process, as the plan ambitiously aims to increase the urban population by another 200 million, most of which will consist of Chinese ethnic minorities. It is hoped that this increase will boost the urbanization rate among Chinese ethnic minorities. The gaps within existing literature and the practicality of improving the inclusivity of the urban minority population in the urbanization process legitimize the development of a comprehensive and retrospective study of the evolution of spatial-temporal dynamics of the distribution of Chinese ethnic groups with a Chinese urbanization perspective on a national scale. Based on national census data from 1990, 2000, and 2010, this study adopts the Standard Deviational Ellipse as a distributional trend measurement of minorities in urban China and determines four major new features of the distribution of the Chinese ethnic minorities over the last twenty-years in China’s urbanization context. First, a three-stage peripheral-to-core transition pattern was observed. Second, it is observed that there is an escalating decline of the urban minority population in the central region of China, particularly since 2000. Third, national-level city agglomerations located in the eastern region of China have begun to play leading roles in minority urbanization, particularly those located in the Yangtze and Pearl River Delta. Fourth, in both China’s west region and its autonomous areas, as continuous beneficiaries of supportive policies, metropolises, such as provincial capitals, have been shaped into important regional minority population concentrations. This study also allows for a better insight of Chinese urbanization processes and their inter/intra-relating mechanisms in ethnic minority areas. Finally, this study’s findings provide insightful and detailed information for scholars, policy and, ultimately, decisionmakers, to improve the process for sustainable and inclusive urbanization in China.

This thesis describes the change in the pattern of service centres in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia at various periods during a century of European occupance. The study of settlement evolution in this region involves an examination of hierarchical change as indicated by variations in postal revenue. The attempt to focus both in time and space is one of the inherent difficulties in any dynamic study of the urban hierarchy, for it presents a basic problem in establishing an adequate and readily available index of centrality. Tertiary revenue would provide the best index, but it is neither available for the smaller centres nor through time. These disadvantages are not apparent in postal revenue which closely correlates with tertiary revenue. It is inferred that postal revenue reflects the tertiary activity of the great majority of service centres in British Columbia. Since the end of the nineteenth century the North American post office, with its low condition of entry, has been an essential part of all except some of the lowest order centres. Postal revenue data is available,throughout Canada, from Confederation onwards, but it presents some problems of utilization as dollar values change through time. The suggested method of expressing the revenue for each given year as a percentage of that for an areal unit is illustrated by its application to the Lower Mainland. However, while the Lower Mainland can be thought of as a physical entity, it must be considered as being part of a larger functional region which changes both functionally and areally. The province has been taken as the continuing functional unit. The idea would seem to be supported by the graphic analysis. The whole period, from 1858 to 1961, has been broken down into five eras, in each of which a common means of transport has predominated. The first era up to 1880 covers the years of initial exploitation and settlement of the region by Europeans, a period when water transport predominated. The second era (1881-1900) is a period of transition from water to rail: the first trans-continental railway merely duplicated the existing water facilities, but its construction encouraged a rapid expansion of settlement even before it actually opened. The turn of the century heralded a decade of feverish rail-way construction, culminating with the opening of the second trans-continental railway in 1915. The railway era ends with the close of hostilities in 1918, and the following era embraces the inter-war years, a period of transition from rail to road. The final era commences in 1940 for, although the steam railway and electric interurban assumed a new lease of life during the war, it was merely a temporary resurgence and road transport was soon predominant. The wartime incentive spurred a tremendous growth of the regional economy, a growth which has continued, somewhat sporadically, up to the present. Throughout the century, settlement change reflects the changes in the economy and transport facilities in the Lower Mainland. The economy of the region has passed from primary exploitation to that of a metropolitan complex with a growing secondary component. The Vancouver area has formed a distinct economic unit within the regions since the arrival of the railway in 1886. The growing functional concentration on the city led to the attainment of metropolitan status by the end of the first decade of the twentieth century. This attainment was expressed in the physical as well as the functional growth of the city: by 1910 it possessed over 30% of the provincial population and greater than 40% of the tertiary activity, more than double the proportions of a decade earlier. The interaction between the metropolis and the smaller centres, with the metropolis playing the dominant role, has given rise to the present urban hierarchy. The settlement pattern has varied from discrete and independent settlements, during the phase of primary exploitation, to a metropolitan-dominated complex. The discrete pattern changed to an increasingly depends hierarchy following the growth of Vancouver and New Westminster as market and distribution centres. The growth of these centres linked them into a common metropolitan area, while the external expansion of this area has resulted in the functional and physical domination of most of the region by the metropolis: a trend that has resulted in the supplanting of the central place hierarchy by an inter-urban complex. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Rural observers of the acceleration in Ontario's urbanization witnessed, in the years before the Great War, both the concentration of industry in urban areas and the spread of communications and technological advances from the towns to the surrounding countryside. All sections of rural society, however, recognized that to them, the drift of population from the rural concession lines to the cities formed urbanization's most important aspect. Debate generated by increasing urban dominance centred around this depopulation of the countryside as the rural inhabitants tried to explain and to solve 'The Problem.' A split over the issue of depopulation developed in the ranks of the vocal section of the rural opinion-makers. One group, led by W. L. Smith of The Weekly Sun, H. B. Cowan of Farm and Dairy and W. C. Good of the Grange, registered increasing alarm at the continual seepage of the rural population into the towns. To them, depopulation placed a series of challenges before rural society. As migration proceeded, they perceived that farmers lost their philosophy of life, Canadian democracy and political morality was threatened and rural social life ruined. Blame for the economic uncertainty facing Ontario agriculture could to a great extent be laid at the feet of the diminished numbers working the farms. A second group, however, comprising the Ontario Department of Agriculture, the staffs of The Canadian Countryman and The Farmer's Magazine, declined to espouse this complete pessimism. In addition to the less beneficial results of depopulation, the latter group viewed the rationalization of land usage, the consolidation of the schools and churches as well as the modernization of rural social attitudes and practices as advantages ultimately accruing to the rural population by reason of their diminishing numbers. ‘The Problem’ resulted in much heart-searching among these two affected groups who spent much of their time and energy determining possible origins and their solutions. In their reappraisal of the purpose of the rural family school, church and newspapers, both groups agreed that these institutions could provide valuable aid in stopping the population lead from the countryside. By reforming these basic foundations, traditional agrarian values would be reaffirmed and deficiencies in urban life highlighted. Lack of social amenities became, in the eyes of rural observers, a cause of outmigration which could be remedied by bringing to the countryside the urban telephones, electricity and running water which exercised such an attraction for rural folk. Increasing profit by improving agricultural methods gained popular approval by the farm press as a means of arresting the cityward trek. All these causes and remedies were generally endorsed by the Good-Drury faction and the Farmer’s Magazine-Canadian Countryman group . The former held, contrary to the latter, that these reasons were not sufficient explanations of all factors underlying depopulation. This more radical group believed that solving these issues alone would not stop depopulation. In fact, some of the Good-Drury followers pointed out that adoption of many of these urban-developed mechanical devices and cosmopolitan social outlook would only modify traditional rural society beyond recognition. Rural life as a copy of urban life style could be but a pale and unsatisfactory imitation. In addition to promoting unique social institutions for rural areas, the Good-Drury 'radicals' extended their economic arguments farther than the more adaptive group were prepared to follow. Depopulation, the radicals averred, resulted mainly from economic inequities perpetrated by the control over the system of distribution exercised by urban bankers, railroaders, manufacturers and land speculators. These men, by controlling the political system and instituting devices such as the tariff, raised their own and lowered the farmers' profits. Specifically, the radical farmers proposed lowering tariffs and stricter control over land-sale profits and railroads in order to check urban exploitation of the countryside. They recognized, however, that a general solution could only completely end depopulation and economic serfdom if rural voters united and captured control of the political system. Throughout the years prior to the Great War, both the 'radicals' and the 'adaptors' gained adherents among the rural population in numbers large enough to maintain an equilibrium. A rural political revolt against urban domination did not succeed, but agitation to reform the system of distribution continued. Only the pressures of the Great War and the organization of the United Farmers of Ontario finally caused depopulation to dethrone the provincial government in 1919. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate