Introdução: O carcinoma urotelial de bexiga (CUB) é o segundo tumor mais frequente do trato urinário. A perda da função do p53 é a alteração mais conhecida do carcinoma urotelial de alto grau invasivo. Prima-1 é uma pequena molécula, a qual restaura a função do p53 mutado promovendo a morte celular em vários tipos celulares. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi analisar o efeito do Prima-1 na indução da apoptose mediada por p53 após indução do dano ao DNA em linhagens de CUB. Material e métodos: O mecanismo de ação do Prima-1 foi avaliado em duas linhagens celulares de câncer de bexiga, T24 que tem como característica a mutação do p53 e RT4 que possui p53 intacto. Características morfológicas da apoptose, alterações no potencial de membrana mitocondrial e análise da expressão de treze genes envolvidos na apoptose mediada por p53 foram avaliados através de observação microscópica e reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real quantitativa (qRT-PCR). Resultados: Prima-1 foi capaz de reativar a função da P53 na linhagem de câncer de bexiga com p53 mt, promovendo a apoptose através da expressão de Bax e Puma, ativação da cascata das caspases e ruptura da membrana mitocondrial, independente de Bax, na linhagem celular T24 (p53 mt). Conclusão: Prima-1 foi capaz de restaurar a atividade transcricional de p53. Estudos experimentais in vivo poderiam ser conduzidos no intuito de testar essa molécula como um novo agente terapêutico do CUB de alto grau, invasivo, que apresenta caracteristicamente mutação de p53 / Introduction: Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is the second most common tumor of the urinary tract. Loss of p53 function is the main genetic alteration related to the development of high-grade muscle-invasive disease. Prima-1 is a small molecule that restores tumor suppressor function to mutant p53 and induces cell death in various cancer types. Our aim is to investigate the ability of Prima-1 to induce apoptosis after DNA damage in BC cancer cell lines. Material and Methods: The therapeutic effect of Prima-1 was studied in two BC cell lines, T24, characterized by p53 mutation, and RT4, with no mutation in the p53 gene. Morphological features of apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential changes and expression of thirteen genes involved in p53-induced apoptosis were assessed by microscopic observation and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) Results: Prima-1 is able to reactivate P53 function in p53-mutated bladder cancer cell line promote apoptosis through the induction of Bax and Puma expression, activating the caspase cascade and disruption of mitochondrial membrane, independent of Bak, in T24 cell line (p53 mt). Conclusion: Prima-1 is able to restore the transcriptional activity of p53. Experimental studies in vivo could be conducted in order to test this molecule as a new therapeutic agent of the urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, which characteristically presents p53 mutation

Objetivo: Identificar os principais fatores prognósticos patológicos do carcinoma urotelial tratado com cistectomia radical e linfadenectomia pélvica, analisar o impacto desses na sobrevida livre de doença (RFS), câncer específico (CSS), geral (OS) e propor um conjunto de fatores que possa prever a evolução. Métodos: Realizamos levantamento dos casos de cistectomia radical e linfadenectomia no período de 2006 a 2009 no Hospital das Clinicas da FMUSP. Correlacionamos fatores prognósticos patológicos estádio (pT), grau tumoral, presença de metástase linfática (pN), invasão linfovascular (LVI), perineural (PNI) e presença de CIS com RFS, CSS e OS. Consideramos significante quando p > 0,05. Resultados: Avaliamos 128 casos que obedeceram aos critérios sendo 20 (15,6%) femininos e 108 (84,4%) masculinos, idades variando de 41 a 84 anos e média de 67 anos. Constatamos associação de recidiva com estádio >pT2 (p=0,032) e pN+ (p=0,003). Os fatores estádio >pT2 (p=0,001), pN+ (p=0,034) LVI+ (p=0,038), e PNI+ (p=0,024) tiveram associação com óbito pela doença e a morte geral com estádio >pT2 (p=0,001), pN+ (p=0,038) e PNI+ (p=0,01). A análise multivariada demonstrou que apenas estádio >pT2 e pN+ são os fatores prognósticos independentes na RFS, CSS e OS. Conclusão: A análise dos fatores patológicos após cistectomia radical e linfadenectomia demonstrou que estádio >pT2 e pN+ são os fatores prognósticos mais importantes no CaB / Objective: To identify the most important pathologic prognostic factors for urothelial bladder cancer treated by cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy, analyze the impact of these on recurrence and mortality and suggest a group of factors that can predict the outcome after surgery. Method: We review all radical cystectomy and lymphadenectomy cases at the Clinical Hospital of São Paulo Medical School from 2006 to 2009. We correlate the following pathologic prognostic factors tumor stage (pT), tumor grade, lymphonodal metastasis (pN), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), perineural invasion (PNI), presence of CIS with RFS, CSS and OS. We considered a significant association p<0.05. Results: We selected 128 cases for this study. There were 20 (15.6%) females and 108 (84.4%) males, ages ranging from 41 years to 84 years and an average 67 years old. The tumor recurrence was associated with stage >pT2 (0,032) and pN+ (p=0.003). Stage >pT2 (p=0.001), pN+ (p=0.034), LVI+ (p=0.038) and PNI+ (p=0.024) was associated with death by cancer and overall death with stage >pT2 (p=0.001), N+ (p=0.038) and PNI (p=0.01). The multivariate analysis found that only stage >pT2 and pN+ were independent prognostic variable for RFS, CSS and OS. Conclusion: The analysis of pathologic prognostic factors after radical cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy show that stage >pT2 and pN+ has strong association with RFS, CSS and OS

Orientadores: Ubirajara Ferreira, Wagner José Fávaro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T12:56:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Stopiglia_RafaelMamprin_D.pdf: 6417556 bytes, checksum: 52b7e5f09e9aa811c8597b3dbd50aae3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Em diferentes tipos de cânceres uma população muito pequena de células tem sido reconhecida como células-tronco, por apresentarem capacidade de auto-renovação e diferenciação. Para o seu mapeamento, nos tumores uroteliais, diversos marcadores de superfície celular são utilizados para caracterizar tanto células-tronco normais (CTU) quanto cancerosas (CTC), destacando-se entre eles os antígenos de superfície CD44, CD117 e CD133 e o transportador de membrana do tipo ATP Binding Cassette (ABCG2). Com relação a sinalização dos receptores toll-like (TLRs) no câncer, ainda é uma questão controvertida, pois dados conflitantes os apontam como reguladores negativos ou positivos da carcinogênese. Assim, os objetivos principais do presente estudo foram caracterizar e comparar os perfis das potenciais células-tronco uroteliais e correlacioná-los com a expressão e sinalização dos TLRs 2 e 4 no câncer da bexiga urinária. Para isso, foram selecionados tecidos de bexiga humana sem lesões uroteliais e outras com tumores não-músculo invasivos e músculo invasivos e separadas 30 (trinta) amostras obtidas de homens na faixa etária de 50 a 80 anos (média de 61 anos). Dez dessas amostras de bexiga foram provenientes de necropsia de pacientes sem diagnóstico de lesão urotelial ou doença urológica. As outras 20 amostras vesicais foram obtidas de pacientes submetidos à ressecção transuretral (RTU) e cistectomia radical. Em seguida, divididos em 3 grupos com 10 amostras cada e assim denominados: Grupo Normal, Grupo Câncer Não-Músculo Invasivo e Grupo Câncer Músculo Invasivo de bexiga. E por fim, as amostras foram processadas e submetidas às análises histopatológicas e imunohistoquímicas. Os resultados observados são os seguintes: As imunorreatividades para CD44 e CD133 foram significativamente intensas no grupo câncer músculo invasivo quando relacionadas aos demais grupos. O biomarcador ABCG2 apresentou intensa imunorreatividade nos grupos não-músculo e músculo invasivos, enquanto que no grupo normal a imunorreatividade para esse biomarcador foi ausente. Fraca imunorreatividade para o biomarcador CD117 foi verificada tanto no grupo normal quanto nos grupos não-músculo e músculo invasivos. Assim, as potenciais CTC apresentaram positividade para CD44/CD133/ABCG2 e ocorreram somente nos grupos tumores não-músculo e músculo invasivos. Com relação à caracterização das células-tronco uroteliais normais (CTU), estas foram positivas para CD44/CD133/CD117 e ocorreram com maior frequência no grupo normal em relação aos grupos não-músculo e músculo invasivos. Portanto, os 4 receptores analisados foram reconhecidos como possíveis identificadores de células tronco normais e cancerosas na bexiga. Com relação a análise dos receptores toll-like, as imunorreatividades para TLR2 e TLR4 foram significativamente reduzidas no grupo de pacientes com câncer não-músculo e músculo invasivos, sendo que a imunorreatividade para TLR2 foi ausente neste último. Assim, verificamos que no desenvolvimento dos tumores vesicais a partir de células tronco cancerosas, essas puderam ser identificadas com os marcadores propostos neste estudo e também que a expressão dos receptores TLR 2 e 4 nesta população celular foi mínima ou ausente, atuando, provavelmente, como receptores negativos na carcinogênese urotelial. Como os TLR2 e 4 provavelmente atuaram como reguladores negativos da carcinogênese urotelial pode-se concluir que possivelmente a ocorrência das CTC foi sensível ao decréscimo das imunorreatividades para os TLR2 e TLR4 / Abstract: In different cancers a very small population of cells has been recognized as stem cells , since they have the capacity for self - renewal and differentiation. For their mapping in urothelial tumors, several cell surface markers are used to characterize both normal stem cells ( CTU ) and cancer ( CTC ) , foremost among them the surface antigens CD44 , CD117 and CD133 and membrane transporter ATP Binding Cassette type ( ABCG2 ) . Relationship with the signaling of toll-like receptors ( TLRs ) in cancer is still a controversial issue because conflicting data indicate them as negative or positive regulators of carcinogenesis . Thus, the main objectives of this study were to characterize and compare the profiles of urothelial stem cells and correlates them with the expression and signaling of TLRs in cancer of the urinary bladder . Tissues of human bladder urothelial lesions and no other separate tumors with invasive and invasive non- muscle and muscle were selected thirty (30 ) samples of men aged 50-80 years (mean 61 years). Ten of these samples were derived from autopsy bladder of patients without a diagnosis of urothelial injury or urologic disease. The other 20 bladder samples were obtained from patients undergoing transurethral resection (TURP ) and radical cystectomy. After this, divided into 3 groups with 10 samples each and named as follows: Normal Group , Group Non- Muscle Invasive Cancer Group and Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer . Then, the samples were processed and subjected to histological and immunohistochemical analysis. The observed results are as follows: The imunorreatividades for CD44 and CD133 were significantly intense in group Muscle Invasive Cancer as related to the other groups. The ABCG2 biomarker groups showed intense immunoreactivity in Non- Muscle Invasive and muscle, while in the Normal group immunoreactivity was absent for that biomarker . Weak immunoreactivity for CD117 biomarker was observed both in the Normal group and the groups Non-Muscle Invasive and Muscle. Thus, CTC were positive for CD44/CD133/ABCG2 and occurred only in tumors groups Non- Muscle Invasive and Muscle. Regarding the characterization of normal urothelial stem cells ( CTU ), these were positive for CD44/CD133/CD117 and occurred more frequently in the Normal group in relation to groups and Non-Muscle Invasive Muscle. Therefore, the four receptors were analyzed for possible identifiers recognized as normal stem cells and bladder cancer . Regarding the analysis of toll-like receptors, TLR2 and TLR4 to imunorreatividades were significantly reduced in patients with Cancer and Non- Muscle Invasive Muscle, and the TLR2 immunoreactivity was absent in the latter . Thus, we see that the development of bladder tumors from stem cells cancerous, these cells could be identified with markers and also proposed that the expression of TLR receptors 2 e 4 this cell population was minimal or absent, acting probably as receptors negative in urothelial carcinogenesis. As TLR2 and 4 probably acted as negative regulators of urothelial carcinogenesis can be concluded that most likely the occurrence of the CTC was sensitive to the decrease in imunorreactivities for TLR2 and TLR4 / Doutorado / Fisiopatologia Cirúrgica / Doutor em Ciências

Introduction: This phase II trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, gefitinib, in combination with first-line chemotherapy in advanced urothelial cancer. Methods: Chemotherapy-naïve patients with advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma were randomized 1:1:1 to receive six cycles of chemotherapy (gemcitabine 1,250 mg/m 2 on days 1 and 8, and cisplatin 70 mg/m 2 on day 1 of every cycle) concomitantly with gefitinib 250 mg/day (arm A); or with sequential gefitinib (arm B); or alone (arm C). The primary endpoint was the time to progression (TTP). Results: A total of 105 patients received study treatment. Median TTP for arms A, B, and C were 6.1, 6.3, and 7.8 months, respectively. There were no significant differences between treatment arms for any outcomes measured. The most common adverse events were nausea and vomiting. Conclusion: Gefitinib in combination with chemotherapy did not improve efficacy in advanced urothelial cancer.

Le cancer de la vessie est le 9ème cancer le plus fréquent avec 435 000 nouveaux cas diagnostiqués chaque année et 165 000 décès par an dans le monde. Au diagnostic, 70-80% des cancers de la vessie sont tumeurs superficielles n’infiltrant pas le muscle vésical (TVNIM). Depuis près de 40 ans, les instillations intra-vésicales de bacille de Calmette-Guérin (BCG) sont le traitement de référence des TVNIM ayant un risque élevé de progression (T1, carcinome in situ, Ta haut grade). Malgré un traitement bien conduit, le taux de récidive est d'environ 50%, et la progression vers une tumeur infiltrant le muscle est estimé à 20%-30% dans les 5 ans. Jusqu’à 15% des patients développent des métastases de leur carcinome urothélial. Aujourd’hui, aucun biomarqueur ne permet de prédire la réponse au BCG, ni l’évolution métastatique de la maladie. La cystectomie totale reste le traitement de référence en cas de non-réponse au BCG. Plusieurs essais cliniques évaluent des traitements immuno-modulateurs ciblant les points de contrôle immunitaires PD1, PD-L1 en 2° ligne de traitement après échec du BCG. Les instillations endo-vésicales d’adénovirus recombinant, de virus oncolytique ou d'agoniste de la voie STING sont des stratégies thérapeutiques en cours d'évaluation. L'objectif de ce travail était d'étudier les mécanismes de résistance intrinsèques des cellules tumorales exposées au BCG afin d'identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. / Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease that displays invasive and non-invasive histological features, and a wide spectrum of molecular alterations and subtypes. Treatment of non-invasive tumors with high-risk features (carcinoma in situ, high-grade Ta, T1) includes trans-urethral resection of the tumor, followed by intravesical instillations of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Despite a multitude of evidence for anti-tumor efficacy, 50% of patients with high-risk NMIBC develop tumor recurrence and 20-30% disease progression. Ultimately, 10-15% of patients die of metastatic disease. New therapeutic strategies are currently in clinical development to treat BCG-unresponsive tumors including antagonistic antibodies directed against the T-cell immune checkpoints PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4, but also recombinant adenovirus interferon α (Ad-IFNα/Syn3), oncolytic virus and STING agonists. Although recent studies have identified potential immune parameters that could impact clinical response, mechanisms of tumor resistance to BCG immunotherapy remain poorly understood. Additionally, tumor heterogeneity and plasticity of cancer cells undermine our attempts to precise dynamics of immune escape under selective pressure. How cancer cells evade to the anti-tumor immune response, and whether cancer cells acquire intrinsic undesirable characteristics upon BCG exposure remain unknown. Altogether, this highlights the crucial need to better understand the mechanisms of tumor resistance that occur during BCG immunotherapy in order to identify new targetable pathways and treatment strategies.

No description available.

Als viert häufigste Karzinomerkrankung bei Männern und zwölft häufigste bei Frauen in Deutschland ist das BCa weitverbreitet in der Gesellschaft. Dies macht die Erforschung der komplexen, molekularen Mechanismen und die Entwicklung individualisierter Therapiestrategien notwendig. Neben externen Umwelteinflüssen wie der Konsum von Tabak, die Exposition von Chemikalien und chronische Entzündungen spielen auch genetische und molekulare Aberrationen eine relevante Rolle in der Tumorinitiation. Zu den molekularen Aberrationen gehört unter anderem die Dysregulation der miRNA-vermittelten RNA-Interferenz. Interessant für diese Arbeit waren die beiden Moleküle NRP2 und VEGFC, welchen in diversen Tumorentitäten eine onkogene Wirkung zugeschrieben wurde und welche bei vermehrter Expression die Tumorentstehung, -progression und Metastasierung über die Tumor-assoziierte Lymphangiogenese fördern. Um die Rolle von NRP2 und VEGFC im BCa näher zu untersuchen, wurden die Expressionen und die Korrelationen dieser und potentiell interagierender miRNAs in BCa- Geweben mittels in silico-Verfahren und in BCa-Zelllinien mittels qPCR-Analysen näher untersucht. Zur weiteren Analyse wurden anschließend auch die Expressionen und Korrelationen alternativer Targetgene und Hostgene sowie gemeinsame Signalwege von vier ausgewählten miRNAs evaluiert. In den in silico- und qPCR-Analysen zeigten sich NRP2 und VEGFC in den BCa-Geweben und -Zelllinien verglichen zu den gesunden Urothelgeweben und Zelllinien niedriger exprimiert. Diese Ergebnisse stehen im Widerspruch zu der Annahme, dass eine verstärkte Expression beider Targetgene mit der Tumorinitiation einhergeht. Jedoch zeigten sich NRP2 und VEGFC verstärkt exprimiert in allen CDDP-resistenten BCa-Zelllinien. Dies spricht dafür, dass beide Targetgene zur Resistenzbildung beitragen. Auch in den Auswertungen der BC- BET-Datenbank war die erhöhte Expression von NRP2 und VEGFC mit aggressiveren Tumoreigenschaften und einer schlechteren Prognose assoziiert. Diese Assoziation unterstützt die Annahme, dass die zunehmende Expression beider Targetgene mit einer Tumorprogression, Metastasierung und der Rezidivbildung in Verbindung steht. In einem weiteren Schritt wurde nach NRP2/VEGFC-regulierenden miRNAs geschaut. Dabei ergaben sich nach in silico- und Literaturrecherche 33 Kandidaten, wovon nach näherer Betrachtung die vier miRNAs miR-27a, -128, -195 und -338-5p zur weiteren Analyse ausgewählt wurden. Für die ausgewählten miRNAs wurden anschließend die Expressionen in BCa-Geweben mittels TCGA-Datenbank und die zellulären Grundexpressionen mittels qPCR-Analyse bestimmt. Hierbei zeigten sich miR-27a und -128 in den BCa-Geweben signifikant erhöht. MiR-195 hingegen war signifikant erniedrigt. Auch miR-338-5p war erniedrigt, jedoch nicht signifikant. Die Auswertungen der zellulären Grundexpressionen zeigte für miR-128 und miR-195 den Trend zu einer verstärkten Expression in den BCa- Zelllinien. Für miR-27a und miR-338-5p zeigte sich keine relevante Expressionsdifferenz. Um eine Aussage über die Signifikanz der Expressionsdifferenzen zu treffen, ist die Analyse einer größeren Anzahl von BCa- und gesunden Zelllinien notwendig. Die genauere Betrachtung der miRNA-Targetgen-Korrelationen sollte Auskunft über mögliche miRNA-mRNA-Interaktionen geben. Eine negative miRNA-Targetgen-Korrelation spricht für eine Inhibierung der Targetgene durch die miRNA. Eine positive Korrelation spricht für eine miRNA-induzierte Verstäkung der Targetgenexpression. Signifikant negative Korrelationen zeigten sich in den BCa-Geweben für miR-27a/NRP2, miR-128/NRP2 und miR-128/VEGFC. Ebenfalls konnten diese negativen Korrelationen in den CDDP-sensitiven und CDDP-resistenten BCa-Zelllinien für miR-27a/NRP2, miR-128/NRP2 und miR- 128/VEGFC verzeichnet werden. Das inverse Verhältnis in den CDDP-resistenten Zelllinien unterstreicht, dass die reduzierte Expression von miR-27a und miR-128 in einer Hochregulierung von NRP2 und VEGFC resultieren könnte, welche die Tumorprogression und Resistenzentwicklung fördern könnte. Gegensätzlich dazu waren die miR-195/VEGFC- und miR-195/NRP2-Korrelationen in den CDDP-resistenten BCa-Zelllinien positiv. In den BCa-Geweben der TCGA-Datenbank waren sie signifikant bzw. per Trend positiv. Dieses Expressionsmuster spricht dafür, dass miR-195 die Expression der beiden Targetgene induzieren könnte. Während sich miR-338-5p in den BCa-Geweben schwach herabreguliert zeigte, ergab die qPCR-Analyse keine relevante Expressionsdifferenz in den malignen und nicht-malignen Zelllinien. Jedoch war die Zelllinie mit der stärksten Expression, gegensätzlich zu den anderen drei miRNAs, eine gesunde Zelllinie. Auch war miR-338-5p, mit Ausnahme von 5637CDDP, in den beiden anderen CDDP-resistenten Zelllinien herabreguliert. Aufgrund der schwachen und nicht signifikanten Korrelationen von miR-338-5p mit den beiden Targetgenen NRP2 und VEGFC konnte keine klare Schlussfolgerung bezüglich der Rolle von miR-338-5p in der Tumorinitiation und –progression gezogen werden. Weiterhin wurde auch das Verhältnis der intragen liegenden miRNAs zu ihren Hostgenen genauer betrachtet. Dabei waren für miR-128/ARPP21 und miR-338-5p/AATK die Korrelationen jeweils signifikant positiv. Auch zeigten sich ARPP21 und AATK in den BCa- Geweben der TCGA-Datenbank signifikant stärker exprimiert. Das spricht dafür, dass eine Koexpression von miRNA und Hostgen vorliegt. Die Recherche nach weiteren alternativen Targetgenen ergab eine Liste von acht Kandidaten, wovon vier (CPD, EDEM3, EYA4, RELN) eine signifikante Expressionsdifferenz zwischen BCa- und gesunden Urothelgewebe aufwiesen. Diese vier alternativen Targetgene zeigten sich zudem in der Literaturrecherche vielfach in die Karzinogenese und Resistenzbildung diverser Tumorentitäten involviert. Die Korrelationen mit den miRNAs zeigten sich für miR-128/CPD, miR-27a/EDEM3, miR-27a/EYA4, miR-128/EYA4, miR- 27a/RELN, miR-128/RELN und miR-195/RELN signifikant. CPD und EDEM3 zeigten sich in den BCa-Geweben der TCGA-Datenbank höher exprimiert, ebenso wie miR-128 und miR- 27a. Die Ergebnisse der Literaturrecherche und die positiven Korrelationen sprechen dafür, dass miR-128 und miR-27a die Expression von CDP bzw. EDEM3 induzieren und die Tumorinitiation und Tumorprogression fördern könnten. Gegensätzlich dazu stehen die negativen Korrelationen von miR-27a und miR-128 mit NRP2 und VEGFC. Auch die Korrelationen mit EYA4 und RELN zeigten sich jeweils negativ. EYA4 konnte vielfach als Tumorsuppressor identifiziert werden, unter anderem im BCa. Es spricht dafür, dass miR- 27a und miR-128 hier eine onkogene Rolle einnehmen könnten. RELN hingegen wurde in der Literatur vielfach als Onkogen identifiziert. Die negative Korrelation mit miR-27a und miR-128 lässt daher annehmen, dass die beiden miRNAs auch tumorsuppressiv wirken. MiR-195 zeigte jeweils eine positive Korrelation mit NRP2, VEGFC und RELN. Unter der Annahme, dass NRP2, VEGFC und RELN, wie vielfach in der Literatur beschrieben, onkogen agieren, sprechen die positiven Korrelationen dafür, dass miR-195 eine Tumor- fördernde Rolle einnimmt. Die erniedrigte Expression der drei Targetgene und miR-195 in den BCa-Geweben der TCGA-Datenbank widersprechen jedoch dieser Annahme. Abschließend wurden gemeinsame Signalwege der vier ausgewählten miRNAs herausgefiltert. Hierbei ergab sich eine Liste von 77 Signalwegen, welche vielfach in diverse Tumorsignalwege involviert sind, unter anderem in den Signalweg der Karzinogenese des BCa. Insgesamt scheinen miRNAs und ihre Zielgene an den komplexen Mechanismen der BCa- Karzinogenese und -Chemoresistenz beteiligt zu sein, wobei sie sowohl onkogene als auch tumorsuppressive Funktionen ausüben können.

Objectifs: Les données provenant des centres de soins tertiaires suggèrent que le taux de mortalité péri-opératoire (MPO) après cystectomie notés pour les patients âgés (septuagénaires et octogénaires) n’excède pas celle des patients plus jeunes. Toutefois, les données provenant de la communauté démontrent un phénomène inverse. Spécifiquement, la MPO est plus élevés chez les ainés. Dans cette thèse nous allons présenter une réévaluation contemporaine du taux de MPO après cystectomie. Méthodes: Entre 1988 et 2006, 12722 cystectomies radicales pour le carcinome urothéliale de la vessie ont été enregistrées dans la banque de données SEER. Le taux de MPO a été évalué dans les analyses de régression logistique univariées et multivariées à 90 jours après cystectomie radicale. Les covariables incluaient: le sexe, l’ethnie, l’année de chirurgie, la région d’origine du patient ainsi que le grade et le stade de la tumeur. Résultats: Parmi tous les patients, 4480 étaient des septuagénaires (35.2%) et 1439 étaient des octogénaires (11.3%). Le taux de MPO à 90 jours était de 4% pour la cohorte entière vs. 2% pour les patients moins de 69 ans vs. 5.4% pour les septuagénaires vs. 9.2% pour les octogénaires. Dans les analyses de régression logistiques multivariées, les septuagénaires (OR=2.80; <0.001) et les octogénaires (OR=5.02; <0.001) avaient reçu un taux de MPO plus augmenté que les patients moins de 70 ans après une cystectomie radicale. Conclusion: Cette analyse épidémiologique basée sur les donnés le plus contemporaines démontre que l’âge avancée représente un facteur de risque pour un taux de MPO plus élevé. / Objective Data from tertiary care centers suggest that the perioperative mortality (POM) after radical cystectomy (RC) is not different in septuagenarian or octogenarian patients, compared to younger individuals. Conversely, population-based data state otherwise. We revisited this topic in a large contemporary population-based cohort. Methods Between 1988 and 2006, 12722 radical cystectomies were performed for urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder (UCUB) in 17 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registries. Of those 4480 were aged 70-79 and 1439 were 80 years and older. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models tested 90-day mortality (90dM) after radical cystectomy. Covariates consisted of gender, race, year of surgery, SEER registry, histological grade and stage. Results Of all 12722 patients, 4480 (35.2%) were septuagenarian and 1439 (11.3%) were octogenarian. The overall 90dM rate was 4% for the entire population, 2% for patients aged 69 years or younger, 5.4% for septuagenarian patients and 9.2% for octogenarian patients. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, septuagenarian (OR= 2.80; <0.001) and octogenarian (OR= 5.02; <0.001) age increased the risk of 90dM after RC. Conclusions In this population-based analysis, POM was between 3 and 5-fold higher respectively in septuagenarian and octogenarian patients which is higher in tertiary care centers. This information needs to be included in informed consent considerations, specifically if RC will not be performed at a tertiary care center.

Introduction : La néphro-urétérectomie radicale (NUR) représente le traitement primaire pour les patients atteints d’une tumeur des voies excrétrices supérieures (TVES) non métastatique. Une approche ouverte ou laparoscopique peut être considérée. Malgré la présence de plusieurs études comparant les résultats périopératoires et oncologiques entre ces deux approches, aucunes études se basent sur une cohorte populationnelle. Objectif : Notre but est d’évaluer la morbidité péri-opératoire entre la NUR ouverte et laparoscopique en utilisant une cohorte populationnelle. Méthode : Nous avons utilisé la base de donnée Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) pour identifier tous les patients atteints d’une TVES non métastatique, traités par NUR ouverte ou laparoscopique, entre 1998 et 2009. Au total, 7401 (90,8%) et 754 (9,2%) patients ont subi une NUR ouverte et laparoscopique, respectivement. Dans le but de contrôler les différences inhérentes entre les deux groupes, nous avons utilisé une analyse par appariement sur les scores de propension. Ainsi, 3016 (80%) patients avec NUR ouverte étaient appariés à 754 (20%) patients avec NUR laparoscopique. Intervention : Tous les patients ont subi une NUR. Mesures : Les taux de complications intra-opératoires et post-opératoires, de transfusions sanguines, d’hospitalisation prolongée et de mortalité intrahospitalière ont été mesurés. Des analyses de régression logistique on été utilisées pour notre cohorte, après appariement sur les scores de propension. Résultats et Limitations : Pour les patients traités par approche ouverte vs. laparoscopique, les taux suivants furent calculés : transfusions sanguines : 15 vs. 10% (p<0,001); complications intra-opératoires : 4,7 vs. 2,1% (p=0,002); complications post-opératoires : 17 vs. 15% (p=0,24); durée d’hospitalisation prolongée (≥ 5 jours) : 47 vs. 28% (p<0,001); mortalité intra-hospitalière 1,3 vs. 0,7% (p=0,12). Sur les analyses par régression logistique, les patients ayant été traités par NUR laparoscopique avaient moins de chance de recevoir une transfusion sanguine (odds ratio [OR]: 0,6, p<0,001), de subir une complication intra-opératoire (OR: 0,4, p=0,002), et d’avoir une durée prolongée d’hospitalisation (OR: 0,4, p<0,001). Globalement les taux de complications postopératoires étaient équivalents. Toutefois, l’approche laparoscopique était associée à moins de complications pulmonaires (OR: 0,4, p=0,007). Cette étude est limitée par sa nature rétrospective. Conclusion: Après ajustement de potentiels biais de sélection, la NUR par approche laparoscopique est associée à moins de complications intraopératoires et péri-opératoires comparée à la NUR par approche ouverte. / Background: Nephroureterectomy represents the primary management for patients with non-metastatic upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Either an open (ONU) or laparoscopic (LNU) nephroureterectomy may be considered. Despite the presence of several reports comparing perioperative and cancer control outcomes between the two approaches, no reports relied on a population-based cohort. Objectives: To examine intraoperative and postoperative morbidity of ONU and LNU in a population-based cohort. Design, setting, and participants: We relied on the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) to identify patients with non-metastatic UTUC treated with ONU or LNU between years 1998 and 2009. Overall, 7401 (90.8%) and 754 (9.2%) patients underwent ONU and LNU, respectively. To adjust for potential baseline differences between the two groups, propensity-based matching was performed. This resulted in 3016 (80%) ONU patients matched to 754 (20%) LNU patients. Intervention: All patients underwent NU. Measurements: The rates of intraoperative and postoperative complications, blood transfusions, prolonged length of stay (pLOS), and in-hospital mortality were assessed for both procedures. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed within the post propensity-matched cohort. Results and limitations: For ONU vs. LNU respectively, the following rates were recorded: blood transfusions: 15 vs. 10% (P<0.001); intraoperative complications: 4.7 vs. 2.1% (P=0.002); postoperative complications: 17 vs. 15% (P=0.24); pLOS (≥5 days): 47 vs. 28% (P<0.001); in-hospital mortality: 1.3 vs. 0.7% (P=0.12). In multivariable logistic regression analyses, LNU patients were less likely to receive a blood transfusion (odds ratio [OR]: 0.6, P<0.001), to experience any intraoperative complications (OR: 0.4, P=0.002), and to have a pLOS (OR: 0.4, P<0.001). Overall postoperative complications were equivalent. However, LNU patients had fewer respiratory complications (OR: 0.4, P=0.007). This study is limited by its retrospective nature. Conclusions: After adjustment for potential selection biases, LNU is associated with fewer adverse intraoperative and perioperative outcomes than ONU.

OBJETIVOS: Estudar variáveis anatomopatológicas relacionadas à progressão tumoral em carcinomas uroteliais primários de bexiga e sua associação com a imunoexpressão de metaloproteinases de matriz (MMPs) - 2, -9 e -14 no epitélio e no estroma dos tumores primários e nas metástases linfonodais. MÉTODOS: Sessenta e um casos de carcinomas uroteliais musculoinvasivos ou localmente avançados primários da bexiga operados no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP e no Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, sendo 34 casos com metástase para linfonodo regional, foram caracterizados quanto ao gênero, idade, tamanho, focalidade, grau histológico, tipo/configuração neoplásica, tipo papilífero da neoplasia, padrão arquitetural de invasão tumoral, grau de atipia nuclear, componente sarcomatoide, diferenciações escamosa e glandular, variante histológica, invasões linfovascular e perineural, carcinoma in situ, estádio do tumor primário, metástase para linfonodo regional, tamanho da metástase e extensão extranodal. Amostras teciduais de 1,0 mm foram dispostas em micromatrizes teciduais (TMA) para pesquisa imuno-histoquímica (IH) das enzimas MMP-2, MMP-9 e MMP-14. A expressão IH das MMPs foi graduada em uma escala semiquantitativa de 0 (ausência de expressão) até 20 (maior expressão). As associações entre a imunoexpressão das MMPs de forma global, no epitélio e estroma do tumor primário e na metástase linfonodal com as variáveis anatomopatológicas foram avaliadas através do teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson, sendo consideradas significativas ao nível de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Trinta e seis, 57 e 60 casos do tumor primário foram positivos para MMP-2, MMP-9 e MMP-14, respectivamente. Nas metástases linfonodais, 20, 27 e 26 casos foram positivos para MMP-2, MMP-9 e MMP-14, respectivamente. A imunoexpressão global de MMP-2 no tumor primário mostrou-se associada com o padrão arquitetural de invasão (p=0,022) e sua expressão no estroma com o grau de atipia nuclear (p=0,032) e a porcentagem de componente sarcomatoide (p=0,003). A imunoexpressão global de MMP-9 no tumor primário mostrou-se associada com diferenciação escamosa (p=0,033). O padrão arquitetural de invasão relacionou-se com a expressão de MMP-9 no epitélio (p=0,043) e no estroma (p=0,044). A expressão de MMP-9 no estroma mostrou-se associada com o grau de atipia nuclear (p=0,031), componente sarcomatoide (p=0,036) e com a porcentagem desse componente no tumor primário (p=0,013). O estádio tumoral agrupado pT2+pT3 vs pT4 demonstrou associação com a MMP-9 expressa no epitélio (p=0,049). Para a MMP-14, o padrão arquitetural de invasão demonstrou associação significativa com a imunoexpressão global (p=0,022) e no epitélio tumoral (p=0,045). A porcentagem de componente sarcomatoide relacionou-se ainda com a expressão estromal de MMP-14 (p<0,001). Considerando a imunoexpressão de MMPs apenas na metástase linfonodal, houve associação significativa da MMP-9 com o tipo de variante histológica do tumor (p=0,021) e da expressão de MMP-14 com a porcentagem de componente sarcomatoide no tumor primário (p=0,017). CONCLUSÃO: O estudo da imunoexpressão de MMP-2, MMP-9 e MMP-14 em amostras organizadas em TMA, tanto no epitélio como no estroma dos carcinomas uroteliais de bexiga e nas metástases de linfonodos regionais, demonstrou associações estatísticas com características anatomopatológicas reconhecidas como de prognóstico ruim para essas neoplasias, indicando a ação dessas enzimas na transição epitélio-mesênquima e nas etapas de progressão e metástase dos carcinomas uroteliais / OBJECTIVES: To study morphological features related to tumor progression in urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder and its association with immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) -2, -9 and -14 in epithelial and stromal cells of primary tumor and regional lymph node metastases. METHODS: Sixty-one cases of muscle-invasive or locally advanced urothelial carcinomas of the bladder operated on Clinic\'s Hospital of Faculty Medicine Sao Paulo University and the Cancer Institute of the State of Sao Paulo, with 34 cases showing regional lymph nodes metastases, were characterized regarding gender, age, tumor size, multifocality, histological grade, neoplastic type/configuration, papillary type, architectural pattern of invasive tumor, nuclear atypia, sarcomatoid component, squamous and glandular diffentiation, histological variants, lymphovascular and perineural invasion, carcinoma in situ, tumor stage, metastases to regional lymph nodes, metastases size and extranodal extension. Tissue samples of 1.0 mm were arranged in tissue microarrays blocks (TMA) for IHC detection of MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-14. The grading of expression of MMPs was determined to a semiquantitative scale from 0 (absence) to 20 (higher expression). The associations between the IHC global expression of MMPs, in epithelium and in stromal cells of the primary tumor and in the lymph node metastases with the morphological features were obtained through Pearson\'s chi-square (significant at p<0.05). RESULTS: Thirty-six, 57 and 60 cases of primary tumor were positive for MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-14 respectively. In the lymph nodes metastases, 20, 27 and 26 cases were positive for MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-14 respectively. The global IHC expression of MMP-2 in primary tumor has been associated with the architectural pattern of invasion (p=0.022). The expression in stromal cells were correlated with the degree of nuclear atypia (p=0.032) and the percentage of sarcomatoid component (p=0.003). The IHC expression of MMP-9 in primary tumor has been associated with squamous differentiation (p=0.033). The architectural pattern of invasion was related to the expression of MMP-9 in epithelium (p=0.043) and in the stroma (p=0.044). Expression of MMP-9 in the stroma was associated with the degree of nuclear atypia (p=0.031), sarcomatoid component (p=0.036) and the percentage of this component in primary tumor (p=0.013). The grouped tumoral stage pT2+pT3 vs pT4 showed association with MMP-9 expressed in epithelium (p=0.049). For MMP-14, the architectural pattern of invasion showed significant association with global IHC expression (p=0.022) and tumor epithelium (p=0.045). The percentage of sarcomatoid component related to the estromal expression of MMP-14 (p<0.001). Considering the IHC expression of MMPs in lymph nodes metastases, there was a significant association between MMP-9 with the type of histological variants (p=0.021) and the expression of MMP-14 with the percentage of sarcomatoid component in primary tumor (p=0.017). CONCLUSION: The study of IHC expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-14 in bladder carcinoma samples arranged in TMA, both in epithelium and in stromal cells and regional lymph nodes metastases, demonstrated significant association with morphological features recognized as prognostically important for these tumors. These findings herald the importance of action of these enzymes in epithelialmesenchymal transition, providing basis for the understanding of tumoral progression and metastases in urothelial carcinoma