Le raisonnement de la fertilisation azotée du blé a, depuis 40 ans, été largement orienté par le consensus autour de la méthode du bilan, avec comme principes fondamentaux : une nutrition azotée non limitante tout au long du cycle et l’estimation, de manière indépendante, des différents termes de l’équation du bilan pour caractériser la fourniture du sol et les besoins en azote de la plante. Au regard des enjeux de réduction des pollutions environnementales, de l’évolution des exigences qualitative du marché, ainsi que des difficultés de mise en oeuvre de la méthode, on s’interroge sur l’opportunité de renouveler ce paradigme. Pour proposer une nouvelle méthode qui réponde aux divers enjeux concernant l’azote, qui valorise au mieux les connaissances disponibles et dont la mise en oeuvre est cohérente avec les moyens des acteurs, nous avons mis en oeuvre une démarche de conception innovante, structurée en 3 étapes : un diagnostic des usages des outils actuels, une phase de conception, incluant des ateliers de conception et la mise au point de règle de décision à l’aide d’un modèle, et un test d’usage du prototype conçu.Le diagnostic des usages a mis en évidence plusieurs obstacles à la mise en oeuvre de la méthode du bilan, dont la fixation de l’objectif de rendement, ce qui a orienté la phase de conception vers l’exploration d’un concept de méthode de fertilisation azotée permettant de s’en affranchir. La méthode mise au point est basée sur le suivi régulier de l’état de nutrition azotée de la plante, l’acceptation de carences en azote non préjudiciables et des règles de décision tenant compte des conditions météorologiques au moment de l’apport. Nous montrons que la conception a rendu nécessaire la production de nouvelles connaissances, mais aussi la diversification des ressources et des compétences habituellement mobilisées. Ce travail enrichit les méthodes de conception d’outils d’aide à la décision en montrant comment l’articulation des 3 étapes permet de sortir du paradigme qui domine la fertilisation azotée depuis des décennies et d’élaborer un outil palliant les défauts des outils actuels. / Decisions about nitrogen fertilizer application on wheat have, for the last 40 years, been based on the balance sheet method, with the following underlying principles: non-limiting nitrogen nutrition throughout the crop cycle, and independent estimation of the various terms of the equation, to characterize soil nitrogen supply and plant nitrogen needs. Environmental pollution, changes in the qualitative requirements of the market and difficulties implementing this method have raised questions about whether it might be appropriate to switch to new ways of managing nitrogen fertilizer. We developed a new method meeting the diverse constraints relating to nitrogen use, making the best use of available knowledge and easily applicable by users, through a 3-steps innovative design approach: a diagnosis of the use of current tools, a design phase including design workshops, production of new knowledge, a modelbased prototyping, and the testing of a prototype method.The diagnosis of uses identified several barriers to the implementation of the balance sheet method, including the need to set a target yield. This directed the design phase towards the exploration of new ways of managing nitrogen fertilizer that did not require the fixing of a target yield. The method developed is based on the regular monitoring of plant nitrogen nutrition, the toleration of periods of nitrogen deficiency that are not prejudicial and the use of decision rules taking weather conditions at the time of nitrogen application into account.This design required the generation of new knowledge and a diversification of the resources and skills usually mobilized. This work enriches the methods for designing decision support tools and shows how a combination of 3 steps can be used to develop a tool for managing nitrogen fertilizer applications completely different from the dominant paradigm of the last 40 years, and compensating the defects of current methods.

Biochar application as a soil additive is gaining global acceptance. In this era of climate change, biochar use for improved soil productivity is not just a sustainable eco-friendly substitute to synthetic fertilizer, but a noble contributor to the fight against climate change. Although biochar has been accredited with some environmental and agricultural benefits, most studies concentrated on agricultural and biowaste products as feedstocks. This research was designed to explore P-enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar potential as a soil additive. Using corn as a test crop, greenhouse studies were performed on acidic sandy soil, comparing phosphorus enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar efficacy to a commercial synthetic triple superphosphate fertilizer and a control treatment. Incubation studies were also performed to evaluate the liming and heavy metal immobilization efficacies. Firstly, P-enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar’s ability to release plant soluble P was investigated. At various P enrichment concentration, soil plant availability P from P enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar treatments differed insignificantly from superphosphate fertilizer treatment. The direct correlations between both K and Mg recoveries with available soil P, suggested P enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar potential to supply multiple plant nutrients. Secondly, the influence of P uptake on plant growth and P use efficiency was examined. The greater agronomic P use efficiency obtained in P enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar (~32 kg kg-1) than the triple supper phosphate fertilizer (~17 kg kg-1) treatment confirmed P enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar potential as a multiple nutrient released soil additive. Thirdly, biochar-supported phosphate (BP) effectively reduced Pb2+ mobility in simulated contaminated soil. Pb2+reacted with phosphate from Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 embedded in the biochar supported phosphate at pHPb10(PO4)6(OH)2. Finally, the amendment of acidic soils with modified P-enriched modified-biochar improved soil buffering capacity because of its enhanced ash contents, alkalinity, and surface functional groups. Spectroscopic methods were used to analyze biochar, soil, and plant materials extracts. Several other analytical methods including BET and thermogravimetric analyses were used to characterized biochar. These findings suggest that the use of phosphorus enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar in agricultural soil is a feasible relatively low-cost, effective, and environmentally sustainable soil management and P recycling strategy

Water availability and arable lands are increasingly limiting resources in many parts of the U.S., particularly in semi-arid and arid regions. As a means of addressing food and fuel demands associated with burgeoning population growth, highly productive and water-use efficient crops need to be identified. One potential crop, Agave, merits consideration and evaluation due to its putative capability to provide sustenance and energy despite growing in water-limited regions and on marginal soils. However, little is known regarding the productivity these succulent plants will have under growing conditions of the Southwest, where high concentrated saline soils are abundant, and water is often limited. The objectives of these studies were to determine the effects of high levels of salinity and different volumetric water content levels (VWC) on plant growth, biomass accumulation, and nutrient uptake. I used a hydroponic study to compare the effects of four salinity treatments (0.5, 3, 6, and 9 dS m-1) on productivity of four Agave species (Agave parryi, Agave utahensis ssp. kaibabensis, Agave utahensis ssp. utahensis, and Agave weberi). In a second study, an automated irrigation system was established to examine four pre-determined VWC threshold set-points and simulated a gradient of well-watered to drought conditions, to evaluate how A. weberi would respond to varying levels of water availability. Salinity concentrations did not significantly affect root and plant dry weight accumulation in A. weberi, but all other agave plants experienced less biomass accumulation under high saline conditions (>6 dS m-1). Seedlings of A. utahensis were two times more likely to die in the two highest saline treatments (6 and 9 dS m-1) than the two lower treatments (0.5 dS m-1 and 3 dS m-1). Calcium, Mg, S, Mn levels decreased in both A. parryi and A. weberi at higher salinity levels. Agave weberi was able to tolerate salinity, but it also experienced lower biomass production ≤3 dS m-1. In the water-stress study, Agave weberi plants experienced a decrease of 2.11 g as compared to plants in the highest treatment. Plants in the intermediate VWC treatments had similar dry mass values as those in the highest treatment, which suggests that this species could have moderately high yields under limited water conditions, and consequently should be evaluated as a potential bioenergy crop for semi-arid regions, such as the U.S. Southwest. Agave shows considerable potential to be grown in arid and semi-arid regions that are moderately high in salinity and have limited water availability. Indeed, the cultivation of Agave as a crop appears to be a viable option for many areas of the Southwest. While some of the Agave species evaluated were quite productive under moderate salt and water stress, it is uncertain if growth will be significantly reduced if under these stress conditions for periods longer than 3 months.

Cover crops are instrumental in nutrient management and soil health. A field experiment was conducted from fall 2020 to summer 2021 to evaluate the efficiency of different cover crop termination techniques and supplemental nitrogen on sweet corn yield, ear quality and nitrogen use efficiency. The four termination types are herbicide and disk tillage (HDT), herbicide no-till (HNT), cultivation disk till (CDT), and roller crimped no-till (RCNT). These termination types were each divided into four different nitrogen treatment: 0%, 33%, 67% and 100% of the recommended doses (145 kg haˉ¹). Sweet corn yield was highest and % unfilled tip was lowest when cover crops terminated by CDT, followed by RCNT, HNT and HDT. The highest ear weight obtained when 100% of the recommended nitrogen rate was applied to the sweet corn. However, the highest nitrogen use efficiency was obtained when 67% of the recommended nitrogen application rate was used.

No description available.

Increased water- and fertilizer-use-efficiency in containerized crop production, via reduced water loss, enhances crop-available nutrients while reducing non-point source agrichemical contributions in accordance with regulatory standards. Previous studies detailed nutrient leaching patterns throughout crop production seasons, leaving little known about water and dissolved nutrient (solute) movement through soilless substrates during irrigation. The following experiments evaluated fundamental water and solute transport principles through pine-bark based substrates. 1) Ilex crenata Thunb. 'Bennett's Compactum' were grown in 2.7 L containers. Tensiometers detected wetting front (WF) movement throughout the substrate during irrigation. 2) Tracer solution (containing NO3-, PO43- and K+) and deionized water (DI) were applied to substrate-filled columns to characterize tracer breakthrough under saturated and unsaturated conditions. 3) Controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) was topdressed (surface-applied), incorporated (throughout substrate), dibbled (center of substrate) or not applied to fallow substrate, irrigated with DI and leachate analyzed to determine nutrient concentrations throughout irrigation. Tensiometers revealed that seasonal root growth affected substrate pre-irrigation moisture distribution. Wetting fronts channeled through the substrate before becoming thoroughly wetted. Tracer breakthrough occurred with less effluent volume under unsaturated conditions. Breakthrough of NO3- and PO43- was relatively conservative, though 37% of K+ was retained by the substrate. Leachate concentrations for topdressed and incorporated CRF peaked early (first 50mL effluent) before diminishing with continued leaching. Leachate concentrations for dibbled CRF initially increased (first 150mL leachate), plateaued and then diminished. These results show the relative rapidity which water and solutes move through pine-bark during irrigation and demonstrate methods for future research on within-irrigation solute transport. / Master of Science

Reducing groundwater withdrawals from the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer is imperative to sustain future irrigated cropping systems in the mid-southern USA. This research was conducted to determine the impacts of cover crops and irrigation sensor thresholds on corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) production, water productivity, irrigation water use efficiency, and soil physical properties in the Mississippi Delta. The cover crop treatments included cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-radish (Raphanus sativus L.)-turnip (Brassica rapa L.) mix, and no cover crop. The irrigation thresholds included -40 kPa, -90 kPa, and no irrigation. In 2020, cover crops and irrigation thresholds showed minimal impacts on most of the measured parameters but showed improvements as the study progressed. After two years, it was determined that long-term evaluations are needed to make a recommendation to producers in the mid-southern USA.

Tesis por compendio / Assessment of forest water-use (WU) is undoubtedly important and necessary, especially in water scarcity areas that are already suffering the main negative impacts of climate change. However, instead of just determining how much water is used by a forest, it is also important to evaluate how forest-WU responds to forest management practices such as thinning, a widely recognized alternative to promote improvements in the hydrologic balance while maintaining or improving forest resilience. Thus, this thesis proposes three integrated studies performed in an area of Aleppo pine subject to experimental thinning in Eastern Spain. The first study was modelling an artificial neural network (ANN) to estimate daily WU independently of forest heterogeneity provided by thinning. Stand WU was accurately estimated using climate data, soil water content and forest cover (correlation coefficient, R: 0.95; Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient, E: 0.90 and rootmean-square error, RMSE: 0.078mm/day). Then the ANN modelled was used for gapfilling when needed and those results were used in the following studies. The secondly study addressed the question of how tree-growth, WU and water balance changed as a consequence of thinning. To this end, the influence of thinning intensity and its effect at short-term (thinned in 2008) and at mid-term (thinned in 1998) on the water-balance components and tree-growth were investigated. The high-intensity thinning treatment showed significant increases in mean annual tree-growth from 4.1 to 17.3 cm2 yr -1 , a rate which was maintained in the mid-term. Mean daily WU ranged from 5 (control) to 18 (high intensity thinning) l tree-1 . However, when expressed on stand basis, daily WU ranged from 0.18 (medium intensity thinning) to 0.30 mm (control plot), meaning that in spite of the higher WU rates in the remaining trees, stand WU was reduced with thinning. Large differences were found in the water balance components between thinning plots and control. These differences might have significant implications to maintain forest resilience, and improve forest management practices. The third study, brings forth two interesting points and their responses to thinning, WU and intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi). First, the relationships between growth and climate were studied at mid-term in order to identify if thinning can improve forest resilience. Second, the relationships between WU and WUEi was explored to identify how these factors were affected by thinning at short-term. A substantial limitation of tree-growth imposed by climatic conditions was observed, although thinning changed the tree-growth-precipitation relationships. Significant differences in WUEi were found after thinning at mid-term, however no significant difference was observed at short-term. Despite this, in general WUEi decreased when precipitation increased, with different slopes for each thinning intensity. Different patterns of the relationship between WU and WUEi were found, being positive for thinned plots and negative for control plot at short-term. Finally this thesis suggest that thinning in Aleppo pine plantations is effective in changing the relationships between WU and WUEi, furthermore, this thesis introduces a novel contribution by looking at the inter-related effects on growth, WU, WUEi and water balance in Mediterranean forest subject to thinning. / Gualberto Fernandes, TJ. (2014). Water-oriented management in forest plantations: combining hydrology, dendrochronology and ecophysiology [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/48476 / Compendio

Tesis por compendio / Técnicas de cultivo para adaptar la viticultura mediterránea al cambio climático La viticultura mediterránea se está viendo afectada por el cambio climático, lo que amenaza la tipicidad del vino y, por tanto, la sostenibilidad de la vitivinicultura. Los principales factores que se prevé que afecten al cultivo de la vid son la escasez de agua, los incrementos térmicos y el aumento de la concentración de dióxido de carbono en el aire, lo que influirá en la vid: i) adelantando su fenología, disociando así la maduración tecnológica y fenólica de la uva y ii) incrementando las necesidades hídricas del viñedo. Éste trabajo pretende evaluar los efectos de diferentes técnicas de cultivo para la adaptación de la viticultura mediterránea al cambio climático. Se realizaron tres experimentos en Valencia (España) estudiando los efectos de: 1) el riego deficitario controlado; 2) la arquitectura de los sistemas de conducción y 3) el manejo del dosel vegetal. Las principales respuestas evaluadas fueron la eficiencia en el uso del agua de los viñedos (EUA) y la composición de la uva. El experimento 1 se llevó a cabo durante tres campañas en un viñedo de Moscatel de Alejandría/161-49C regado por goteo con el objetivo de definir la estrategia de riego más sostenible para uva blanca en el levante español. Para ello, se ensayaron cuatro tratamientos: (i) Testigo, regado al 100% de la evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc) durante toda la campaña; (ii) riego deficitario sostenido (SDI), regado al 50% del Testigo; (iii) déficit temprano (ED), donde se restringió el riego antes del envero, seguido de un 100% de ETc; y (iv) déficit tardío (LD), regado como el Testigo hasta el envero y posteriormente al 25% de la ETc hasta la vendimia. La producción en el ED y el LD se redujo en un 25 y 15% respectivamente en comparación a la del Testigo, mientras que la producción del SDI no difirió significativamente del Testigo ni de los tratamientos de ED y LD. Todos los tratamientos con riego deficitario mostraron efectos acumulativos en la productividad de las cepas como consecuencia de la reducción del número de racimos por sarmiento y del tamaño del racimo debido al menor tamaño de la baya. El experimento 2 pone de manifiesto que la respuesta a la minimización de la radiación interceptada por el dosel vegetal es dependiente de la variedad y que reducir la carga de radiación en viñedos de clima mediterráneo podría tener efectos positivos en la EUA de la vid. La efectividad de la técnica de LLR parece depender de sus efectos sobre la relación área foliar/producción y el estado hídrico de la vid, la capacidad fotosintética compensatoria de la variedad y de las condiciones ambientales. Por consiguiente, en viñedos de baja vigorosidad, una defoliación severa puede no ser aconsejable para adaptar las variedades Bobal y Tempranillo al calentamiento global debido a los efectos perjudiciales sobre la calidad del vino tinto. Por el contrario, los resultados de los experimentos de riego deficitario y de orientación de las filas de espaldera proporcionan nuevos hallazgos en la EUA como posibles técnicas para paliar la escasez de agua en el viñedo. Por lo tanto, las técnicas de campo estudiadas resultan eficaces en adaptar la viticultura mediterránea al cambio climático en cuanto al estrés hídrico. Sin embargo, sus efectos en términos de mitigación del estrés térmico no fueron del todo positivos. Por tanto, es necesario realizar más investigaciones para determinar la viabilidad de emplear otras prácticas de campo, distintas al LLR, para equilibrar la madurez glúcida y fenólica de la uva. / Field practices for adapting Mediterranean viticulture to climate change Mediterranean viticulture is being affected by climate change, which threatens wine typicity and, therefore, the whole viticulture sustainability. The main factors expected to affect grapevine cultivation are water scarcity, warm air temperature and the increase in the air carbon dioxide concentration, and impact of these factors will be mainly the: i) advancing of grapevine phenology, thereby decoupling berry technological and phenolic composition and ii) increasing vine water requirements. This PhD Thesis aimed at evaluating the effects of different field practices to adapt Mediterranean grapevine cultivation to climate change. Three experiments were performed in Valencia (Spain) to assess the effects of 1) regulated deficit irrigation; 2) training systems architecture and; 3) canopy management. The main responses evaluated were vineyard water-use efficiency (WUE) and grape composition. Experiment 1 was undertaken for three seasons in a drip-irrigated, cv. Muscat of Alexandria/161-49C vineyard to define the most sustainable irrigation strategy for white winegrapes in eastern Spain. For this, four treatments were tested: (i) Control, irrigated at 100% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc) for the entire season; (ii) sustained deficit irrigation (SDI), irrigated at 50% of Control; (iii) early deficit (ED), where pre-veraison irrigation was withheld, followed by 100% ETc; and (iv) late deficit (LD), irrigated as in the Control until veraison and thereafter at 25% ETc until harvest. Results showed that yield in ED and LD was reduced 25 and 15%, respectively, compared to that of the Control, while yield under SDI did not differ significantly from that of the Control and was similar to that of the ED and LD treatments. All the deficit irrigation treatments had some carry-over effects on vine performance due to a significant decrease in shoot fruitfulness and in cluster mass due to smaller berries. Experiment 2 highlights that the response to the minimizing of the radiation load intercepted by the canopy is cultivar-dependent and that decreasing the radiation load in the Mediterranean vineyards could have positive effects on the whole vine's WUE. The effectiveness of the LLR technique seemed to depend on its final impacts on leaf area-to-fruit ratio and vine water status, the cultivar's photosynthetic compensation capacity and the environmental conditions. Therefore, under low vigour vine conditions, severe defoliation might not be advisable for adapting Bobal and Tempranillo to global warming due to the detrimental effects on red wine quality. On the contrary, the results of deficit irrigation and row orientation experiments provided novel insights on WUE as possible techniques to alleviate vineyard water scarcity. Therefore, the field practices studied are effective in adapting Mediterranean viticulture to climate change in terms of water stress. On the other hand, the impacts of the studied techniques in terms of thermal stress alleviation were not fully positive. Hence, further research is needed to determine the possibility of using other field practices, besides LLR, to couple berry sugars and phenolic maturity. / Tècniques de cultiu per adaptar la viticultura mediterrània al canvi climàtic La viticultura mediterrània s'està veient afectada pel canvi climàtic, el que amenaça la tipicitat del vi i, per tant, la sostenibilitat de la vitivinicultura. Els principals factors que es preveu que afecten el cultiu de la vinya són l'escassetat d'aigua, els increments tèrmics i l'augment de la concentració de diòxid de carboni en l'aire, el que influirà en la vinya: i) avançant la seva fenologia, dissociant així la maduració tecnològica i fenòlica del raïm i ii) incrementant les necessitats hídriques de la vinya. Aquest treball pretén avaluar els efectes de diferents tècniques de cultiu per a l'adaptació de la viticultura mediterrània al canvi climàtic. Es van realitzar tres experiments a València (Espanya) estudiant els efectes de: 1) el reg deficitari controlat; 2) l'arquitectura dels sistemes de conducció i 3) el maneig del dosser vegetal. Les principals respostes avaluades van ser l'eficiència en l'ús de l'aigua de la vinya (EUA) i la composició del raïm. L'experiment 1 es va dur a terme durant tres campanyes en una vinya de Moscatell d'Alexandria/161-49C regat per goteig amb l'objectiu de definir l'estratègia de reg més sostenible per al raïm blanc en el llevant espanyol. A tal efecte, es van assajar quatre tractaments: (i) Control, regat al 100% de l'evapotranspiració del cultiu (ETc) durant tota la campanya; (ii) reg deficitari sostingut (SDI), regat al 50% del Contol; (iii) dèficit primerenc (ED), on es va restringir el reg abans del verol, seguit d'un 100% d'ETc; i (iv) dèficit tardà (LD), regat com el Control fins al verol i posteriorment al 25% de l'ETc fins a la verema. La producció en l'ED i el LD es va reduir en un 25 i 15% respectivament en comparació a la del Control, mentre que la producció del SDI no va diferir significativament del Control ni dels tractaments d'ED i LD. Tots els tractaments amb reg deficitari mostraren efectes acumulatius en la productivitat dels ceps, com a conseqüència de la reducció del nombre de raïms per sarment i del tamany del pomell a causa de la menor grandària de la baia. L'experiment 2 posa de manifest que la resposta a la minimització de la radiació interceptada pel dosser vegetal és dependent de la varietat i que reduir la càrrega de radiació en ceps de clima mediterrani podria tindre efectes positius en l'EUA de la vinya. L'efectivitat de la tècnica de LLR pareix dependre dels seus efectes sobre la relació àrea foliar/producció i l'estat hídric de la vinya, de la capacitat fotosintètica compensatòria de la varietat i de les condicions ambientals. Per consegüent, en vinyes de baixa vigorositat, una defoliació severa pot no ser recomanable per a adaptar les varietats Boval i Ull de llebre al calfament global, tenint en compte els efectes perjudicials sobre la qualitat del vi negre. Per contra, els resultats dels experiments de reg deficitari i d'orientació de les files d'espatlera proporcionen noves troballes en l'EUA com a possibles tècniques per pal·liar l'escassetat d'aigua a la vinya. Per tant, les tècniques de camp estudiades resulten eficaces a adaptar la viticultura mediterrània al canvi climàtic pel que fa a l'estrés hídric. No obstant, els seus efectes en termes de mitigació de l'estrés tèrmic no van ser del tot positius. Per tant, cal realitzar més investigacions per a determinar la viabilitat d'emprar altres pràctiques de camp, distintes al LLR, per a equilibrar la maduresa glúcida i fenòlica del raïm. / Buesa Pueyo, I. (2018). Field practices for adapting Mediterranean viticulture to climate change [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/107365 / Compendio

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Anteriormente, investigadores del Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA) y la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV) evaluaron la respuesta a estrés hídrico en pimiento injertado para obtener patrones de pimiento que confieran tolerancia a la variedad injertada en estrés hídrico. Los mejores patrones se estudian en campo en condiciones de estrés hídrico a largo plazo. Se patentó el patrón híbrido de pimiento NIBER® tolerante a estrés hídrico, las plantas injertadas sobre NIBER® mostraron menor impacto en la biomasa y el rendimiento en déficit hídrico a largo plazo. La tolerancia de NIBER® se atribuyó al mantenimiento de la actividad fotosintética y una mejor distribución de la biomasa radicular en estrés hídrico. Además, la respuesta sostenida de tolerancia observada en las plantas injertadas sobre NIBER® podría relacionarse con una respuesta rápida en la fase inicial en estrés hídrico, que no se conoce a corto plazo. Así, estudiar la contribución de la respuesta a corto plazo de NIBER® sobre la tolerancia de la variedad injertada en estrés hídrico arrojaría luz en las estrategias de tolerancia en plantas injertadas de pimiento. Además, estudiar la modulación génica, el balance hormonal y el perfil metabólico ampliará el conocimiento sobre los mecanismos moleculares en la respuesta a estrés hídrico. En esta tesis doctoral, observamos que los mecanismos constitutivos en ausencia de estrés hídrico influyen en la respuesta a estrés hídrico en plantas injertadas de pimiento, y que las estrategias constitutivas de NIBER® incluyen la estimulación del sistema antioxidante y la inducción sostenida de ABA. En estrés hídrico, las raíces de NIBER® muestran un menor impacto que las raíces de A10, dado su menor contenido de GSSG por menor daño oxidativo. NIBER® promueve la síntesis de osmolitos en la raíz y vitamina B6 en las hojas de la variedad injertada protegiendo al aparato fotosintético del daño oxidativo producido por el estrés hídrico. Además, la prolina, implicada en la protección del aparato fotosintético, se acumula en las plantas injertadas sobre el híbrido de pimiento H92, capaces de mantener la actividad fotosintética a largo plazo en estrés hídrico. Este rol de la prolina en la tolerancia a estrés hídrico a largo plazo no se observó a corto plazo y podría ser una estrategia tardía. La respuesta al estrés hídrico a corto plazo incluye la regulación del movimiento estomático en NIBER® en la fase inicial de estrés (5 h), evitando el cierre estomático hasta las 48 h mediante cambios en la expresión génica de reguladores negativos de ABA y acuaporinas, seguido del cierre estomático a las 48 h asociado a una síntesis previa de ABA en las raíces y transporte a las hojas. El JA también aumentó en las hojas de la variedad injertada sobre NIBER® (48 h) en estrés hídrico, y se regula por señales a larga distancia desde la raíz, que promueven la síntesis en hoja y el transporte a la raíz, y su resíntesis. El JA está implicado en el cierre estomático y la señalización en estrés, causando la activación de factores de transcripción de respuesta a la deshidratación. En las raíces de NIBER® el ratio auxinas/citoquininas se regula en la respuesta inicial al estrés hídrico, favoreciendo el crecimiento de la raíz respecto al tallo a las 5 h, después aumentando las citoquininas y disminuyendo las auxinas a 24 h y finalmente aumentando las auxinas y reduciendo las citoquininas para una mayor biomasa radicular y capacidad exploratoria. En las hojas de la variedad injertada, NIBER® aumenta los metabolitos protectores clorofila a, ácido esteárico, antocianinas y metabolitos implicados en la síntesis de suberina y cutina. Estos últimos también aumentan en la raíz y tienen un papel antioxidante o bien como constituyentes de barreras celulares controlando los flujos de agua, gases y solutos. Finalmente, el contenido en sirohemo aumenta en la raíz y posiblemente está relacionado con una asimilación del nitrógeno más eficiente. / [CA] Prèviament, investigadors de l'Institut Valencià d'Investigacions Agràries (IVIA) i de la Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) avaluaren la resposta a estrés hídric en pebrera empeltada per obtenir patrons de pebrera que conferisquen tolerància a la varietat empeltada en estrés hídric. Els millors patrons s'estudien al camp en condicions d'estrés hídric a llarg termini. Es va patentar el patró híbrid de pebrera NIBER® com a patró tolerant, les plants empeltades sobre NIBER® mostraren menor impacte en la biomassa i el rendiment en condicions de dèficit hídric. La tolerància de NIBER® es va atribuir al manteniment de l'activitat fotosintètica i a una millor distribució de la biomassa radicular en estrés hídric. A més, la resposta sostinguda de tolerància observada a les plantes empeltades sobre NIBER® podria relacionar-se amb una resposta ràpida a la fase inicial en estrés hídric, que no s'ha estudiat a curt termini. Així, estudiar la contribució de la resposta a curt termini de NIBER® sobre la tolerància de la varietat empeltada en estrés hídric aclariria els mecanismes de tolerància en plantes empeltades de pebrera. A més, estudiar la modulació gènica, el balanç hormonal i el perfil metabòlic ampliaria el coneixement sobre els mecanismes moleculars en la resposta a estrés hídric. En aquesta tesi doctoral comprovarem que els mecanismes constitutius en absència d'estrés hídric influeixen en la resposta a estrés hídric en plantes empeltades de pebrera i que les estratègies constitutives de NIBER® inclouen l'estimulació del sistema antioxidant i la inducció sostinguda d'ABA. En estrés hídric, les arrels de NIBER® mostraren menor impacte en comparació amb A10, amb un menor contingut de GSSG per menor dany oxidatiu. NIBER® promou la síntesis d'osmòlits a les arrels i de vitamina B6 a les fulles de la varietat empeltada per a protegir a l'aparell fotosintètic del dany oxidatiu per l'estrés hídric. A més, la prolina, implicada en la protecció de l'aparell fotosintètic, s'acumula a les plantes empeltades sobre l'híbrid de pebrera H92, que mantenen l'activitat fotosintètica en condicions d'estrés hídric a llarg termini. Aquest paper de la prolina no es va observar en condicions d'estrés hídric a curt termini i podria ser una estratègia tardana. Les respostes a l'estrés hídric a curt termini inclouen la regulació del moviment estomàtic en NIBER® a la fase inicial d'estrés hídric (5 h), evitant el tancament estomàtic fins a les 48 h mitjançant canvis a l'expressió gènica de reguladors negatius d'ABA i acuaporines, seguit d'un tancament estomàtic a les 48 h associat a una síntesis prèvia d'ABA a les arrels i transport a les fulles. L'JA també va augmentar a les fulles de la varietat empeltada sobre NIBER® a les 48 h en estrés hídric i està regulat per senyals a llarga distància des de les arrels que promouen la síntesis a les fulles i el transport a les arrels i resíntesi. L'JA està implicat al tancament estomàtic i la senyalització en condicions d'estrés, promovent l'activació de factors de transcripció de resposta a la deshidratació. El rati auxines/citoquinines es regula a les arrels de NIBER® a la resposta inicial a l'estrés hídric, primer afavorint el creixement de l'arrel sobre el creixement de la part aèria a les 5 h, després augmentant les citoquinines i disminuint les auxines a les 24 h i finalment augmentant les auxines i reduint les citoquinines per obtenir major biomassa radicular i capacitat exploratòria. A les fulles de la varietat empeltada, NIBER® augmenta el contingut dels metabòlits protectors clorofil·la a, àcid esteàric, antocianines i metabòlits relacionats amb la síntesi de suberina i cutina. Aquests últims també augmenten a les arrels i tenen un paper antioxidant o actuen com a constituents de barreres cel·lulars controlant els fluxos d'aigua, gasos i soluts. Finalment, el contingut en siroheme augmenta a les arrels i possiblement està relacionat amb una assimilació de nitrogen més eficient. / [EN] Previously, research groups at the Valencian Institute of Agricultural Research (IVIA) and the Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV) evaluated the water stress responses in grafted pepper plants to obtain tolerant pepper rootstocks that make the grafted variety able to overcome water stress. The best rootstocks are studied in the field under long-term water stress conditions. In this way, the NIBER® pepper hybrid rootstock was obtained and patented as water stress-tolerant rootstock, because plants grafted onto NIBER® had a lower impact on biomass and yield under long-term deficit irrigation conditions. NIBER® tolerance response was attributed to sustained photosynthetic activity and improved root biomass distribution under long-term water stress. However, the sustained tolerance response observed in plants grafted onto NIBER® may be linked to prompt responses in the early phase of water stress conditions, but the short-term modulation and behavior of NIBER® water stress response has not been studied. Hence, studying the contribution of the NIBER® short-term water stress responses to tolerance in the grafted variety would shed light into tolerance mechanisms in grafted pepper plants. Moreover, understanding the modulation of the gene expression, phytohormones balance and metabolic profile will also broad the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms implicated in water stress response. In the present doctoral thesis, we stated that the constitutive mechanisms taking place under non-water stress conditions dispose the response to water stress in grafted pepper plants, and NIBER® constitutive strategies include an enhanced ROS detoxification system and maintained ABA induction. When the water stress comes into play, its impact was minor in NIBER® roots in relation to A10 roots, which is reflected in lesser GSSG content from lower oxidative damage. NIBER® promotes the synthesis of osmolytes in roots and vitamin B6 in the grafted variety leaves to protect the plants from the oxidative damage resulting from water stress. Moreover, proline has a role in photosynthetic apparatus protection, because it is accumulated in plants grafted onto pepper hybrid H92, which showed sustained photosynthetic activity under long-term water stress conditions. The proline role in water stress tolerance is not observed under short-term water stress and may constitute a late strategy in grafted pepper plants. Short-term responses to water stress include stomatal movements in NIBER® during early phases (5h) of water stress, starting with the avoidance of stomatal closure up to 48 h by gene expression changes in ABA negative regulators and aquaporins, and followed by stomatal closure at 48 h associated with previous ABA synthesis in roots and transport to leaves. JA is also increased in the leaves of the variety grafted onto NIBER® at 48 h under water stress, and is regulated by long-distance signals from roots that promote its synthesis on leaves and transport to roots and resynthesis. JA is involved in stomatal closure and stress signaling, which leads to dehydration-responsive transcription factors activation. The auxins/cytokinins ratio is also fine-tuned by NIBER® roots during the early water stress response, beginning with promotion of root over shoot growth at 5 h, then increases the cytokinins and reduces the auxins content at 24 h, and finally increases the auxins and reduces the cytokinins content to obtain higher root biomass and greater water exploring ability. In the leaves of the grafted variety, NIBER® increases protective metabolites as chlorophyll a, stearic acid, anthocyanins and suberin and cutin biosynthesis-related metabolites, being the latter also increased in the roots. The mentioned metabolites have an antioxidant role or act as cellular barrier constituents that can control fluxes of water, gases and solutes. Lastly, siroheme increases in roots and it is possibly linked to a more effective nitrogen assimilation. / Padilla Herrero, YG. (2023). Study of the Physiological, Metabolomic and Transcriptional Changes Mediated by Rootstocks to Explain the Water Stress Tolerance of Grafted Pepper Plants [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/199992 / Compendio