Land - use rights (Summary) The purpose of this thesis is to complexly discuss history, development, contemporary state and the future of the land-use rights, especially with respect to specific attribute of land as being an object of civil legal relationships. This paper can be divided into three parts - history and the development of usage rights, description and analysis of valid legal regulation of usage rights and finally comparison of this regulation with the draft of new Czech civil code and Slovak regulation of lease relationships. For the sake of better arrangement, the comparative part does not constitute a separate chapter, but is included in particular chapters related to relevant usage institutes instead. The first part of this thesis concerns the history of land reforms in Czech lands, demonstrating a close connection of land legal relationships with social and political changes in our territory. After the year 1948, the institutes of usage rights became one of the dominant instruments of building the socialist society, where the principle "land belongs to those who farm on in" applied. The next part of this paper is focused on valid legal regulation of usage rights, with its major usage institute being the lease according to civil code, which is a lex specialis to other legal acts that also...

This diploma thesis deals with issues relating to land-use rights. The most frequently used institutes of these rights are lease and tenure, which therefore logically constitute the main points of this work. Subsequently other forms of use rights, such as precarium, loan, personal easements and also the right to manage state property and regional self-governing units, are briefly addressed. This work is based on effective legal regulation and also strives for a comparison with preceding legislation, mainly with regards to recodification of private law. Within the chapter on the right to manage state property, this work also familiarizes the reader with public-law regulations.

The main purpose of the National Water Act 36 of 1998 is to provide for fundamental reform of the law relating to water resources in South Africa. Section 3(1) of the National Water Act 36 of 1998 (NWA) stipulates that the national government, as the public trustee of the nation's water resources, must ensure the protection, use, development, conservation and management of water. Water must also be controlled in a sustainable and fair manner, to the advantage of all persons and in accordance with the national government`s constitutional mandate. Subsection (2) stipulates that the Minister is ultimately responsible to ensure that water is allocated and used in a fair manner, for the benefit of the public interest, while promoting environmental values. Subsection (3) further stipulates that the national government also has to regulate the use, flow and control of all water in the Republic. These provisions of the NWA gave birth to the concept of public trusteeship in the South African law. The NWA provides for a number of different water us rights; from water use rights for domestic purposes to water use rights for the purpose of agriculture. Considering the extent of the study of all the water use rights that exist within the provisions of the NWA, this research will focus on licensed water use rights intended for agriculture. In this study it will be determined whether these licensed water use rights form part of a person's estate. Furthermore, it will also be determined whether these rights are transferable and whether a value can be attached to these rights in the estate of a person. / Thesis (LL.M. (Estate Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

The main purpose of the National Water Act 36 of 1998 is to provide for fundamental reform of the law relating to water resources in South Africa. Section 3(1) of the National Water Act 36 of 1998 (NWA) stipulates that the national government, as the public trustee of the nation's water resources, must ensure the protection, use, development, conservation and management of water. Water must also be controlled in a sustainable and fair manner, to the advantage of all persons and in accordance with the national government`s constitutional mandate. Subsection (2) stipulates that the Minister is ultimately responsible to ensure that water is allocated and used in a fair manner, for the benefit of the public interest, while promoting environmental values. Subsection (3) further stipulates that the national government also has to regulate the use, flow and control of all water in the Republic. These provisions of the NWA gave birth to the concept of public trusteeship in the South African law. The NWA provides for a number of different water us rights; from water use rights for domestic purposes to water use rights for the purpose of agriculture. Considering the extent of the study of all the water use rights that exist within the provisions of the NWA, this research will focus on licensed water use rights intended for agriculture. In this study it will be determined whether these licensed water use rights form part of a person's estate. Furthermore, it will also be determined whether these rights are transferable and whether a value can be attached to these rights in the estate of a person. / Thesis (LL.M. (Estate Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

A presente dissertação é um debate teórico-conceitual sobre os aspectos de gentrificação e urbanização extensiva no Distrito de Boane, onde a relação entre o espaço urbano e o rural é vista como determinante para o crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico em Moçambique. Neste debate, são apresentadas sob a perspectiva do uso e aproveitamento do solo, várias reflexões, a partir da ideia de que a terra em Moçambique é pública e propriedade do Estado, cabendo ao Estado a atribuição das funções sociais e econômicas sobre a mesma. O objeto do estudo é uma reflexão sobre a problemática da não prevalência dos direitos de uso e aproveitamento de terra das populações pobres que habitam certas áreas (urbanas ou rurais) e tem as suas terras expropriadas, passando a instalar-se nas áreas periféricas longínquas e desprovidas de serviços e equipamentos urbanos essenciais. O objetivo é chamar atenção para as causas e efeitos no uso e aproveitamento da terra que vem sendo desencadeado por processos designados no país por “requalificação urbana” e que, de acordo com a nossa pesquisa, poderiam ser identificados como “gentrificação” e “urbanização extensiva”. O método utilizado pela pesquisa, foi o trabalho de campo que conferiu um domínio sobre a realidade local em diversos aspectos e, permitiu perceber o quão a função social da propriedade da terra é importante para a população de baixa renda que aí reside, apesar desse direito ser reconhecido legalmente, não é implementado na sua totalidade. Na sequência faz-se uma interpretação dos múltiplos efeitos resultantes da gentrificação e urbanização extensiva, assim como a multicausalidade dos intervenientes na produção do espaço. Procura-se, nas conclusões, legitimar o direito de usos e aproveitamento de terra pelas comunidades no processo de adesão, ou resistência, aos fatores que movem ou produzem esta dinâmica no uso e aproveitamento do solo, no Distrito de Boane. / This thesis is a theoretical and conceptual debate on the issues of gentrification and extensive urbanization in Boane district, where the relationship between urban and rural areas is seen as crucial for growth and economic development in Mozambique. In this discussion, it is presented from the perspective of the use and land use, several reflections, from the idea that the land in Mozambique is public and state property, and the State assignment of social and economic functions on it. The object of study is a reflection on the problem of no prevalence of use rights and land use of the poor who inhabit certain areas (urban or rural) and have their expropriated land, going to settle in remote peripheral areas and devoid of essential services and urban facilities. The aim is to draw attention to the causes and effects in the use and enjoyment of land that has been triggered by processes designated in the country for "urban renewal" and that, according to our research, they could be identified as "gentrification" and "urbanization extensive ". The method used in the survey was the field work which gave a stranglehold on the local reality in many aspects and has allowed realize how the social function of land ownership is important for the low-income population that there lies, in spite of this right legally be recognized is not implemented in its entirety. Following makes an interpretation of the multiple effects of gentrification and extensive urbanization, as well as the multi-causality of those involved in the production. The findings, legitimate right to use and exploit land by communities in the accession process, or resistance, to the factors that drive or produce this dynamic use and land use, in Boane district.

This thesis looks at the internal community processes set in motion by intervention in the context of the current community forestry policy of Nepal which has embarked on handing over local forest resources to local user groups. The overall aim of the thesis is to explore the question : How does intervention lead to certain types of effects through dynamics within the community? These processes have been something of a 'black box' so far. This research is based on fieldwork in adjoining forest user groups in the western hills of Nepal for nearly eight months starting from August 1994. The research examined the outcome of earlier interventions in these adjoining forest communities. An important finding of this study is that the nature of use rights is evolving and contestable rather than fixed. It is further argued that there may be inequitable outcomes in terms of cost and benefit sharing amongst households after forests are officially handed over. This is attributed to differing perceptions about the nature of equity. The poor do not necessarily get fair treatment despite provisions for equality of opportunity in Operational Plans. It is argued that inequitable outcomes do not, however, necessarily lead to non-compliance partly because the system, though inequitable, is based on at least a pseudo-democratic model rather than direct coercion. Intervention has a role. However, it is argued that effective intervention has to pay proper attention to attaining better use rights and better equity. The key to attaining better use rights is the need to appreciate the fact that use rights are contestable and dynamic by nature / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

A presente dissertação é um debate teórico-conceitual sobre os aspectos de gentrificação e urbanização extensiva no Distrito de Boane, onde a relação entre o espaço urbano e o rural é vista como determinante para o crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico em Moçambique. Neste debate, são apresentadas sob a perspectiva do uso e aproveitamento do solo, várias reflexões, a partir da ideia de que a terra em Moçambique é pública e propriedade do Estado, cabendo ao Estado a atribuição das funções sociais e econômicas sobre a mesma. O objeto do estudo é uma reflexão sobre a problemática da não prevalência dos direitos de uso e aproveitamento de terra das populações pobres que habitam certas áreas (urbanas ou rurais) e tem as suas terras expropriadas, passando a instalar-se nas áreas periféricas longínquas e desprovidas de serviços e equipamentos urbanos essenciais. O objetivo é chamar atenção para as causas e efeitos no uso e aproveitamento da terra que vem sendo desencadeado por processos designados no país por “requalificação urbana” e que, de acordo com a nossa pesquisa, poderiam ser identificados como “gentrificação” e “urbanização extensiva”. O método utilizado pela pesquisa, foi o trabalho de campo que conferiu um domínio sobre a realidade local em diversos aspectos e, permitiu perceber o quão a função social da propriedade da terra é importante para a população de baixa renda que aí reside, apesar desse direito ser reconhecido legalmente, não é implementado na sua totalidade. Na sequência faz-se uma interpretação dos múltiplos efeitos resultantes da gentrificação e urbanização extensiva, assim como a multicausalidade dos intervenientes na produção do espaço. Procura-se, nas conclusões, legitimar o direito de usos e aproveitamento de terra pelas comunidades no processo de adesão, ou resistência, aos fatores que movem ou produzem esta dinâmica no uso e aproveitamento do solo, no Distrito de Boane. / This thesis is a theoretical and conceptual debate on the issues of gentrification and extensive urbanization in Boane district, where the relationship between urban and rural areas is seen as crucial for growth and economic development in Mozambique. In this discussion, it is presented from the perspective of the use and land use, several reflections, from the idea that the land in Mozambique is public and state property, and the State assignment of social and economic functions on it. The object of study is a reflection on the problem of no prevalence of use rights and land use of the poor who inhabit certain areas (urban or rural) and have their expropriated land, going to settle in remote peripheral areas and devoid of essential services and urban facilities. The aim is to draw attention to the causes and effects in the use and enjoyment of land that has been triggered by processes designated in the country for "urban renewal" and that, according to our research, they could be identified as "gentrification" and "urbanization extensive ". The method used in the survey was the field work which gave a stranglehold on the local reality in many aspects and has allowed realize how the social function of land ownership is important for the low-income population that there lies, in spite of this right legally be recognized is not implemented in its entirety. Following makes an interpretation of the multiple effects of gentrification and extensive urbanization, as well as the multi-causality of those involved in the production. The findings, legitimate right to use and exploit land by communities in the accession process, or resistance, to the factors that drive or produce this dynamic use and land use, in Boane district.

A presente dissertação é um debate teórico-conceitual sobre os aspectos de gentrificação e urbanização extensiva no Distrito de Boane, onde a relação entre o espaço urbano e o rural é vista como determinante para o crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico em Moçambique. Neste debate, são apresentadas sob a perspectiva do uso e aproveitamento do solo, várias reflexões, a partir da ideia de que a terra em Moçambique é pública e propriedade do Estado, cabendo ao Estado a atribuição das funções sociais e econômicas sobre a mesma. O objeto do estudo é uma reflexão sobre a problemática da não prevalência dos direitos de uso e aproveitamento de terra das populações pobres que habitam certas áreas (urbanas ou rurais) e tem as suas terras expropriadas, passando a instalar-se nas áreas periféricas longínquas e desprovidas de serviços e equipamentos urbanos essenciais. O objetivo é chamar atenção para as causas e efeitos no uso e aproveitamento da terra que vem sendo desencadeado por processos designados no país por “requalificação urbana” e que, de acordo com a nossa pesquisa, poderiam ser identificados como “gentrificação” e “urbanização extensiva”. O método utilizado pela pesquisa, foi o trabalho de campo que conferiu um domínio sobre a realidade local em diversos aspectos e, permitiu perceber o quão a função social da propriedade da terra é importante para a população de baixa renda que aí reside, apesar desse direito ser reconhecido legalmente, não é implementado na sua totalidade. Na sequência faz-se uma interpretação dos múltiplos efeitos resultantes da gentrificação e urbanização extensiva, assim como a multicausalidade dos intervenientes na produção do espaço. Procura-se, nas conclusões, legitimar o direito de usos e aproveitamento de terra pelas comunidades no processo de adesão, ou resistência, aos fatores que movem ou produzem esta dinâmica no uso e aproveitamento do solo, no Distrito de Boane. / This thesis is a theoretical and conceptual debate on the issues of gentrification and extensive urbanization in Boane district, where the relationship between urban and rural areas is seen as crucial for growth and economic development in Mozambique. In this discussion, it is presented from the perspective of the use and land use, several reflections, from the idea that the land in Mozambique is public and state property, and the State assignment of social and economic functions on it. The object of study is a reflection on the problem of no prevalence of use rights and land use of the poor who inhabit certain areas (urban or rural) and have their expropriated land, going to settle in remote peripheral areas and devoid of essential services and urban facilities. The aim is to draw attention to the causes and effects in the use and enjoyment of land that has been triggered by processes designated in the country for "urban renewal" and that, according to our research, they could be identified as "gentrification" and "urbanization extensive ". The method used in the survey was the field work which gave a stranglehold on the local reality in many aspects and has allowed realize how the social function of land ownership is important for the low-income population that there lies, in spite of this right legally be recognized is not implemented in its entirety. Following makes an interpretation of the multiple effects of gentrification and extensive urbanization, as well as the multi-causality of those involved in the production. The findings, legitimate right to use and exploit land by communities in the accession process, or resistance, to the factors that drive or produce this dynamic use and land use, in Boane district.

In 1994 Ethiopia introduced a federal system of government as a national level approach to intra-state conflict management. Homogenisation of cultures and languages by the earlier regimes led to the emergence of ethno-national movements and civil wars that culminated in the collapse of the unitary state in 1991. For this reason, the federal system that recognises ethnic groups¿ rights is the first step in transforming the structural causes of civil wars in Ethiopia. Against this background this research examines whether the federal arrangement has created an enabling environment in managing conflicts in the country. To understand this problematic, the thesis conceptualises and analyses federalism and conflict management using a qualitative research design based on in-depth interviewing and content-based thematic analysis ¿ taking the case study of the Benishangul-Gumuz regional state. The findings of the study demonstrate that different factors hinder the federal process. First, the constitutional focus on ethnic groups¿ rights has led, in practice, to lessened attention to citizenship and minority rights protection in the regional states. Second, the federal process encourages ethnic-based elite groups to compete in controlling regional and local state powers and resources. This has greatly contributed to the emergence of ethnic-based violent conflicts, hostile intergovernmental relationships and lack of law and order along the common borders of the regional states. Third, the centralised policy and decision making process of the ruling party has hindered genuine democratic participation of citizens and self-determination of the ethnic groups. This undermines the capacity of the regional states and makes the federal structure vulnerable to the dynamics of political change. The conflicts in Benishangul-Gumuz emanate from these causes, but lack of territorial land use rights of the indigenous people and lack of proportional political representation of the non-indigenous people are the principal manifestations. The research concludes by identifying the issues that determine the sustainability of the federal structure. Some of them include: making constitutional amendments which consider citizenship rights and minority rights protection; enhancing the democratic participation of citizens by developing the capacities of the regional states and correcting the organisational weakness of the multi-national political parties; encouraging co-operative intergovernmental relationships, and maintaining the territorial land use rights of the Benishangul-Gumuz indigenous people. / Addis Ababa University

In 1994 Ethiopia introduced a federal system of government as a national level approach to intra-state conflict management. Homogenisation of cultures and languages by the earlier regimes led to the emergence of ethno-national movements and civil wars that culminated in the collapse of the unitary state in 1991. For this reason, the federal system that recognises ethnic groups' rights is the first step in transforming the structural causes of civil wars in Ethiopia. Against this background this research examines whether the federal arrangement has created an enabling environment in managing conflicts in the country. To understand this problematic, the thesis conceptualises and analyses federalism and conflict management using a qualitative research design based on in-depth interviewing and content-based thematic analysis - taking the case study of the Benishangul-Gumuz regional state. The findings of the study demonstrate that different factors hinder the federal process. First, the constitutional focus on ethnic groups' rights has led, in practice, to lessened attention to citizenship and minority rights protection in the regional states. Second, the federal process encourages ethnic-based elite groups to compete in controlling regional and local state powers and resources. This has greatly contributed to the emergence of ethnic-based violent conflicts, hostile intergovernmental relationships and lack of law and order along the common borders of the regional states. Third, the centralised policy and decision making process of the ruling party has hindered genuine democratic participation of citizens and self-determination of the ethnic groups. This undermines the capacity of the regional states and makes the federal structure vulnerable to the dynamics of political change. The conflicts in Benishangul-Gumuz emanate from these causes, but lack of territorial land use rights of the indigenous people and lack of proportional political representation of the non-indigenous people are the principal manifestations. The research concludes by identifying the issues that determine the sustainability of the federal structure. Some of them include: making constitutional amendments which consider citizenship rights and minority rights protection; enhancing the democratic participation of citizens by developing the capacities of the regional states and correcting the organisational weakness of the multi-national political parties; encouraging co-operative intergovernmental relationships, and maintaining the territorial land use rights of the Benishangul-Gumuz indigenous people.