INTRODUÇÃO: A hidrolaparoscopia transvaginal (HLT) é uma técnica de exploração das estruturas tubo-ovarianas em pacientes inférteis sem alteração pélvica determinada. O procedimento consiste no acesso via vaginal da cavidade pélvica com trocarte e introdução de óptica que é acoplada ao sistema de videodocumentação. O exame é realizado em ambulatório com anestesia local. A visibilização é conseguida graças a hidroflotação das estruturas pélvicas provocada pela instilação de soro fisiológico ou solução de lactatoringer. Trata-se de uma das técnicas vídeo-endoscópicas ginecológica mais recentes descrita na literatura, ainda em fase de estudos. Este método permite o diagnóstico de afecções da pelve posterior como, endometriose, cistos ovarianos, aderências, hidrossalpinge, miomas e estudo da tuba distal em pacientes laqueadas. O estudo desenvolvido tem por objetivo avaliar a técnica operatória em si, assim como os achados através deste método e a segurança e eficácia de um novo um novo instrumental, mais particularmente uma agulha de Veress modificada, desenvolvida especificamente para este procedimento. Este instrumental difere de outros utilizados e descritos na literatura por apresentar um dispositivo de segurança em sua base que tem por finalidade fixar a parte interna da ponta da agulha, oferecendo maior segurança ao adentrar-se às cegas na cavidade pélvica através do fórnice vaginal posterior. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Para realização do estudo selecionou-se 38 pacientes laqueadas que apresentavam desejo de gravidez. Foram excluídas pacientes que apresentassem outra afecção pélvica e aquelas cujos parceiros apresentavam espermograma alterado com indicação de fertilização in vitro. O procedimento foi realizado com a paciente em posição ginecológica. Após a anti-sepsia da vulva e vagina procedeu-se à infiltração de 2 ml de lidocaína com vasoconstritor em porção mediana do fórnice vaginal posterior aproximadamente 1,5 cm abaixo da inserção da parede vaginal na cérvice uterina. Depois disto puncionava-se através do local previamente anestesiado com a agulha, objeto deste estudo, já envolta por uma cânula similar a um trocarte, até transpassar-se a parede vaginal e obter-se acesso à cavidade pélvica. Introduzia-se 100 ml de soro fisiológico ou solução de lactato-ringer com lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstritor diluída em uma proporção de 1/100. Após remover a agulha introduzia-se através da cânula uma óptica de 2,9 mm com ângulo de 30º acoplada a um sistema de vídeodocumentação; confirmava-se o acesso ao interior da cavidade e prosseguia-se a instilação de líquido e inspeção da mesma. RESULTADOS: 1) Obteve-se acesso à cavidade pélvica em 36 (94,7%) das pacientes. 2) A quantidade de líquido utilizada variou de 300 a 1500 ml. 3) O escore médio de dor foi de 2,3 na escala visual analógica de dor. O escore médio nas pacientes nas quais se utilizou quantidades 600ml foi de 2,7 e 1,7 respectivamente. 4) Os achados mais comuns durante o procedimento foram de aderências pélvicas velamentosas, além de hidrossalpinge e salpingectomia distal em alguns casos. 5) Não houve qualquer complicação nos 38 casos estudados. CONCLUSÕES: 1) O novo instrumental de hidrolaparoscopia transvaginal (agulhas de Veress modificada) é eficaz em acessar a cavidade pélvica, é seguro e de fácil manuseio. 2) A hidrolaparoscopia transvaginal é um método realizável em âmbito ambulatorial, reprodutível, bem tolerado, de baixo custo e com boa capacidade diagnóstica / INTRODUCTION: Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) is a technique for pelvic exploration in patients without pelvic pathology. The procedure consists of accessing the pelvic cavity with a trocar and introduction of an optic coupled to a videodocumentation system. The exam is performed in outpatient under local anesthesia. Visualization is achieved through hydroflotation of the pelvis\'s structures, following instillation of saline or Ringer\'s lactate solution. It is one of the most recently described gynecological videoendoscopic techniques in the literature and still in trial phase. This method enables the diagnosis of alterations in the posterior pelvis, such as endometriosis; ovarian cysts; adhesions; hydrosalpinx; myomas; and evaluation of the distal tube in patient with tubal ligation. The objective of the study was to evaluate the technique itself, as well as the findings using this method and the efficiency of the new instrument, in particular the modified Veress needle that has been developed specifically for this procedure. This instrument differs from others described in the literature because it has a safety device in its base designed to fix the inner part of needle\'s tip, thereby offering greater safety during blind insertion into the pelvic cavity through the posterior fornix. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 38 patients with tubal ligation were selected that had expressed the desire to become pregnant. Patients with other pelvic alteration and whose partner presented abnormal semen analisys with indication for in vitro fertilization were excluded. The procedure was performed in gynecologic position. After antisepsis of the vulva and vagina, 2 ml of lidocaine with adrenaline was perfomed of posterior fornix at midline, approximately 1.5 cm below the insertion of the vaginal wall in the uterine cervix. After this, the Veress needle previously covered with a cannula that is similar a trocar, was inserted through the anesthetized area until it reached the pelvic cavity. A hundred milliliter of saline or Ringer\'s lactate solution with 2% lidocaine, without adrenaline and diluted to 1:100 was introduced. After removal of the Veress needle, a rigid 2,9 mm endoscope with a 30º optical angle coupled to a videodocumentation system was inserted trough the cannula to confirm the access into pelvic cavity. The liquid has continued instilled and the inspection was undertaken. RESULTS: 1) the pelvic cavity was accessed in 36 (94.7%) patients; 2) the distention media volume used was 300 to 1500 ml; 3) the mean score for pain using the visual analog pain scale was 2.3. This score for the patients that received 600 ml was 2.7 and 1.7, respectively; 4) the most common findings during the procedure were filamentous pelvic adhesions, besides hydrosalpinx and distal salpingectomy in some cases 5) there were no complications in any of the 38 cases studied. CONCLUSIONS: 1)The new transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy instrument (modified Veress needle) is effective to access the pelvic cavity, safe and easy handle; 2) transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy is feasibility in outpatient basis and is reproducible, well tolerated, inexpensive and offers a good diagnostic capacity

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The genome of Escherichia coli harbors several catabolic operons involved in the utilization of a wide variety of natural compounds as carbon sources. The chitobiose (chu) operons of E.coli Is involved in the utilization of chitobiose(disaccharide of N-acety1-D-glucosamine) and cellbiose (disaccharide of glucose) derived from the two most abundant naturally occurring carbon sources on earth, chitin and cellulose respectively. The operon consists of the chbBCARFG genes coding for transport, regulation and hydrolysis functions required to utilize these compounds; the chuyBCA genes code for a multi-subuni PTS transporter ; the chuR codes for a dual function repressor/activator of the operon; the chbF codes for a phospho-glucosidase and the chbG codes for a protein of unknown function. The chu operon Is regulated by three transcription factors; NagC, a key regulator of the nag genes involved in amino sugar metabolism; ChbR, a dual function operon-specific regulator; and CRP_cAMP. The operon is repressed by NagC and ChbR in the absence of catabolic substrate. In the presence of chitobiose, expression is induced by the abrogation of NagC-mediated repression by GlcNAc-6-P generated by the hydrolysis of chitobiose-6-P and subsequent activation of transcription by ChbR and CPR-cAMP. Wild type E.coli connot utilize cellbiose due to the inability of cellbiose to induce expression from the operon. The simultaneous presence of a loss of function mutation in nagC and a gain –of-function mutation in chbR is necessary and sufficient to allow cellbiose to induce expression and confer on E.coli the ability to utilize cellbiose. The activation step by ChbR and CPR-cAMP requires an inducer that is recognized by ChbR. The chemical identity of the inducer and the mechanism of transcriptional activation by ChbR and CPR-cAMP are not understood. The studies described in the chapter 2 shows that chbG is essential for the utilization of the acetylated sugars chitobiose and chitotriose while it is dispensable for the sugars lacking the acety1group such as cellobiose and chitosan dimer, a disaccharide of N-glucosamine. ChbG is produced as a cytosolic protein and removes one acety1 group from chitobiose and chitotriose thus shows a mono-decetylase activity. Taken together, the observing suggest that ChbG deacetylates chitobiose-6-P and chitotriose-6-P producing the mono-decetylated from of the sugars. The deacetylateion is necessary for their recognition both as inducers by ChbR to activate transcription along with CRP-cAMP and as substractes by phosop-glucosidase ChbF. Cellobiose positive(Cel+) mutants carrying nagC delection and different gain-of-function mutations in chbR are independent of chbG for induction by chitobiose suggesting that the mutations in ChbR can allow it to recognize the acetylated form of chitobiose-6-P. Despite normal induction, the mutants to grow on chitobiose without chbG are consistant with the requirement of deacetylation for hydrolysis by ChbF. The prediction active site of chbG was validated by demonstrating the loss of chbG function upon alanine substitution of the putative metal binding residues. Vibro cholerace ChbG can complement the function of E.coli ChbG indicating that ChbG is conserved in both the organisms. The studies presented in chapter 3 address the mechanism of transcriptional activation of the chb operon by ChbR and CPR-cAMP. ChbR and CPR-cAMP function in a synergistic manner in response to the induction signal. The synergy is not because of their cooperative binding to the DNA. The role of CRP as a class I activator via the known mechanism involving interaction between the Activation region1 (AR1) and the C-terminal domain of the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase (CTD) was not crucial for the chb operon. A direct interaction between the two activators in virto was observed. Based on these results and the close spacing of the synergy is due to interaction between the two regulators bound to DNA that is enhanced in the presence of the inducer, binding about an optimal confirmation in ChbR required to interact with RNA polymerase. ChbR contacts different residues in the subunit in response to cellbiose and chitobiose; whereas it utilizes the known residues in the presence cellbiose, it appears to require different and unknown residues for induction in the presence of chitobiose. In conclusion, the studies reported in chapter 2 and 3 provide an understanding of the regulation of the chitin oligosaccharides utilization in E.coli at different levels. The broad implications of these studies and possible future directions are discussed in chapter 4. ChbG is an evolutionary conserved protein found in both prokaryotes and enkayotes including humans. ChbG homologs have been implicated in inflammatory bowel disorders in humans and development in metazoans. Therefore, the studies on chbG described in this thesis have been broader significance.

The purpose of this study was to explore the utilization patterns of elderly women in a nurse managed clinic (NMC). A convenience sample of 20 women, 65 and older, attending an NMC completed an questionnaire and an interview. A pilot study guided the development of the questionnaire. Interrater reliability was performed to enhance the reliability of the pattern categories developed from the interviews. The findings of this research were that elderly women utilized this NMC for: physical assessment and monitoring; health care information; evaluating a physical need; referral; emotional support; socialization; convenience; cost; familiarity/comfort; health care need; and reliability. Satisfaction was the main component of the clients' perception of their visit to the NMC. Conclusions reached were that utilization of this NMC was based mainly on perceptions of health care needs and that cost, convenience, and familiarity influenced clients in choosing this clinic in addition to their primary care provider.

No description available.

No description available.

<p>Zbog visoke stope morbiditeta i mortaliteta od kardiovaskularnih bolesti, udeo lekova za terapiju kardiovaskularnih bolesti značajno učestvuje u ukupno utro&scaron;enoj količini lekova u svetu. Evidentan je porast potro&scaron;nje lekova za kardiovaskularne bolesti. Radi postizanja &scaron;to je moguće vi&scaron;eg stepena racionalizacije terapije u većini zemalja stručna tela donose farmakoterapijske smernice kako bi se mogućnost pogre&scaron;nog lečenja svela na najmanju moguću meru. Na ovaj način lekaru-praktičaru pružena je sigurnost pravilnog izbora i najadekvatnijeg postupka u datim okolnostima. Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su: 1) izračunavanje ukupne vanbolničke potro&scaron;nje lekova za lečenje kardiovaskularnih bolesti na teritoriji Novog Sada i njeno poređenje sa propisivanjem u Republici Srbiji i u zemljama sa razvijenom farmakoterapijskom praksom; 2) analiza strukture propisanih lekova za lečenje kardiovaskularnih bolesti (grupa C prema ATC klasifikaciji) po grupama i njeno poređenje sa propisivanjem u Republici Srbiji i u zemljama sa razvijenom farmakoterapijskom praksom; 3) analiza strukture propisanih lekova po dijagnozama i provera usklađenosti sa farmakoterapijskim smernicama; 4) komparacija propisanih lekova sa morbiditetnom statistikom kardiovaskularnih bolesti; 5) analiza farmakoekonomskih aspekata propisivanja lekova za kardiovaskularne bolesti. Sprovedeno istraživanje spada u IV fazu kliničkih ispitivanja-farmakoepidemiolo&scaron;ko, retrospektivno, opservaciono. Podaci su prikupljeni na osnovu izve&scaron;taja iz elektronske baze podataka za period od 6 meseci (01. 01. 2012 &minus; 01. 07. 2012), na teritoriji grada Novog Sada. Na osnovu ovih podataka na teritoriji grada Novog Sada analizirana je upotreba lekova za kardiovaskularne bolesti na 100% uzorku stanovnika. Ispitivanje se sastojalo iz dva dela. Prvi deo obuhvata prikupljanje, obradu i analizu podataka o ukupno propisanoj količni lekova za kardiovaskularne bolesti na teritoriji grada Novog Sada. U drugom delu istraživanja kori&scaron;ćenjem podataka dobijenih iz državne &bdquo;Apoteke Novi Sad&ldquo; detaljnije je analizirana upotreba lekova za lečenje kardiovaskularnih bolesti izdatih na recept. Upotreba lekova analizirana je: prema uzrastu i polu pacijenata, prema dijagnozama za koje su lekovi propisani i prema ceni. Sruktura upotrebe lekova po indikacijama za dijagnoze kod kojih je ukupna upotreba propisanih lekova bila veća od 1 DDD/1000stanovnika/dan upoređena je sa postojećim nacionalnim vodičima i sa upotrebom u zemljama sa razvijenom farmakoterapijskom praksom, odnosno sa međunarodnim vodičima. Ovi podaci upoređeni su sa morbiditetnom statistikom na teritoriji grada Novog Sada. Ukupno propisana količina lekova za kardiovaskularne bolesti u posmatranom periodu iznosila je 399,79 DDD/1000st/dan. Od te količine, preko polovine (201,11DDD/1000st/dan) propisivanih lekova za kardiovaskularne bolesti su lekovi koji deluju na sistem renin-angiotenzin, slede blokatori kalcijumskih kanala, zatim blokatori beta-adrenergičkih receptora, a na četvrtom mestu po ukupno propisanoj količini su lekovi za terapiju bolesti srca. Od najče&scaron;ćih dijagnoza za koje su propisivani lekovi za kardiovaskularne bolesti, najzastupljenije su bile arterijska hipertenzija, a potom ishemijska bolest srca. Upotreba lekova za kardiovaskularne bolesti u vanbolničkoj sredini na teritoriji grada Novog Sada (399,79 DDD/1000st/dan) vi&scaron;a je u odnosu na zemlje u okruženju (Hrvatsku, Crnu Goru), a niža u odnosu na zemlje sa razvijenom farmakoterapijskom praksom. U odnosu na zemlje sa razvijenom farmakoterapijskom praksom postoje odstupanja u pogledu strukture propisivanja. Struktura propisivanja lekova za kardiovaskularne bolesti odstupa od važećih nacionalnih vodiča o racionalnoj upotrebi lekova za kardiovaskularne bolesti u Republici Srbiji. Istovremeno struktura propisanih lekova nije u skladu sa morbiditetnom statistikom kardiovaskularnih bolesti prema zvaničnim podacima. Među 10 najče&scaron;će propisanih lekova nalaze se i skupi lekovi, koji imaju adekvatne, a mnogo jeftinije paralele. Nedovoljno i neracionalno lečenje kardiovaskularnih bolesti verovatno su jedan od značajnih razloga za visoku smrtnost od kardiovaskularnih bolesti u Srbiji.</p> / <p>Due to high rates of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases, the share drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases significantly contributes to a total utilization among drugs in the world. There is an evident increase in the consumption of drugs for cardiovascular diseases. In order to achieve as much as possible a higher level of rationalization of therapy in most countries the professional bodies making pharmacotherapeutic guidelines to the possibility of the wrong treatment was reduced to a minimum. In this way, the physician-practitioner provided the security proper selection and the most appropriate procedure in the circumstances. The objectives of this study were: 1) the calculation of the total outpatient consumption of drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases on the territory of Novi Sad and its comparison with the prescribing in the Republic of Serbia and the countries with developed pharmacotherapeutical practice; 2) analysis of the structure of prescribed drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (group C according to the ATC classification) by the groups and its comparison with the prescribing in the Republic of Serbia and the countries with developed pharmacotherapeutical practice 3) analysis of the structure of prescribed drugs per diagnosis and verification of compliance with pharmacotherapeutic guidelines; 4) comparison of prescribed drugs with morbidity statistics cardiovascular diseases; 5) analysis of pharmacoeconomic aspects of prescribing drugs for cardiovascular diseases. A research conducted among the phase IV clinical trials-pharmacoepidemiological, retrospective observational. Data were collected on the basis of a report from the electronic database for the period of 6 months (01. 01. 2012 - 01. 07. 2012), on the territory of the city of Novi Sad. Based on these data on the territory of the city of Novi Sad analyzed the use of drugs for cardiovascular diseases at 100% sample of the population. The research consisted of two parts. The first part comprises the collection, processing and analysis of data on the total quantity of the prescribed cardiovascular drugs on the territory of the city of Novi Sad. In the second part of this research using data from the public &quot;Pharmacy Novi Sad&quot; is a more detailed analysis of the utilization of drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases of prescription. The utilization of drugs is analyzed: according to the age and sex of patients, in diagnosis for which the drugs prescribed and to the cost. Structure of the use of drugs by indications for diagnosis in which the total utilization of prescribed drugs was greater than 1 DDD/1000inhabitants/day was compared with the existing national guidelines and use in countries with developed pharmacotherapeutical practice, and with international guidelines. These data were compared with morbidity statistics on the territory of the city of Novi Sad. Total amount of prescribed drugs for cardiovascular diseases in the examined period was 399.79 DDD/1000inh/day. Of this amount, more than half (201.11 DDD/1000inh/day) were drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system, followed by calcium channel blockers, beta adrenergic receptor blockers, and fourth in total prescribed quantity drugs for treatment of heart diseases. Of the most common diagnosis for which drugs for cardiovascular diseases were prescribed, the most common were arterial hypertension, and then ischemic heart disease. The use of drugs for cardiovascular diseases in outpatient environment on the territory of the city of Novi Sad (399.79 DDD/1000inh/day) is higher compared to neighboring countries (Croatia, Montenegro), and lower than in countries with developed pharmacotherapeutical practice. Compared to countries with developed pharmacotherapeutical practice there are variations in terms of the structure of prescribing. Structure of prescribing of drugs for cardiovascular diseases deviates from the existing national guidelines on rational use of drugs for cardiovascular diseases in the Republic of Serbia. At the same time the structure of prescribed drugs is not in compliance with morbidity statistics cardiovascular diseases according to official data. Among the 10 most commonly prescribed drugs are costly drugs, that have adequate, and much cheaper parallels. Insufficient and irrational treatment of cardiovascular diseases are probably one of the major reasons for the high mortality from cardiovascular diseases in Serbia.</p>

The Ph. D. Thesis deals with architectural and monumental values of factory owners residences. It introduces the position and the whole development of the socioeconomic situation on the territory of Moravia and Silesia since 18th century until 90`s years of 20th century, also development of situation at sugar industry as a whole. Pays the attention to manners and forms of foundation - sugar mills and its owners seats. Briefly informs on the development of technologies and work at sugar factory. Analyses the problems of downfall and transformation owners seats and areas itself from 19th century until the present time. Presents the possibilities of their transformation and reutilisation. Intends over possible access to protection of them following our valid legislative and international charters.

眾所周知，現代社會如僅靠行政人員個人的經驗、智慧與直覺，不僅不足以制定具有前瞻性、能夠指道社會未來發展之政策，甚至無法解決許多當前發生的重大問題，如都市治安、公害防治、社會福利、交通問題、子女教育、都市發展、通貨膨漲等。因之，現代決策必須充分結合學術團體及個人的研究成果與各方智慧，共同完成決策，才能達到提昇決策品質、解決問題與福國利民的目標。 我國一向重視結合「學術與行政」，因此行政機關除鼓勵所屬人員自行從事研究發展工作外，還投入大量經費委託組織外的學者專家進行專業性的研究，如行政院環保署自七十六年成立以來，共投入二十八億餘元辦理委託研究；再如行政院研考會於民國六十九年至七十九年，共投入七千六百萬餘元辦理委託研究；經建會於八十年度即投入三千五百四十三餘萬元進行委託研究；單係環境科技之委託研究，七十七年度至八十年度行政機關及國營事業就投入六十二億二千九百萬元。另外行政院所屬機關中從事研究發展工作者有：經濟部、國防部、交通部、農委會、原能會、衛生署、環保署、教育部等。 國家投入如此豐沛的人力、物力、財力於委託研究上，各項委託研究成果的應用情形如何？是否有助於政府部門規劃出高品質之公共政策？還是僅生產出汗牛充棟的資訊，並未被充分應用？若未被充分應用，其原因何在？如何才能提升行政機關政策研究成果之應用率？凡此問題值得吾人深入追蹤探討與評估。 本文主要的研究問題如下： 根據西方文獻顯示，研究與應用配合情形不佳，我國行政機關應用委託研究的情形為何？委託研究成果與應用間存不存在差距？若存在差距究係何種因系造成？ 若存在差距，如何才能在研究與應用間建立橋樑，強化二者間的連結並提高委託研究成果的應用率？ 行政機關的委託研究成果對該機關業務產生的影響為何？即委託研究在行政工作上扮演何種角色？ 行政機關應用該機關委託研究成果行為，大多發生於政策過程的那一階段？以何種方式應用委託研究成果？ 為何有些委託研究成果被行政機關應用？有的未被應用？影響委託研究成果被中央銀級行政機關採用或拒絕的因素為何？ 目前「研究應用」領域中的理論，例如兩界論（two communities theory）知識特定理論(knowledge specific theory)、決策者限制理論(policy maker constraint theory)等，幾乎均為西方之產物，是否可以應用於我國，解釋我國行政機關應用研究成果的現象？即何種研究應用理論模式，最適合描述我國行政機關應用委託研究成果之情形？ 本文採用文獻探討、個案研究，紮根的理論研究法及次級資料分析四種方法搜集、組織、分析行政院環保署的實證資料，回答以上各項問題，期望對我國中央級行政機關—環保署應用委託研究成果情形及辦理委託研究工作，有較深入且廣泛的認識，並提出改進建議，以供有關機關參考。 本論文第一章基於文獻探討(閱讀前人的研究成果)，引發筆者的研究動機並確立本研究欲探究之問題與目的。由於筆者研究資源有限，故須在進行研究時縮小研究範圍，然後籍由四種研究方法搜集、組織並分析資料(第二章)：並於第三章中、界定本研究關鍵名詞--「研究應用」的意義與測量方式：第四、五、六、七章則為本研究果之陳述；第八章結論與展望部分，除將本研究所獲致的結果，再做一扼要整理敘述，還根據過去此領域之研究者及筆者的研究心得，為有興趣者，未來從事相關研究，提出進一步的研究建議。 本研究歸納國外文獻及國內實證資料後發現：行政機關中低度應用研究成果是一個中外均普遍的現象，研究者與行政人員間的確存在差距，但二者間差距並不大，支持兩界論樂觀派的說法。環保署委託研究成果或建議的採行情形，根據實証資料顯示比率並不高，將近50%的委託研究成果只有小部分被採用。而實際上，環保署委託研究成果的採行率可能更低。造成此種差距的因素很多，根據筆者推論，關鍵因素可能為決策的本質、研究者與行政人員的本質不同(兩界論)及官僚體系的層層過濾等三項，但委託研究成果對行政機關業務所造成的影響仍不容忽視且非常複雜又不易衡量，因每項研究成果造成的影響均可能有所不同，各種情形均有。個別委託研究對行政機關業務影響的大小，須視該項研究成果本身具備的條件、決策者的意向及外在環境等因素的配合情形而定。 應用研究成果的階段方面，根據環保署的實証資料顯示，環保署人員通常係在「研擬及評估問題的解決方案」、「研擬法規草案」、「界定或了解問題」時，最常參考引用委託研究成果，可知委託研究成果對政策制定過程影響最大的階段係在行政作業初期階段，因此可下結論環保署委託研究的主要功能為：行政機關解決問題、準備具體方案及作決策所須的基本資料。事實上，應用研究成果是一個非常複雜的過程與現象，應用研究成果的過程通常不是一次就結束，而是一點一點地、不定時地、可能由不同的人分別應用研究內容，因此欲回答委託研究成果通常係應用於決策或行政工作哪一階段，實難以一言蔽之。此外，關於應用研究的方式，一般而言可分為工具性應用、啟發性應用、及策略性應用三種。環保署的實證資料顯示，工具性應用最多；策略性應用次之啟發性應用最少。由於研究應用為一項複雜的現象，因此，任何一項委託研究均可能以多重的方式被應用，其應用方式端視行政機關人員的需求而定。如一項委託研究成果既可提供待解決問題的基本資料，又可作為行政人員說服反對者或民意代表的工具，則更可能是啟發行政人員產生新構想或採取新行動的刺激。 關於影響研究被行政機關應用與否的因素，大致可按因素性質歸入三個模式中：研究特性模式、應用者／應用機關特性模式及系絡模式。到底係那些特定因素造成的影響，尚須視委託研究個別的情形而定。 為強化研究與應用間的連結，提升委託研究成果的採行率，應自研究的規劃階段即開始重視「應用」的問題，即以應用為導向進行研究，以利日後完成研究，將成果應用於解決政策問題上。 誠如此領域眾多前輩所言，研究應用實為一動態且複雜的現象，但一步一步慢慢來，此領域還是可以且值得吾人探索的，本文於最後列出建構一般性的研究應用理論等七項未來可供進一步研究的方向，供有興趣的研究者參考。

In electricity markets, capacity cost must be determined in order to make capacity trading. In this thesis, capacity cost and the factors deriving the capacity cost are studied. First, fixed capacity cost of power plants is examined. Direct and indirect costs of fixed capacity cost are detailed with respect to different types of power plants and the impact of these factors to the capacity cost is given. Second, interconnection and system utilization costs of transmission and distribution system are considered in order to simulate energy flow from the producer to the customer. Finally, a capacity cost calculation program is practiced. By the help of this program, capacity cost of power plants is figured out, different cases are compared and the main factors affecting the capacity cost are discussed in detail.