<p>Heat and power stations are often in need of optimizations. A simulation model is a tool for findingways to optimize the plant. The scope of this diploma work is to develop a simulation model ofBoiler 5 at Mälarenergi AB. Boiler 5 is a circulated fluidized bed boiler that was taken into service inyear 2001. Among the included parts in the boiler are cyclone, convection part andINTREX-chambers. The software that was used for the simulation was SimTech’s IPSEpro. IPSEprois a heat and mass balance software for steady state calculations. The program comes with a set ofmodules in a library called APP_lib which contains modules such as preaheaters, pump, boiler andturbine stages. The user can however design own modules in the Model Development Kit, since thelibrary code is open source. The development of the simulation model started with an updating of anold model from year 2003. Values provided from Foster Wheeler where then used to make the modelcalculate in a right way. Thereafter some calculations of the super heaters’ heat transfer coefficientswere made. The coefficients were then translated into IPSEpro’s own programming language ModelDescription Language, and were put into the model’s modules. The results were compared with realvalues from the plant’s system. It showed that the calculated values needed more investigations to bemore accurate. The conclusion was that the final model needs more equations to describe the plant in amore realistic way.</p>

Heat and power stations are often in need of optimizations. A simulation model is a tool for findingways to optimize the plant. The scope of this diploma work is to develop a simulation model ofBoiler 5 at Mälarenergi AB. Boiler 5 is a circulated fluidized bed boiler that was taken into service inyear 2001. Among the included parts in the boiler are cyclone, convection part andINTREX-chambers. The software that was used for the simulation was SimTech’s IPSEpro. IPSEprois a heat and mass balance software for steady state calculations. The program comes with a set ofmodules in a library called APP_lib which contains modules such as preaheaters, pump, boiler andturbine stages. The user can however design own modules in the Model Development Kit, since thelibrary code is open source. The development of the simulation model started with an updating of anold model from year 2003. Values provided from Foster Wheeler where then used to make the modelcalculate in a right way. Thereafter some calculations of the super heaters’ heat transfer coefficientswere made. The coefficients were then translated into IPSEpro’s own programming language ModelDescription Language, and were put into the model’s modules. The results were compared with realvalues from the plant’s system. It showed that the calculated values needed more investigations to bemore accurate. The conclusion was that the final model needs more equations to describe the plant in amore realistic way.

År 1947 var k-värde, värmegenomgångstal, aktuellt och Sverige var indelat i olika zoner med lokala byggregler. Sedan dess har bygglagstiftningens utveckling gått framåt. Lagen har förändrats och många nya föreskrifter och anvisningar har utgivits under årens gång. Det förekommer inte längre några zoner eller lokala byggregler. I dag är begreppenvärmegenomgångskoefficient (Um) och byggnadens primärenergital (EPpet) aktuella.Denna rapport innehåller en sammanställning över tillåtna värden för värmegenomgångstalet och hur det utvecklats från 1947 fram till i dag. Rapportens syfte är att skapa en förenklad sammanställning över hur värmegenomgångstalet förändrats historiskt med hänsyn till bygglagstiftning. En översikt för antalet småhus och flerbostadshus är också inkluderad. Sammanställningar över dessa värden fyller en viktig funktion i förarbetet till Fit for 55 och är betydelsefullt för övriga kommande miljöarbeten. Litteraturstudien har utgått från regelverken BABS, SBN, NR, och BBR. Statistiken för antalet bostäder är hämtad från SCB.Arbetet omfattar byggregler från BABS 46 fram till BBR 29 och inkluderar endast byggnadsdelarna golv, vägg och tak. Sammanställning för värmegenomgångstalets utveckling är begränsad till bostad. Resultatet redovisas i tabeller och diagram. Sammanställningen gav en tydligare bild av hur värmegenomgångstalet har förändrats och var förändringen var som störst.  Syftet var att sammanställa en förenklad version av värmegenomgångstalets (k-värdets) utveckling genom historien, vilket är uppnått. / By 1947, k-value, was the standard value and Sweden was divided into different zones with local building regulations. Since then, the progress of the building legislation has been moving forward. The law has changed, and many new regulations and instructions have been published during the years. There are no longer any zones or local regulations. Today, the current concepts are U-value and EPpet. This report includes a compilation of allowed values for k-value and how it has been developing since 1947 until today. The purpose of the report is to create a simplified compilation of how k-value has been developing historically regarding building legislation. An overview of the numbers of small houses and apartment buildings are also included. Compilations of this type of values are an important part in the preparatory work to Fit for 55 and are also valuable for upcoming environmental work. The literature study has been done from the regulations BABS, SBN, NR and BBR. The statistics of the numbers of homes has been collected from the SCB. The work covers building regulations from BABS 46 until BBR 29 and only includes the building parts floor, wall, and roof. The compilation of the development of k-value is limited to residences.The outcome/result is reported in charts and graphs. The compilation gave a clearer picture of how k-value has developed and where the biggest changes occurred. The purpose was to compile a simplified version of the k-values development throughout history, a purpose which was achieved.