Energy losses are an essential part of a power grid company’s costs. From anenvironmental and economic perspective, it is important to reduce these costs. Toknow where efforts should be deployed, it is important to have good knowledge ofwhere in the network losses are situated. When creating network tariffs, there is alsonecessary to have a correct distribution such that the network customers that use acertain part of the network, only pays for the network losses in this area. A customerthat is connected to the mid voltage network should therefore not have to pay forlosses in the low voltage grid.Mälarenergi elnät AB demand a deeper investigation to see if their reported net lossesfor Energimarknadsinspektionen, EI is reasonably accurate or completely misleading.Therefore, this thesis was performed.Today advanced software is used which retrieve measurements from the power gridaround cities. This type of software is monitoring networks in order to detectpossible failures and then fix those errors when necessary. These measurements areused in the thesis to identify the size of the losses in the network. The network isdivided into smaller areas with each area analysed separately. When all areas haveundergone deeper analysis, the results are compared and a final result will beobtained at the end.According to Energimarknadsinspektionen, Mälarenergi elnät energy losses are 2,96%. Losses according to the analysis in this thesis amounts to 3,11 %.

<p><strong>Title:   </strong>Controlling Mälarenergi by Balanced Scorecard </p><p><strong>Seminar date:  </strong>2009-01-16 </p><p><strong>Institution:   </strong>School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology </p><p><strong>Course:   </strong>Bachelor thesis 15hp </p><p><strong>Authors</strong>:   Camilla Nilsson, Amanda Agestav </p><p><strong>Advisor:   </strong>Ulla Pettersson </p><p><strong>The main issues:                </strong>What does Mälarenergi's Balanced Scorecard look like? Which Balanced Scorecard perspectives are important to Mälarenergi? Is Balanced Scorecard a purposeful control model in order for the group management to fulfil the aims of the owners' directives? </p><p><strong>Purpose:                            </strong>The purpose is to find out how the group management at Mälarenergi works with Balanced Scorecard. Is Balanced Scorecard a purposeful tool for the group management to fulfill the aims of the owners' directives? <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Method:                             </strong>This study is based on a qualitative research method in the form of interviews. We have interviewed one respondent. Secondary data have been produced by literature search. </p><p><strong>Conclusion:                       </strong>Mälarenergi uses Balanced Scorecard exclusively at a group management level. The strategic work at the business areas' different division levels takes place aided by a business development model. We believe that Balanced Scorecard is a purposeful tool to use in order to clarify a company's strategy work and reach the goals in the owners' directives. However, Mälarenergi needs to complement the Balanced Scorecard with another model, since the business areas are so different from each other. In doing so, however, there is a risk that not all employees will be involved in the Balanced Scorecard, but that this will become an exclusive tool to the group management. We believe that there is no clear connection between the Balanced Scorecard work done in the group management and the work within the different business areas with their various focus areas.</p><p> </p>

<p><strong>Date:             </strong>2009 – 05 – 28 <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Level:            </strong>Master thesis in Industrial Management with specialization in Sustainable Development, 30 hp</p><p><strong>Authors:</strong>       Nominchuluun Nyamdavaa                      Sam Amirebrahimi</p><p>                      Engerbrektsgatan 19                         Centrallasarettet Ing.21</p><p>                      72216 Västerås                                         72189 Västerås</p><p>                      073 – 696 93 69                                       073 – 907 74 91</p><p><strong>Tutor:</strong>           Magnus Linderström</p><p><strong>Title:</strong>             Organizational interactions in the energy sector regarding environment and growth – case study of Mälarenergi AB</p><p><strong>Problem:</strong>       Energy sector has been much debated regarding growth and environmental issues. Energy situation in 2020 sets an emergency that a New Energy Policy has to be made immediately in order to meet the growing energy demand without compromising the environment. Thus the energy sector is strictly regulated by national and international level policies. It is interesting to investigate how organizations interact with each other in the sector regarding growth and environment.   </p><p><strong>Purpose:</strong>       Aim of this thesis is to describe the inter-organizational relationships in the Swedish energy sector and analyze how organizations interact with each other depending on their attitude towards sustainable development. The research involves a case study of a local energy company Mälarenergi AB and different actors in its institutional field and how the company acts according to its interests in forming relationships with others.</p><p><strong>Method:        </strong>This thesis is an interpretive case study which aims to research the link between understanding and action. Organizational and institutional theories are used as theoretical framework. Empirical data will be collected through qualitative semi-structured interview with organizational members as well as secondary data that are collected through literature, documentation, archival records and previous researches.  </p><p><strong>Result:          </strong>The Swedish energy sector is a complex field that consists of different actors and complicated relationships. The sector is mainly affected by national and EU-level decisions thus a local energy company is regulated by national and EU-level environmental policies. Interactions with other actors are fundamental in Mälarenergi’s institutional field. Organizations form co-operations and collaborations in order to achieve environmental goals as well as to conduct joint R&D activities. The environment pressure made it clear that the organizations have to work together in order to maintain a sustainable growth in the energy sector.</p>

Date:             2009 – 05 – 28 Level:            Master thesis in Industrial Management with specialization in Sustainable Development, 30 hp Authors:       Nominchuluun Nyamdavaa                      Sam Amirebrahimi                       Engerbrektsgatan 19                         Centrallasarettet Ing.21                       72216 Västerås                                         72189 Västerås                       073 – 696 93 69                                       073 – 907 74 91 Tutor:           Magnus Linderström Title:             Organizational interactions in the energy sector regarding environment and growth – case study of Mälarenergi AB Problem:       Energy sector has been much debated regarding growth and environmental issues. Energy situation in 2020 sets an emergency that a New Energy Policy has to be made immediately in order to meet the growing energy demand without compromising the environment. Thus the energy sector is strictly regulated by national and international level policies. It is interesting to investigate how organizations interact with each other in the sector regarding growth and environment.    Purpose:       Aim of this thesis is to describe the inter-organizational relationships in the Swedish energy sector and analyze how organizations interact with each other depending on their attitude towards sustainable development. The research involves a case study of a local energy company Mälarenergi AB and different actors in its institutional field and how the company acts according to its interests in forming relationships with others. Method:        This thesis is an interpretive case study which aims to research the link between understanding and action. Organizational and institutional theories are used as theoretical framework. Empirical data will be collected through qualitative semi-structured interview with organizational members as well as secondary data that are collected through literature, documentation, archival records and previous researches.   Result:          The Swedish energy sector is a complex field that consists of different actors and complicated relationships. The sector is mainly affected by national and EU-level decisions thus a local energy company is regulated by national and EU-level environmental policies. Interactions with other actors are fundamental in Mälarenergi’s institutional field. Organizations form co-operations and collaborations in order to achieve environmental goals as well as to conduct joint R&amp;D activities. The environment pressure made it clear that the organizations have to work together in order to maintain a sustainable growth in the energy sector.

Title:   Controlling Mälarenergi by Balanced Scorecard  Seminar date:  2009-01-16  Institution:   School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology  Course:   Bachelor thesis 15hp  Authors:   Camilla Nilsson, Amanda Agestav  Advisor:   Ulla Pettersson  The main issues:                What does Mälarenergi's Balanced Scorecard look like? Which Balanced Scorecard perspectives are important to Mälarenergi? Is Balanced Scorecard a purposeful control model in order for the group management to fulfil the aims of the owners' directives?  Purpose:                            The purpose is to find out how the group management at Mälarenergi works with Balanced Scorecard. Is Balanced Scorecard a purposeful tool for the group management to fulfill the aims of the owners' directives?  Method:                             This study is based on a qualitative research method in the form of interviews. We have interviewed one respondent. Secondary data have been produced by literature search.  Conclusion:                       Mälarenergi uses Balanced Scorecard exclusively at a group management level. The strategic work at the business areas' different division levels takes place aided by a business development model. We believe that Balanced Scorecard is a purposeful tool to use in order to clarify a company's strategy work and reach the goals in the owners' directives. However, Mälarenergi needs to complement the Balanced Scorecard with another model, since the business areas are so different from each other. In doing so, however, there is a risk that not all employees will be involved in the Balanced Scorecard, but that this will become an exclusive tool to the group management. We believe that there is no clear connection between the Balanced Scorecard work done in the group management and the work within the different business areas with their various focus areas.

<p>Heat and power stations are often in need of optimizations. A simulation model is a tool for findingways to optimize the plant. The scope of this diploma work is to develop a simulation model ofBoiler 5 at Mälarenergi AB. Boiler 5 is a circulated fluidized bed boiler that was taken into service inyear 2001. Among the included parts in the boiler are cyclone, convection part andINTREX-chambers. The software that was used for the simulation was SimTech’s IPSEpro. IPSEprois a heat and mass balance software for steady state calculations. The program comes with a set ofmodules in a library called APP_lib which contains modules such as preaheaters, pump, boiler andturbine stages. The user can however design own modules in the Model Development Kit, since thelibrary code is open source. The development of the simulation model started with an updating of anold model from year 2003. Values provided from Foster Wheeler where then used to make the modelcalculate in a right way. Thereafter some calculations of the super heaters’ heat transfer coefficientswere made. The coefficients were then translated into IPSEpro’s own programming language ModelDescription Language, and were put into the model’s modules. The results were compared with realvalues from the plant’s system. It showed that the calculated values needed more investigations to bemore accurate. The conclusion was that the final model needs more equations to describe the plant in amore realistic way.</p>

Heat and power stations are often in need of optimizations. A simulation model is a tool for findingways to optimize the plant. The scope of this diploma work is to develop a simulation model ofBoiler 5 at Mälarenergi AB. Boiler 5 is a circulated fluidized bed boiler that was taken into service inyear 2001. Among the included parts in the boiler are cyclone, convection part andINTREX-chambers. The software that was used for the simulation was SimTech’s IPSEpro. IPSEprois a heat and mass balance software for steady state calculations. The program comes with a set ofmodules in a library called APP_lib which contains modules such as preaheaters, pump, boiler andturbine stages. The user can however design own modules in the Model Development Kit, since thelibrary code is open source. The development of the simulation model started with an updating of anold model from year 2003. Values provided from Foster Wheeler where then used to make the modelcalculate in a right way. Thereafter some calculations of the super heaters’ heat transfer coefficientswere made. The coefficients were then translated into IPSEpro’s own programming language ModelDescription Language, and were put into the model’s modules. The results were compared with realvalues from the plant’s system. It showed that the calculated values needed more investigations to bemore accurate. The conclusion was that the final model needs more equations to describe the plant in amore realistic way.

Short term regulation, or hydropeaking, provides useful grid services and can be economically beneficial. However, hydropeaking is also associated with environmental impacts concerning flows and water levels. In the south of Sweden, where the electricity demand is greater than the supply, balance regulation from small hydropower plants can contribute to local grid stability. The objective of this report is to evaluate the possibilities for hydropeaking within Mälarenergi’s hydropower plants, with regards to possible power increase and environmental consequences. The report aims to conclude whether there is potential to optimize the operation of the power plants for production of balancing power. A literature study was conducted, as well as a survey of Mälarenergi’s hydropower plants and regulation dams. To describe potential flow regimes, three scenarios for hydropeaking in Kolbäcksån were created in joint consulation with Mälarenergi. The results show that the total increase in available power will vary from around 5 – 11 MW. It is indicated that the largest environmental impact will occur in the scenario with the greatest difference between base flow and peak flow. It can be concluded that several forms of hydropeaking are possible to utilize in Kolbäcksån. The available balancing power is enough to be able to contribute secondary frequency control for Svenska kraftnät. Flow parameters indicate that environmental and ecological impacts will be relatively mild, although this needs to be investigated further. To complement the findings in this report, an evaluation of the economic conditions for the proposed hydropeaking scenarios is proposed as a future project.

Energy efficiency measures in buildings and alternative heating methods have led to a decreased demand for district heating (DH). Furthermore, due to a recent increase in extreme weather events, it is harder for DH providers to maintain a steady production leading to increased costs. These issues have led DH companies to change their price models. This thesis investigated such a price model change, made by Mälarenergi (ME) on the 1st of August 2018. The aim was to compare the old price model (PM1) with the new price model (PM2) by investigating the choice of base and peak loads a customer can make for the upcoming year, and/or if they should let ME choose for them. A prediction method, based on predicting the hourly DH demand, was chosen after a literature study and several method comparisons were made from using weather parameters as independent variables. Consumption data from Mälarenergi for nine customers of different sizes were gathered, and eight weather parameters from 2014 to 2018 were implemented to build up the prediction model. The method comparison results from Unscrambler showed that multilinear regression was the most accurate statistical modelling method, which was later used for all predictions. These predictions from Unscrambler were then used in MATLAB to estimate the total annual cost for each customer and outcome. For PM1, the results showed that the flexible cost for the nine customers stands for 76 to 85 % of the total cost, with the remaining cost as fixed fees. For PM2, the flexible cost for the nine customers stands for 46 to 61 % of the total cost, with the remaining as fixed cost. Regarding the total cost, PM2 is on average 7.5 % cheaper than PM1 for smaller customer, 8.6 % cheaper for medium customers and 15.9 % cheaper for larger customers. By finding the lowest cost case for each customer their optimal base and peaks loads were found and with the use of a statistical inference method (Bootstrapping) a 95 % confidence interval for the base load and the total yearly cost with could be established. The conclusion regarding choices is that the customer should always choose their own base load within the recommended confidence interval, with ME’s choice seen as a recommendation. Moreover, ME should always make the peak load choice because they are willing to pay for an excess fee that the customer themselves must pay otherwise.

Mälarenergi AB is a company that produces district heating to many people in and around Västerås city in Sweden. The problem is that there is one customer, Lantmännen, who need 90℃ district heating when the rest of the district heating network only need 80℃, which creates losses. Previous research shows that lower temperatures in the supply temperature will reduce the losses. The main reason for this thesis is to understand how big the losses are due to the warmer supply temperature that Lantmännen need and if there is a solution for the problem. The main method that has been used is hour for hour values in excel, the values have been calculated to alfa-value, marginal cost, losses on the district heating network and loses in electricity sales due to higher supply temperature. The results have mostly been presented in diagrams, some results have been in numbers. The study has found that 2021 did Mälarnergi lose 954 000 kr and in 2022 4 962 000 kr in electricity sales due to the higher supply temperature in August to October. The extra losses on the district heating network system due to higher supply temperature was 2021 4 630 MWh and in 2022 6 600 MWh. The proposed solution is that when Lantmännen moves they need to be connected to the district heating line that goes to the underground storage, which is a separate line. The losses will therefore decrease on the whole district heating network.