In the early 1970s, a trial was conducted in Beagles comparing an irradiated spherule vaccine for Valley Fever against a control vaccine. The results did not show a significant difference between the vaccinated and the control dogs. Reactions to the vaccine were significant.

In the early 1970s, a trial was conducted in Beagles comparing an irradiated spherule vaccine for Valley Fever against a control vaccine. The results did not show a significant difference between the vaccinated and the control dogs. Reactions to the vaccine were significant.

In the early 1970s, a trial was conducted in Beagles comparing an irradiated spherule vaccine for Valley Fever against a control vaccine. The results did not show a significant difference between the vaccinated and the control dogs. Reactions to the vaccine were significant.

In the early 1970s, a trial was conducted in Beagles comparing an irradiated spherule vaccine for Valley Fever against a control vaccine. The results did not show a significant difference between the vaccinated and the control dogs. Reactions to the vaccine were significant.

Les adjuvants vaccinaux permettent d’augmenter la réponse immunitaire dirigée contre un antigène donné. Certains de ces adjuvants miment des signaux de danger, tels que des agonistes des récepteurs de l’immunité, les récepteurs Toll-like (TLR) ou les récepteurs NOD-like (NLR), et permettent une activation des cellules dendritiques (DC). Les DC sont essentielles dans la mise en place d’une réponse adaptative contre un antigène : elles acquièrent un phénotype mature, contrôlé par les voies des MAPK et NF-κB, permettant la présentation de l’antigène aux lymphocyte T et l’initiation d’une réponse spécifique. La voie Nrf2/Keap1, impliquée principalement dans la détoxication des xénobiotiques et le contrôle du stress oxydant, peut être activée en réponse à des agonistes des TLR tels que le LPS (agoniste TLR 4). Nous avons mis en évidence qu’un traitement par le R848 (agoniste TLR7/8) ou le MDP (agoniste NOD2) induit la transcription des gènes cibles de Nrf2 dans les DC murines. Nrf2 participe également à la production de cytokines inflammatoires en réponse au LPS et au R848 et jouet un rôle dans la prolifération lymphocytaire induite par les DC pré-traitées avec le MDP. Par ailleurs, Nrf2 contrôle la réponse anticorps spécifiques de l’antigène chez la souris. L’injection d’anatoxine tétanique induit une production d’anticorps plus élevé chez la souris déficiente nrf2 par rapport aux souris sauvages. Cette augmentation de la production d’anticorps est corrélée avec une augmentation du nombre de lymphocyte B dans la moelle osseuse et la rate. / Vaccine adjuvants are able to boost immune response toward antigens when there are simultaneously injected. Some of these adjuvant mimic danger signals, such as Toll like receptors (TLR) agonists or NOD-like receptors agonists, required for dendritic cell (DC) activation. DC are essentiales for adaptative immune response against antigens : they acquire mature phenotype, controlled by MAPK and NF-kB signaling pathway, leading to antigen presentation and specific immune response. The Nrf2/keap1 signaling pathway, mainly involves in xenobiotics detoxication and oxidative stress control, can be activate by TLR agonists, such as LPS (TLR 4 agonist).We showed that R848 (TLR 7/8 agonist) and MDP (NOD2 agonist) could induce Nrf2’s target genes transcription in murines dendritic cells (BMDC). Nrf2 seems also to be part of inflammatory cytokines production in response to LPS or R848 and modulated T lymphocyte proliferation induced by MDP pre-treated BMDC. Moreover, Nrf2 appears to play a role in specific antibodies response against an antigen in mice. . In fact, Tetanus toxoid (TT) injection induces higher titer of antibodies anti-TT in nrf2-/- mice compared to nrf2+/+ mice. This increase is also correlated with more specific B lymphocytes in bone marrow and spleen after TT immunisation.

Though vaccine uptake and public support have risen since the release of the first HPV vaccines, the United States has far lower initiation and completion rates for the HPV vaccine series in comparison to other vaccines indicated for youth. Disparities are even greater in the Appalachian regions. Understanding factors contributing to these discrepancies is vital to improving raise vaccine rates in Appalachia. A comprehensive literature search identified all articles pertaining to HPV vaccination in children and adolescents living in Appalachia. The final 15 articles were included in a systematic review of the topic. Findings: HPV disease and HPV vaccine-related knowledge and communication were low in Appalachian communities, and vaccine uptake was lower in all areas of Appalachia as compared to non-Appalachian U.S. Moreover, large variations in uptake existed among Appalachian subregions. Many variables appear to contribute to this variation, including vaccine acceptance for younger adolescents, local and press-driven critical reports of the vaccine, physician communication, and views of the family matriarchs. Targeting the Appalachian subregions, specific campaigns or intervention may be more impactful than viewing the region as a homogenous whole.

付記する学位プログラム名: 充実した健康長寿社会を築く総合医療開発リーダー育成プログラム / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22469号 / 工博第4730号 / 新制||工||1739(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科高分子化学専攻 / (主査)教授 秋吉 一成, 教授 近藤 輝幸, 教授 梅田 眞郷 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

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BACKGROUND: Recently there has been a shift in the global health arena towards maternal immunization as the missing link to protect mother, fetus, and infant. However, as research is being conducted across the maternal immunization portfolio to address underlying immunological mechanisms, effectiveness, stability, and safety, there is minimal data regarding acceptance from the perspective of women and providers, specifically in low-resource settings. Serving as a factor that informs a global and national recommendation for vaccine use, closing this knowledge gap will be necessary to reach policy decisions, develop strategies to introduce maternal vaccines into National Immunization Programs, and secure uptake of such policies on the part of intended beneficiaries. METHODS: Qualitative data was collected across three health facilities (urban, peri-urban, rural) via focus group discussions (women), key informant interviews (family/community members), and clinical vignettes (women). Thematic analysis was guided by the World Health Organization’s Model of Determinants of Vaccine Hesitancy using the seven stages of the Framework Method. RESULTS: Results demonstrated that while women showed confidence in the safety and efficacy of vaccines, hesitancy towards maternal vaccination was fostered by misinformation, religious beliefs, use of traditional medicine, social norms, family involvement, and concerns about risk benefit profiles. In contrast, providers expressed service delivery barriers such as long wait times, husband involvement in decision-making, and religion as main reasons why women were hesitant to be vaccinated during pregnancy. Providers believed that these barriers could easily be overcome with proper outreach, education, and modifications to service delivery. Additionally, providers displayed confidence in their own understanding of the vaccine ecosystem and the level of knowledge women possessed about vaccines. CONCLUSION: To ensure the full potential of maternal vaccines, policies, national strategies, and implementation approaches will need to consider knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs expressed by women and providers, as well as the cultural dynamics of the setting in which vaccines are being administered. Furthermore, research is required to understand the relative strength of explanatory factors in deciding to be vaccinated during pregnancy, as well as exploration of how these factors change over time and contribute to policy and program implementation approaches. / 2022-09-30T00:00:00Z