Submitted to the Faculty of Education in fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Education in the Department of Educational Psychology and Special Education at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2008. / The aim of this study was to investigate the role of educators in the value orientation of the adolescent. The one thing that transcends language, culture, physical appearance, age and gender is the values a person cherishes and lives by. Vales are essential for life and the normative principles that ensure ease of Hie lived in common. From the literature study it becomes clear that adolescents spend most of their time at school and with their peers, and that their behaviour is shaped by what is happening at school and the values acquired at school serve as a pathway to adulthood. The literature supplied evidence that school educators play an importeint role in influencing the adolescent to adopt positive values. Neither the educator at school, nor parents at home can avoid teaching values through their words and actions. The peer group also plays a key role in the transmission of values. As a result of the adolescent's need to be accepted by the peer group he conforms to the group's values. For the purpose of the empirical investigation a self-structured questionnaire was utilised. The data obtained from the completed questionnaires was processed and analysed by means of descriptive statistics. The findings from the empirical study confirmed that educators play a significant role in the value orientation of the adolescent. In conclusion a summary of the study was presented and based on the findings of the literature and empirical study, the following recommendations were made: > The inculcation of positive values which vdll enable the adolescent to function effectively in society as an adult. > A school environment that is conducive for the effective transfer of healthy value. > Further research ought to be conducted concerning the role of educators in the value orientation of the adolescent.

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Title: What impact does social changes have on shareholder value orientation in Swedish companies? Background: Shareholder value orientation has been a part of American corporate governance since the early 1900s and has spread over time to Europe and Sweden. The approach has always been synonymous with criticism. Mainly about its focus on the owners, which has led to a various of stakeholders in the society, such as company employees, get set aside. Purpose: The purpose of our paper is to explain with a focus on social aspects whether a shareholder-oriented approach has emerged in Sweden. Method: The essay uses a deductive research approach to explain the spread of shareholder value orientation. In addition to this, a quantitative research method is used to investigate data on employees, salary, investment and dividend in Swedish companies for the years 1990, 2000 and 2010. Conclusions: The results showed that a shareholder-oriented approach has developed in Swedish listed companies during the period of 1990-2010. The result also showed that neither the social events which were expected to spread the view, nor a reduced corporate tax, significantly contributed to shareholder value orientation in the Swedish listed companies. / Titel: Vilken påverkan har samhällsförändringar på aktieägarvärdeorientering i svenska företag? Problembakgrund: Aktieägarvärdeorientering har varit en del av amerikansk bolagsstyrning sedan tidigt 1900-tal och har över tid spridits till Europa och Sverige. Synsättet har ständigt varit synonymt med kritik. Framförallt kring dess fokusering på ägarna vilket har lett till att andra intressenter i samhället, så som företagets anställda, fått stå åt sidan. Syfte: Syftet med vår uppsats är att med fokus på samhällsaspekter förklara om ett aktieägarvärdeorienterat synsätt har växt fram i Sverige. Metod: Uppsatsen använder sig av en deduktiv forskningsansats för att förklara spridningen av aktieägarvärdeorientering. Utöver detta används en kvantitativ forskningsmetod för att undersöka data om anställda, löner, investeringar och utdelning i svenska företag för åren 1990, 2000 och 2010. Slutsats: Resultat som framgick var att ett aktieägarvärdeorienterat synsätt växt fram i de svenska börsnoterade bolagen under perioden 1990-2010. Det framkommer även att varken de samhällshändelser som förväntades sprida synsättet, eller en minskad bolagsskatt, bidrog i någon större uträckning till aktieägarvärdeorientering i de svenska börsnoterade bolagen.

The main aim of this work is to discover gender differences in value orientation of today's youth, and to analyze developmental changes and ethnicity in terms of the same. The research is based on the assumption that a person’s gender identity influences his or her value orientation, thus gender stereotypes are adopted also on the level of what is preferred by the individual, or seen as important in life. In the research participated 118 young people from the Gymnasium in Subotica. The data about gender identity and value orientation was collected by a questionnaire, which was created in favour of this research. In the first part the questionnaire offered a list of gender related traits in order to define the participant’s gender identity. The second part was a list of opposite values, which was adopted from Jensen’s research. The results confirm the general findings of Jensen and reveal that there is significant gender effect present in adolescent’s value orientation in case of eight opposite values. It also highlights that age difference between the participants doesn’t contribute significantly to a higher or lower visible gender difference in value orientation, but conversely it shows that ethnic difference is an important factor in it.

<p>The main aim of this work is to discover gender differences in value orientation of today's youth, and to analyze developmental changes and ethnicity in terms of the same. The research is based on the assumption that a person’s gender identity influences his or her value orientation, thus gender stereotypes are adopted also on the level of what is preferred by the individual, or seen as important in life.</p><p>In the research participated 118 young people from the Gymnasium in Subotica. The data about gender identity and value orientation was collected by a questionnaire, which was created in favour of this research. In the first part the questionnaire offered a list of gender related traits in order to define the participant’s gender identity. The second part was a list of opposite values, which was adopted from Jensen’s research.</p><p>The results confirm the general findings of Jensen and reveal that there is significant gender effect present in adolescent’s value orientation in case of eight opposite values. It also highlights that age difference between the participants doesn’t contribute significantly to a higher or lower visible gender difference in value orientation, but conversely it shows that ethnic difference is an important factor in it.</p>

Svarbią paauglio gyvenimo dalį sudaro laisvalaikis, kurio metu vyksta aktyvus socialinės komunikacijos procesas. Todėl kalbant apie veiksnius, darančius įtaką paauglio psichosocialinei raidai, svarbus tampa laisvalaikio pasirinkimas. Labai svarbu pažinti paauglių laisvalaikio praleidimo būdus ir jų moralines vertybes. Vienas didžiausių bendro nusikalstamumo variklių šiandien yra vaikų ir paauglių neužimtumas. Sėkmingai išsprendus paauglių užimtumo problemą bei tikslingai organizuojant jų laisvalaikį, galima tikėtis teigiamų pokyčių šiose abiejose srityse. Magistro baigiamąjį darbą sudaro teorinė, metodinė ir praktinė dalys, darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados. Pirmoje darbo dalyje analizuojama lietuvių ir užsienio autorių literatūra paauglių laisvalaikio organizavimo ir vertybinių orientacijų formavimosi tematika. Pateikiama laisvalaikio sampratų istorinė kaita, analizuojama šiuolaikinė laisvalaikio samprata, formos, funkcijos. Taip pat apžvelgiama laisvalaikio reikšmė paauglių vertybinių orientacijų ugdyme. Analizuojami veiksniai, įtakojantys paauglių vertybinių orientacijų formavimąsi: šeima, mokykla, žiniasklaida. Pateikiami laisvalaikio organizavimo edukologiniu aspektu pagrindai: apžvelgiama papildomo ugdymo reikšmė, funkcijos, formos, principai bei neformalaus ugdymo organizavimo principai. Antroje darbo dalyje pateikiama tyrimo metodika ir organizavimas. Trečioje darbo dalyje atliekamas tyrimas, kurio tikslas - ištirti 7–10 klasių moksleivių popamokinę veiklą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Leisure takes quite important place in teenages life, when the process of active social communication is going on. So when we are talking about the factors which affect psychological development of the teenages, the choice of leisure types becomes very important. It is very important to find out the types of teenages leisure activities also their moral values. The most powerfull engine of nowadays criminality - is vacancy of the kids and teenages. We could expect positive changes in both these areas if we would solve the problem of teenages employment and organize the leisure time specifically. This Master‘s final work consists of theoretical, methodical and practical parts, the findings are presented in the end of this work A literature of Lithuanian and foreign authors which describes the organization of teenages leisure and formation of teenages values orientations is analyzed in the first part of the work. There are presented historical change of leisure conceptions, the analysis of the contemporary conception of leisure, forms and fuctions of the leisure. We also take a look at the meaning of leisure time in education of formation of teenages values orientations. There is made analysis of the factors which affects the formation of teenages values orientations: family, school, mass media. There are given the basics for organization of the leisure in educology aspect: there are presented the meaning of additional education, functions, forms, principles and the principles... [to full text]

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The main objective of this study was to establish a universally functional evaluation process for environmental education (EE) materials that can increase appropriate educational program application and resultant efficacy among users of all skill levels and disciplines, specifically those wildlife-related. Additionally, this research investigated capability of an EE program to alter preconceived high school student attitudes and knowledge toward urban white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) across varying demographics. I evaluated systematically a pre-produced urban wildlife classroom program, Living with White-tailed Deer (LWWTD), and measured student understanding of associated deer issues pre- and post-program. Using a detailed framework based upon the Guidelines for Excellence outlined by North American Association for Environmental Education (NAAEE), I created an instrument to identify EE programs indicative of high merit. During the 2007-2009 school years, trained classroom educators (n = 72) from 13 states were recruited to participate with their students (n = 1,274) in the 3-5 day LWWTD program and asked to critically assess it using my evaluation instrument. Teachers also administered attitude and knowledge assessments to their students. Teacher opinion toward the program was found to be highly favorable ( = 3.4/4) and was confirmed by significant increases in student knowledge before and after the program (P < .001). Regional differences in teacher response were found, but did not affect student performance. Teachers indicated that the Guidelines for Excellence are a meaningful tool in developing evaluative measures. Weak program components such as applicability to differing cultures were isolated using the evaluation instrument while strong components such as instructional soundness were highlighted. Pre- and postprogram student responses were correlated to demographic variables and differed significantly among races, gender, and urban or rural residency. Student experiences revealed also differences in attitude and knowledge of varying constructs relating to urban deer issues. An increase in knowledge following the LWWTD program was found across all demographic and experience variables suggesting high effectiveness regarding learning. Student attitudes following the LWWTD program showed an increased acceptability of lethal deer management techniques regardless of demographics, experience, or pre-program beliefs. These results suggest that effective EE can transcend predetermined beliefs.

We discuss the effects of rising shareholder power on distribution and capital accumulation in a Kaleckian model. Increasing shareholder power is associated with decreasing managements' animal spirits, on the one hand, and increasing dividends distributed to shareholders, on the other hand. In the short run, increasing shareholder power may either have positive ('finance-led'), negative ('normal') or intermediate ('profits without investment') effects on capacity utilisation, profits and capital accumulation. In the medium run, the positive ('finance-led') effects may be maintained in a stable environment under very special conditions, whereas the negative ('normal') and the intermediate ('profits without investment') effects turn into cumulative disequilibrium processes with falling rates of capacity utilisation, profits and capital accumulation and rising debt- and rentiers' equity-capital-ratios. (author´s abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

The focus of this study is to suggest guidelines for the implementation of a character education program in high schools. It has become clearly evident, from the literature that character education is of cardinal importance for instruction and education. The breakdown of values in South Africa is leading to an increase in crime in the country, which will have far-reaching consequences if learner crime is not addressed. Character education could offer a possible solution and make learners realise the difference between "right" and "wrong" as well as to say "no" to drugs, alcohol, sex, gangs and other social problems. A literature study was done to highlight the nature and scope of behaviour problems in overseas schools as well as South African schools. There was also looked at the impact of violence on the culture of instruction and learning as well as the external and internal factors that can play a role in violence within schools. Furthermore, the concept of character education was investigated as well as character education as possible solution to behavioural problems in high schools. There was also looked at whether character education does indeed produce positive results. Different character education programs that have already been implemented successfully abroad were investigated. Smart & Good High Schools seem suitable for the South African situation and could easily be adapted to the circumstances of individual schools. This program ascribes to the view that the best high schools have two main objectives in common, namely: to help learners to become smart - in the multi-dimensional sense of intelligence - and to help them become good - in the multi-dimensional sense of moral maturity. It is, therefore, about excellence and ethics. Lickona and Davidson (2005) mention schools that are committed to both these objectives, Smart & Good High Schools. Guidelines for the implementation of a character education program arose from discussing the program. In order to determine in what areas character education are needed with learners; how parents evaluate the character education of the learners of the school; what teachers are presently doing to promote character education; and how the learners' values changed within the scope of six months, questionnaire surveys were used. Questionnaires were given to learners wherein they had to judge their own values and that of their fellow learners. Questionnaires were given to parents asking their opinions on the values currently displayed by learners of the relevant school; what parents would like see with the learners; the character traits of the learners; and which traits the school should promote. Questionnaires were also distributed to the teachers of the school to determine to what extent particular promising practices are being pursued to promote character education with learners. A test sample of Grade 8 to 12 learners also filled out a revised questionnaire to determine to what extent these practices were indeed being applied in the classroom. The primary objective of the survey was to determine the character education practices of a particular high school in the North-West Province and to suggest guidelines for the implementation of a character education program. The empirical survey aided in achieving this objective. Findings of some concern, within the scope of six months, related to the general deterioration in the behaviour/habits of the learners at the school, inter alia the number of learners who smoke, drink, are aware of those who use drugs as well an increase in learners who tested positive for HIV/AIDS. In addition, almost half the learners indicated that they find it difficult to say "no" to negative peer pressure. It has been concluded that character education in schools offer a definite solution and that such a program can be integrated effectively into the existing curriculum. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.