Na základě Monte Carlo simulace bylo provedeno porovnání estimátorů klasických a některých nově navržených měr variability, relativní variability, šikmosti a kurtozy. Z celkem 40 různých populací bylo pořízeno vždy 16 000 výběrů o rozsahu n = {7; 15; 23; 31; 47; 63; 100; 200; 350; 500; 1000}. Z každého výběru byly vypočteny hodnoty estimátorů měr založených na momentech, kvantilech, L momentech a jejich modifikacích a robustních měr založených na mediánu funkce lineární kombinace pořádkových statistik. Na základě experimentu bylo provedeno porovnání výběrových vlastností jednotlivých estimátorů z hlediska variability, vychýlení a rychlosti konvergence jejich výběrových rozdělení k normalitě. U estimátorů vybraných charakteristik byla dále na základě experimentálně odhadnuté průměrné síly testu posouzena vhodnost jejich použití jako testového kritéria při testu o rozdělení, z něhož výběr pochází. Zároveň byla porovnána síla závislosti estimátorů nově navržených charakteristik s estimátory momentovými s cílem posoudit, zda je možné danou charakteristiku skutečně považovat za vhodnou alternativu charakteristiky momentové. Výsledky ukazují, že estimátory momentových měr jsou vyhovující pro popis souboru pouze při výběrech z populací nepříliš odlišných od normálního rozdělení. S rostoucí odlišností od normality rychle roste relativní variabilita i vychýlení jejich estimátorů a projevují se různé anomálie v jejich chování. Vhodnou alternativou k mírám založeným na klasických momentech i kvantilech by se mohly stát míry založené na L momentech, jejichž estimátory vykazují ve většině případů nejlepší výběrové vlastnosti a zároveň vykazují vysokou míru závislosti s hodnotami estimátorů momentových charakteristik. Modifikace L-momentů, tzv. LQ- a TL-momenty, nepřinášejí oproti mírám založeným na L-momentech žádné zlepšení, v některých ohledech vykazují výrazně horší vlastnosti.

Interspecific and intraspecific size variability of the skull, mandibles and teeth of the lesser white- toothed shrew Crocidura suaveolens and the bicolored white-toothed shrew C. leucodon was studied on material of 350 skulls and 465 mandibles of white-toothed shrews obtained by analysis of the barn owl pellets originating from four regions in the Czech Republic and one region in the southern Slovakia. C. suaveolens was present in all regions under study, while sympatric C. leucodon occurred in three regions only. In total, 21cranial and dental measurements and 4 mandibular measurements were investigated. It was found that the most reliable measurement enabling discrimination between skulls of both species in the whole studied material is the lenght of the lower dental row. If skulls of both species were evaluated separately for each area of their sympatry it was possible to use also the distance between second molars M2 and the width of premolar P4 . Skulls of these two species can also be distinguished by bivariate graphs using the length and width of premolar P4 and the palatal length. We studied relationships between cranial measurements of both species and geoclimatic factors such as longitude, latitude, mean annual temperature and mean annual percipitation. It was found that variability of...

Neophobia and exploratory behaviour are two processes applied in great measure in birds' reactions towards novel stimuli. The specific demonstration of these two processes may differ between different species of birds as well as within them. We compared neophobia and exploratory behaviour in two species of tits (Paridae). Adult Great tits (Parus major) and Blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) did not differ neither in exploring novel environment and novel object nor in neophobia towards novel object near food. We have found great differences between juveniles of these two species. Juvenile Blue tits were more neophobic towards both novel objects. Age, sex and personality affected some differences within tested species. We tested whether there exist any differences in reactions towards novel food between and within species. We used red painted mealworm (larvae of Tenebrio molitor), house cricket (Acheta domestica) and aposematic bug (Pyrrhocoris apterus) as novel food. Adult wild-caught tits with plentiful experience with various feeds did not differ in reaction towards these types of novel food. In contrast hand-reared juvenile tits differed quite a lot. Juvenile Blue tits were more neophobic than juvenile Great tits towards all three types of novel food. We found dieraty conservatism, phenomenon...

Plants and herbivores influence each other for more than million years. Most studies are focused on interspecific variability in herbivory intensity, but little i known about intraspecific variability and what controls it. Environmental conditions can determine intraspecific variation. Goal of this thesis is to examine importance of environmental conditions and interspecific variation for invertebrate herbivory preferences. Plant material that was used in experiments comes from several species from subfamily Carduoideae. Preferences of invertebrate herbivores are tested in food-choice experiments. Plastic arenas are made for these experiments, in which leaves are put in small tubes that are placed along the periphery. After herbivores are placed in to arena, arena is covered by net to ensure that herbivores can't escape. Plant material for experiments was grown in experimental garden and was also brought from field. Plants from garden differ in productivity of soil and water regime. In experiments with field material, plant leaves were collected from eight localities, four fields and four grasslands. Leaves were scanted before and after each experiment. Scans were processed and the amount of consumed leaf tissue was determined. For plant characteristics I measured plant functional traits, specific...

Copy number variation detection in prokaryotic organisms is currently receiving more and more attention, mainly due to the association of CNV with pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The algorithm designed in this thesis uses peak detection in sequencing coverage to detect CNV segments. Read coverage is commonly obtained by mapping sequencing reads of one individual to an already known reference of another individual of the same species. However, two individuals will always differ in a certain number of genes, resulting in unmapped reads that are unnecessarily discarded. Therefore, this work assumes that the biological accuracy of CNV detection can be increased by using a new reference that is created from the same set of reads as the reads mapped to this reference. Sequencing reads of Klebsiella pneumoniae individuals are used to verify this assertion.

The thesis deals with phenotypic, ploidy and genetic variation of two Campanula species occurring in the Krkonoše Mts., namely the endemic C. bohemica and widespread C. rotundifolia subsp. rotundifolia. For comparative purposes subspecies sudetica of the latter species was also included. The main aim was to get insight into population structure and assess the threat of interspecific hybridization to the survival of the endemic bluebell. Flow cytometry, distance-based morphometrics and molecular analysis were used to address these questions. Three distinct groups of fluorescence intensities were revealed by flow cytometry, corresponding to DNA diploids, tetraploids and pentaploids. While diploids morphologically matched the nominate subspecies of C. rotundifolia, tetraploids corresponded either to C. rotundifolia subsp. sudetica or C. bohemica. Most populations from the Krkonoše Mts. were uniform although a sympatric growth of diploids and tetraploids was encountered in 12 populations. Only two pentaploids individuals, most likely of hybrid origin, were found, which indicated that interspecific hybridization is much less common than previously assumed. The two tetraploid taxa were distinguished by molecular markers. A combination of flow cytometry and molecular analyses thus allowed reliable...

The topic of this thesis is the comparison of difficulty and variability of fitness aerobic choreography in cadet and senior age categories - finalists of World Championship 2013. The goal I set was to compare the difficulty and variability of these choreographies in regard to age, which influences the performance. Each choreography is analyzed in accordance with rules of FISAF fitness aerobic team and complemented by interview with an expert in the field. With the realized research we found out, that seniors choreographies are more difficult than cadets choreographies, the difference in the variability of choreographies of both categories is not significant. The results show the effort to improve choreographies, so differences between younger and older category are getting smaller in regard to possibilities of each age category. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The thesis deals with the issue of word-level pronunciation reductions and with the identification of reduced word forms. The first part of the thesis focuses on the degree of the phonetic features' stability and presents an analysis of selected words from dialogues with a high degree of spontaneity. The results of this research confirm that the most stable features of speech are the fricativness of sibilants and / /ř , voice, the formant structure of vowels and the nasality of the nasal consonant. The closure of the explosives and the quality of vowels prove, on the other hand, to be relatively unstable features. The second part of the thesis focuses on perceptual tests, which are used to verify the identifiability of the selected words in relation to the degree of reduction and the type and complexity of the context. Furthemore, the thesis tries to determine the phonetic features, which are under given conditions relevant for the appropriate identification of words. The research proved, that the most often noted phonetic features correspond to the above mentioned features with high stability. Moreover, it was also confirmed, that the recognizability of words depends on the degree of their reduction and the type of the context: strongly reduced words without any context tend to be very difficult...

A traditional species concept of diatoms is based on morphological characters of their siliceous boxes. A multidisciplinary approach to defining species of diatoms has revealed the hidden diversity within the traditionally defined species. But the newly recognized species are morphological variable and indistinguishable by the naked eye. Recent studies showed that different morphotypes show different ecological preferences. This master thesis focuses on the morphology of natural populations of the diatom species complex Frustulia rhomboides which contains both the traditional and the cryptic species, and it engages how the morphology reflects the effects of environmental conditions. Landmark methods of geometric morphometrics were used in order to analyze the morphological variability of diatom frustules of this species complex within various peat bog habitats in the Czech Republic. Selected environmental parameters were measured and the species composition of diatom communities present in the samples was investigated. These data were used to analyze the relationship between the environmental conditions and the cell shape variability within the complex. The analysis revealed the main trends of morphological variability related to different environmental conditions. Two morphotypes characteristic...

Spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation in the Vosges mountain range area Abstract The aim of this work is to study the climatology of atmospheric precipitation in the studied area situated in the Northeastern France. Factors, e.g. the global circulation of the atmosphere, that influence the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation in the mid-latitudes, especially in Western Europe and in mountainous regions, are discussed from the macro- to micro- scale in the first part. The term "ombric continentality" is clarified and a description of the physical geography of the studied area is performed, e.g. upward and windward asymmetry of Vosges slopes and contrasts between the mountain range and the Upper Rhine Plain. Secondly a demonstration is made that the Vosges mountain range affects, due to its position, the spatio-temporal distribution of precipitation at a regional scale. This is carried out by computing the daily rainfall on 14 meteorological stations out of the period 1951-2011. Three categories of stations were determined according to their annual precipitation repartition: (i) mountain stations with the winter precipitation maximum, (ii) leeward slope stations with two precipitation maxima, i.e. in winter and summer and (iii) leeward stations located in the Upper Rhine Plain East...