Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / The use of tools and techniques of precision agriculture by farmers is not a new in the field, because their uses are increasing year after year. Among them have been highlighted soil samples using the handheld GPS and yield maps as tools for identifying soil variability and production. In order to verify the efficiency of the variable fertilizers rates in improving of the soil fertility and productivity reflexes. The research was conducted in the Coxilha city, in the Rio Grande do Sul State, in a crop with no tillage system consolidated for over 15 years. The soil is a dystrophic Red Hapludox. The climate is humid subtropical Cfa, in according to the Köppen classification. Initially, in 2011, were vectorized with GPS navigation, 51.05 hectares and generated 35 compounded samples of soil, on a sampling grid of 1.5 hectares, to evaluate the chemical variability of the soil. Was used the software Campeiro CR 7 to generate the maps of chemical attributes. The same procedure was repeated in 2012 to verify the effects of soil corrections. The yield maps were obtained in soybean seasons of 2005, 2008, 2011, 2012 and 2013, and were generated with the help of the Ag Leader SMS software. After, correlations were made between fertility and productivity for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013. The results showed that the use of the soil sampling loop was effective for identify the variability in the soil fertility attributes and the effects of interventions in the variable rate. To the yield maps, it was verified no decreases in the variability of harvest after the nutrients variable rate corrections. It was possible to define regions with consistent productivity using the superposition of several yeld maps technique. The nutrient that most evolved, after the soil corrections, was the phosphorus and the same had the highest correlation with yield for the years 2012 and 2013. / A utilização da ferramenta e técnicas de agricultura de precisão pelos agricultores não é mais novidade no campo, pois seu emprego aumenta a cada ano. Entre elas vêm se destacando a amostragem de solo com o auxilio do GPS, e mapas de produtividade como ferramentas para identificar variabilidade de solo e produção. Com o objetivo de verificar a eficiência da utilização da taxa variável de insumos na melhoria da fertilidade do solo e reflexos em produtividade. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no município de Coxilha, Rio Grande do Sul, em uma lavoura com plantio direto consolidado há mais de 15 anos. O solo é um Latossolo vermelho distrófico típico. O clima é subtropical úmido Cfa, segundo a classificação de Köppen. Inicialmente, no ano de 2011, foram vetorizados, com GPS de navegação, 51,05 hectares e geradas 35 amostras compostas de solo, em uma malha amostral de 1,5 hectares, para avaliar a variabilidade química do solo. Foi utilizando o software CR Campeiro 7 para gerar os mapas de atributos químicos. Sendo repetido o mesmo procedimento em 2012 para verificar os efeitos das correções de solo. Os mapas de produtividade foram obtidos nas safras de soja de 2005, 2008, 2011, 2012 e 2013 e foram gerados com o auxilio do software SMS Ag Leader. Após foram feitas as correlações entre fertilidade e produtividade para os anos de 2011, 2012 e 2013. Os resultados mostraram que a utilização de amostragem de solo em malha foi eficiente para identificar a variabilidade existente nos atributos de fertilidade do solo bem como os efeitos das intervenções em taxa variável. Para os mapas de produtividade, não se verificou diminuição da variabilidade de colheita após as correções em taxa variável de nutrientes. Foi possível definir regiões com produtividade consistente com o uso da técnica de sobreposição de vários mapas de produtividade. O nutriente que mais evoluiu, após as correções de solo, foi o fósforo e o mesmo teve a maior correlação com a produtividade para os anos de 2012 e 2013.

Master of Science / Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering / Robert E. Wolf / Traditionally, growers spray uniform application of pesticides over the target area regardless of variations in pest infestations. In recent years, variable rate application (VRA) technologies have made it possible to apply pesticides in variable rates across the field. In pesticide application, nozzles play a vital role. In general, pesticides are applied using conventional nozzles. Most conventional nozzles vary flow rates only over a 2:1 range when operated within the recommended pressure range due to a fixed spray orifice. Conventional nozzles vary droplet sizes tremendously when there are speed and application rate changes which results in inefficient application. Conventional nozzles have limitations when used for VRA. A new nozzle called Varitarget nozzle (U.S. Patent No. 5,134,961) was developed and marketed by Bui, (2005) to overcome the limitations with conventional nozzles. Varitarget nozzles have a variable orifice that changes in size in response to pressure changes, allowing varying flow rates with a minimal change in droplet size. Laboratory tests and field tests were conducted to study the performance of Varitarget nozzle. Varitarget black/blue and clear/yellow caps were evaluated in this study. Lab studies were conducted to measure Varitarget characteristics compared to conventional nozzles. The flow rate ratios of Varitarget nozzle black and clear caps were 12:1 and 10:1 while the conventional nozzles produced flow rate ratios ranging from only 3:1 to 4:1. The measured flow rate of Varitarget nozzle black and clear caps was similar to that published by the manufacturer up to 40 psi and varied higher after 40 psi. Both Varitarget black and clear cap nozzle was within the standard VMD requirements until 40 psi and showed increasing trend while the conventional nozzles matched the standard VMD requirements. The VT black and clear cap nozzles showed better coverage at higher pressures when compared to conventional nozzles. CV values for VT black and clear capped nozzles were less than 10% which indicates capability of good uniform distribution. Spray angle of 110 degrees for VT black and clear capped nozzles was consistent over a range of pressures. Field studies were also conducted to compare the Varitarget to conventional nozzles. In the varying speed study, droplet size varied from 498 to 621 microns with a SD of 47.50 for VT black nozzle and 465 to 599 microns with a SD of 54.08 for VT clear cap nozzle as the speed varied from 4 to 12 mph. In the varying application rate study, The droplet size varied from 432 to 510 microns with a SD of 27.84 for VT black nozzle and 355 to 452 microns with a SD of 39.80 as the application rate varied from 4 to 12 GPA. In both studies, the observed pressure range required for spraying was minimum and varied slightly.

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / Scott A. Staggenborg / Spatial variability in plant available water can be caused by uncontrollable factors such as topography and soil texture as well as controllable factors such as residue management. Research located on the High Plains evaluated the impact of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stubble height on snow catch, plant available water at seeding, and optimal corn seeding rates. Treatments consisted of stripper harvest height of 71 cm (28 in.), cut heights of 25 cm (10 in.), and 10 cm (4 in.) Measured snow depths were significantly different among treatments (p<0.0001) with equivalent precipitation of 5.77 (2.27), 3.25 (1.28), and 1.73 cm (0.68 in.) for the stripped, 25 cm, and 10 cm heights respectively. Available soil water at planting increased 24% as stubble height increased from 10 to 71 cm (4 to 28 in) in one year of the study. Two corn hybrids of varying maturity (97 and 108 days) were planted into the stubble treatments at seeding rates ranging from 2.47 to 5.43 plants m[superscript]-2 (10 to 22 000 plants ac[superscript]-1). In the dry year, the long season hybrid responded positively to increasing population in tall stubble and negatively in short stubble. Yield of the short season hybrid increased with increasing stubble height and was mostly unresponsive to population. Grain yields of both hybrids responded positively to increasing plant population in a wet year. Treatments also affected the yield components of yield plant[superscript]-1, kernel weight, and kernels plant[superscript]-1. Managing seeding rates for uncontrollable factors was attempted with small-plot and field scale research across 3 fields in northeast Kansas. A relationship between soil electro-conductivity (EC) and measured water holding capacity values was developed for one study field. This quadratic relationship was significant (p<0.0001) and explained variability in water holding capacity with respect to EC quite well (R[superscript]2=0.6239). Responses from small plots showed that sites differing in population response characteristics could be identified. Field scale data was used to derive a function describing optimal seeding rate with respect to soil EC. In the field under study, optimal seeding rates varied from 3.08 to 8.74 plants m[superscript]-2 (12 500 to 35 375 plants ac-1).

No description available.

<p>Soil residual herbicides are a vital component of the best management practices (BMPs), to provide early-season weed control in most cropping systems. The availability of a biologically effective dose of a soil residual herbicide in the soil solution is dependent on several soil parameters including soil texture, organic matter (OM), and pH.  Soil residual herbicides are currently applied as a uniform application rate over an individual field; yet soil properties can vary spatially within agricultural fields. Therefore, areas of the field are being over- and under-applied when using a uniform application rate. By integrating variable-rate (VR) technology with soil residual herbicides, the correct rate could be applied based on the intra-field soil variability. However, the extent of spatial soil variability within a field and the impact on herbicide application rates has not been well-characterized to inform whether soil residual herbicide applications should move towards variable rate applications. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to 1) determine the extent of intra-field variability of soil texture and organic matter in ten commercial Indiana fields, 2) quantify the reliability of five different combinations of spatial soil data sources, 3) determine the impact of soil sample intensity on map development and the classification accuracy for VR applications of soil residual herbicides, 4) quantify the impact of VR herbicide application on the total amount and spatial accuracy of herbicide applied according to product labels, and 5) determine if the intensive spatial characterization of soil properties is related to weed seedbank abundance and species richness to improve predictive weed management using soil residual herbicides.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Commercial soil data was generated by intensively collecting 60 soil samples in a stratified random sampling pattern in 10 agricultural fields across Indiana. Analysis of this data from commercial fields confirmed inherent field variability that would benefit from multiple management zones according to the labeled rate structures of pendimethalin, s-metolachlor, and metribuzin. Therefore, further research was conducted to determine an accurate and reliable method to delineate the fields into management zones for variable-rate residual herbicide applications based on the spatial soil variability and herbicide labels. </p> <p><br></p> <p>A modified Monte Carlo cross-validation method was used to determine the best source of spatial soil data and sampling intensity for delineating management zones for variable-rate applications of pendimethalin, s- metolachlor, and metribuzin. These sources of spatial soil data included: Soil Survey Geographic database (SSURGO) data, intensive soil samples, electrical resistivity sensors, and implement mounted optical reflectance sensors using VNIR reflectance spectroscopy. The mean management zone classification accuracy for maps developed from soil samples with and without electrical conductivity was similar for 75% of all maps developed across each field, herbicide, and sampling intensity. The method of using soil sampling data combined with electrical conductivity (SSEC) maps was most frequently the top performing source of spatial soil data. The most reliable sampling intensity was one sample per hectare which resulted in lower root mean squared error (RMSE) OM values, higher management zone classification accuracy, and more reliable predictions for the number of management zones within each field. </p> <p><br></p> <p>Using VR maps developed from SSEC with one sample per hectare sampling intensity, additional research was conducted to compare the amount of herbicide and field area that was over-or under-applied with a uniform application rate compared to a VR application for 10 corn and soybean residual herbicides. Although research from our previous study documented that spatial soil variability was extensive enough to require two or more management zones for all fields, the same labeled herbicide dose defined for multiple soil conditions led to 20% of all maps not requiring a variable rate application (VRA). Additionally, no difference was shown in the total amount applied of herbicide in an individual field between a variable and uniform application rate for all herbicides. Nonetheless, nearly half of all VR maps had 10% or more of the field area misapplied with a uniform application rate and justifies further research to determine if the proper placement of residual herbicide adds value through increased weed control in the field areas being under-applied. </p> <p><br></p> <p>Similar to soil residual herbicides, weed seedbank abundance and species richness were impacted by the variable soil conditions present within the field area. The seedbanks favor the establishment in areas of the field that promote vigorous germination, growth, and reproduction next to the competing crop. Therefore, soil sampling and weed seedbank greenhouse grow-outs were conducted in four fields to gain a better understanding in the relationship between the spatial soil and weed seedbank variability. All weed seedbank characteristics were shown to be spatially aggregated. Even though no individual or combination of soil parameters consistently explained the variability of weed seedbank abundance, species richness, or individual weed species across all four fields. However, clay content was the most persistent soil parameter to negatively impact (lower seedbank values) the soil weed seedbank.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Further field studies should be conducted across multiple sites to determine if variable-rate residual herbicide applications aid farmers by reducing the risk of crop injury in over-applied field areas and increased weed control in the areas being under-applied.  These studies should also access whether earlier emergence and/or greater weed densities occur in field areas receiving sublethal herbicide doses compared to areas receiving the optimal application rate. Additional research should investigate the utility of VR residual herbicide applications when tank-mixing multiple products during an application. Particularly, when the soil parameters used for selecting the herbicide rate are not defined the same across herbicide labels </p>

Sistemas de pulverização com injeção direta possibilitam o uso de diferentes agrotóxicos em uma mesma aplicação, reduzindo o desperdício de agrotóxicos e minimizando desta forma os impactos toxicológico e ambiental relacionados com o preparo e descarte da calda. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos modelos matemáticos para um sistema de pulverização com injeção direta de agrotóxico, incluindo a dinâmica da concentração da calda. Também foi desenvolvida uma estratégia de controle preditivo com antecipação das taxas de aplicação para ajustar as taxas de aplicação do agrotóxico e da calda. Também, uma plataforma flexível para o desenvolvimento de pulverizadores foi projetada e construída. A sua automação foi baseada em um controlador embarcado de tempo real adequado para aplicações de controle, aquisição e temporização. Para obter os parâmetros dos modelos e avaliar a estratégia de controle ensaios de vazão e concentração para diferentes pontas de pulverização foram propostos. Com o emprego da abordagem de controle preditivo, os erros das vazões do agrotóxico e da calda ficaram abaixo do nível admissível de 5%. O uso da estratégia de antecipação das taxas de aplicação permitiu aumentar a eficiência da aplicação, reduzindo em até 40% os erros de aplicação. Resultados experimentais são apresentados para validar os modelos e mostrar a eficiência da estratégia de controle desenvolvida. / Sprayer systems with direct injection allow the use of different pesticides in a single application, reducing the waste of chemicals and thereby minimizing the toxicologic and environmental risks associated with the carrier-chemical mix preparation and discard. In this work, mathematical models for a direct chemical injection sprayer system including the dynamics of the carrier-chemical mix concentration are developed. Also, a predictive control strategy with anticipative reference of application rates was developed to adjust the carrier-chemical mix and chemical flow rates. Also, a flexible platform for the development of sprayers was designed and constructed. The automation of this platform was based on a programmable automation controller suitable for control, acquisition and timming applications. To obtain the models and analyse the control strategy, essays flow and concentration for different spray nozzles were proposed. With the use of predictive control approach, the errors of the carrier-chemical mix and chemical flow rates were lower than the admissible level of 5 %. The use of the advanced references increased the efficiency of the variable rate application, reducing up to 40 % application errors. Practical results are presented to validate the models and show the efficiency of the developed control strategy.

Sistemas de pulverização com injeção direta possibilitam o uso de diferentes agrotóxicos em uma mesma aplicação, reduzindo o desperdício de agrotóxicos e minimizando desta forma os impactos toxicológico e ambiental relacionados com o preparo e descarte da calda. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos modelos matemáticos para um sistema de pulverização com injeção direta de agrotóxico, incluindo a dinâmica da concentração da calda. Também foi desenvolvida uma estratégia de controle preditivo com antecipação das taxas de aplicação para ajustar as taxas de aplicação do agrotóxico e da calda. Também, uma plataforma flexível para o desenvolvimento de pulverizadores foi projetada e construída. A sua automação foi baseada em um controlador embarcado de tempo real adequado para aplicações de controle, aquisição e temporização. Para obter os parâmetros dos modelos e avaliar a estratégia de controle ensaios de vazão e concentração para diferentes pontas de pulverização foram propostos. Com o emprego da abordagem de controle preditivo, os erros das vazões do agrotóxico e da calda ficaram abaixo do nível admissível de 5%. O uso da estratégia de antecipação das taxas de aplicação permitiu aumentar a eficiência da aplicação, reduzindo em até 40% os erros de aplicação. Resultados experimentais são apresentados para validar os modelos e mostrar a eficiência da estratégia de controle desenvolvida. / Sprayer systems with direct injection allow the use of different pesticides in a single application, reducing the waste of chemicals and thereby minimizing the toxicologic and environmental risks associated with the carrier-chemical mix preparation and discard. In this work, mathematical models for a direct chemical injection sprayer system including the dynamics of the carrier-chemical mix concentration are developed. Also, a predictive control strategy with anticipative reference of application rates was developed to adjust the carrier-chemical mix and chemical flow rates. Also, a flexible platform for the development of sprayers was designed and constructed. The automation of this platform was based on a programmable automation controller suitable for control, acquisition and timming applications. To obtain the models and analyse the control strategy, essays flow and concentration for different spray nozzles were proposed. With the use of predictive control approach, the errors of the carrier-chemical mix and chemical flow rates were lower than the admissible level of 5 %. The use of the advanced references increased the efficiency of the variable rate application, reducing up to 40 % application errors. Practical results are presented to validate the models and show the efficiency of the developed control strategy.

本研究結果的重點如下：一、各樣本金融機構經由模型計算出的費率差異 頗大，顯示財務結構的不同，確實應課收不同保費。而現行的單一費率對 於好壞金融機構收取的費率一視同仁無法反應金融機構其經營風險的差異 ，也就無法避免低風險金融機構補貼高風險金融機構的弊病。因此應實施 差別費率較為合理。二、根據研究結果顯示，若以金融機構性質為分類， 其費率估計負擔由低至高依序為：一般民營銀行、國家行局、省市屬行庫 、民營中小企業銀行、信託投資公司、外商銀行、信用合作社、漁會信用 部、農會信用部。而此法的一大優點在於可對個別機構評估其相對風險性 的高低，即可依各自經營情況、組織結構分別評估其風險，以達精算上的 合理性。三、由各家樣本金融機構應負擔之估計存保費率可知，只要金融 機構資產結構稍有不同，便會使存保公司的負擔不同。換言之，因金融機 構體質的互異，其為存保公司所帶來的承保風險也有別，為避免資源配置 不當的缺失，實施以個別金融機構風險為基礎的差別費率是較公平、合理 的方式。四、承保比率亦是影響費率估計的一項因素，由實證可知承保比 率對費率估計有顯著的影響。即承保比率高的金融機構，其估計費率與全 部承保時的差異較小；承保比率低者，其估計費率與全部承保時的差異較 大。

Tobacco growing is one of family farming s main economic activities in the central region of the Rio Grande do Sul state. This paper aims to administer precision agriculture techniques in tobacco growing area of family farming, using tools with lesser degree of complexity, sophistication and cost in order to evaluate the variability and quantify the productivity of the soil. To achieve this, a crop in the municipality of Agudo (RS) characterized by the presence of family farming and the tobacco growing as the basis of rural municipal economy was chosen as the study area. The methodological procedures were based on the vectorization of a crop (0.4-hectare), which was divided into two areas: CAP1 area and SAP1 area. In the CAP1 area, high precision techniques like soil analysis and variable rate correction were performed and, after the analysis of these data, the correspondent agricultural inputs needed were to the experiment area. The SAP1 area complied to the interventions of the family farmers and the agricultural technician of the tobacco company. The experiment was carried out during the years 2014 (base year without intervention) and 2015 (year that the precision agriculture techniques were applied), the obtained data took into account the two areas, in order to establish productivity correlation in each area, taking in consideration the amount of leaves per plant, the width and length of the sheet, the size of the plant and the total weight of each tobacco plant. Amongst the obtained results, it can be highlighted the efficiency of the precision agriculture techniques in tobacco plants, increased soil fertility in the CAP1 area and increased productivity. In the CAP1 area, productivity rose 91,9%, while in SAP1 area, productivity rose 50,7% in comparison between 2014 and 2015. Comparing both areas during the year in which the techniques were applied, CAP1 was 35,24% more productive than SAP1, showing that it is viable to apply the aforementioned techniques and its efficacy in decision making for family farming activities. / A fumicultura configura uma das principais atividades econômicas da agricultura familiar na região central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Desta forma, o trabalho tem por objetivo aplicar técnicas de Agricultura de Precisão na área de fumicultura da agricultura familiar, utilizando ferramentas de menor grau de complexidade e sofisticação acessíveis e de baixo custo, a fim de avaliar a variabilidade do solo e quantificar a produtividade. Para tal, definiu-se como área de estudo, uma lavoura no município de Agudo (RS), caracterizado pela presença da agricultura familiar e da produção da fumicultura como base da economia municipal rural. Os procedimentos metodológicos se basearam na vetorização de uma lavoura (com área de 0,4 ha), a qual foi dividida em duas áreas: área CAP1 e área SAP1. Na CAP1 foram aplicadas técnicas de Agricultura de Precisão como a análise do solo, correção em taxa variável e após a análise destes dados foi realizada a aplicação de insumos correspondentes a necessidade da área do experimento. Na área SAP1 obedeceram-se as intervenções do agricultor familiar e do técnico agrícola da empresa fumageira. O experimento realizou-se durante o ano de 2014 (ano base sem intervenção) e 2015 (ano de aplicação das técnicas de Agricultura de Precisão), cujos dados obtidos levaram em consideração as duas áreas da lavoura, a fim de estabelecer correlação de produtividade de cada área, levando em consideração a quantidade de folhas por planta, a largura e comprimento da folha, o tamanho da planta e o peso total da produção de cada planta de fumo. Entre os principais resultados obtidos, destaca-se a eficiência da das técnicas da Agricultura de Precisão na cultura do fumo, aumento da fertilidade do solo na área destinada CAP1 e aumento da produtividade. Na área CAP1 a produtividade teve um aumento de 91,9% enquanto que a área SAP1 o aumento de produtividade foi de 50,7% de 2014 para 2015. Comparando a área CAP1 e SAP1 durante o ano de aplicação das técnicas, a área CAP1 teve 35,24% a mais de produtividade que a área SAP1, demonstrando a viabilidade de aplicação das referidas técnicas e sua eficácia nas tomadas de decisões para as atividades da agricultura familiar.

The agriculture of precision has been an important tool for the characterization of the spatial variability of soil attributes and crops. Thus, there is many options to elaborate thematic digital maps that can improve the soil and crop management. In this work, two croplands that has been managed with precision agriculture during several years were selected. One of them was called field Lagoa, it is a 132 ha, and the other, is field Schmidt, it is a 125 ha. In both croplands soil samples were collected with regular grid of 100 x 100 m. In the field Lagoa three soil sampled were done while in the field Schmidt two soil sampled were done along four years of evaluation. In order to investigate the crop yield variability, the yields data were collected with a combine MF34, equipped with yield sensor, GPS (Global Position System), board computer (Datavision). In the field Talhao, the yield maps were made to corn 2004/05, wheat 2005, soybean 2005/06, soybean 2006/07, corn 2007/08 and, in the field Schmidt, crop data were collected to soybean 2004/05, soybean 2005/06, soybean 2006/07 and corn 2007/08. The yield data and soil data were processed in the softwares SGIS® and Campeiro 6.0. The variable rate fertizer was done with equipment Hércules 10.000 equipped with disks system to immediate change the fertilizer rate . The evolution of soil fertility indicate that, in areas with high phosporus and potassium levels, the range of variation was maintained through the years, although, with a decrease in extreme values. The correlations of soil attributes with crop yield maps were higher in the field Schmidt mainly to CEC, Mg, organic matter, Ca, and, in the field Lagoa there was correlation, mainly, with organic matter. The match distribution and potassium the varied rate allowed that the nutrient supply was enlarged e/ou above below the export of the cultures, not interfering in the revenue. The crop yield map was an efficient tool to define yield zones driving the site specific management of fertilizers and soil management. / A agricultura de precisão tem se mostrado uma ferramenta importante, principalmente, para a caracterização da variabilidade espacial de atributos de solo e das culturas. Assim, há varias possibilidades de elaboração de mapas temáticos que poderão melhorar as intervenções de manejo no solo e ou na cultura. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas duas áreas que vem sendo manejadas com técnicas de AP ao longo dos anos, sendo uma delas, denominada talhão Lagoa, contendo 132 ha, e a outra, talhão Schmidt, contendo 125 ha. Em ambos os talhões foram coletadas amostras de solo com grade regular de 100 x 100 m, sendo que, no talhão lagoa foram três coletas de solo e no talhão Schmidt foram duas coletas de solo ao longo de quatro anos de avaliação. Para a caracterização da variabilidade das culturas, foi utilizada a coleta de dados através de uma colhedora MF34, equipada com sensor de rendimento, GPS (Sistema de Posicionamento Global), computador de bordo (Datavision). No talhão Lagoa, foram confeccionados mapas de colheita nas culturas de milho 2004/05, trigo 2005, soja 2005/06, soja 2006/07, milho 2007/08 e, no talhão Schmidt, foram coletados dados de colheita nas culturas de soja 2004/05, soja 2005/06, soja 2006/07 e milho 2007/08. Os resultados de colheita e solo foram processados nos softwares SGIS® e Campeiro 6.0. As aplicações a taxa variada foram realizadas com o equipamento Hércules 10.000 equipado com sistema de disco para distribuição a lanço dos fertilizantes com variação instantânea das doses. Os resultados de fertilidade indicaram que, em áreas com altos teores de fósforo e potássio, a amplitude de variação foi mantida ao longo dos anos, porém, com a diminuição de valores extremos. As correlações de atributos de solo com mapas de colheita foram maiores no talhão Schmidt para os atributos Schmidt para os atributos CTC, magnésio, matéria orgânica e cálcio e, no talhão Lagoa houve correlação positiva, principalmente, com matéria orgânica, ao longo das safras agrícolas. A distribuição de fósforo e potássio a taxa variada permitiu que fosse ampliado o fornecimento de nutriente acima e/ou abaixo da exportação das culturas, não interferindo no rendimento. Com isso, o mapeamento do rendimento da cultura foi uma ferramenta eficiente na definição de zonas com potencial produtivo, orientando as intervenções localizadas de fertilizantes e de manejo do solo.