A região costeira do sul do Brasil está inserida no bioma Pampa e sua vegetação natural apresenta um mosaico de formações, incluindo áreas de campos utilizadas para pastejo bovino. Os campos do litoral representam uma das fisionomias do bioma Pampa mais convertida para outros usos. Nessa região poucos estudos florísticos isolados foram realizados recentemente, enquanto estudos ecológicos sobre a interação da vegetação campestre com variáveis ambientais e espaciais são ainda mais escassos. Buscamos realizar um amplo estudo descritivo e ecológico da vegetação dos campos arenosos costeiros ao longo de 536 km no sul do Brasil. Amostramos 16 áreas distribuídas ao longo da planície costeira, com 15 parcelas de 1 m² por área. As espécies foram classificadas segundo suas formas de crescimento, origem e grau de ameaça. Também variáveis climáticas, edáficas e as coordenadas geográficas para cada área foram observadas. Através de análises multivariadas (ordenações e partição de variância) verificamos a contribuição relativa do ambiente e do espaço para variação na composição de espécies entre áreas. Foram encontradas 221 espécies, 14 eram exóticas e duas ameaçadas. Axonopus aff. affinis, Paspalum notatum e Paspalum pumilum foram algumas das espécies mais importantes caracterizando as áreas. A maior parte da cobertura vegetal é por espécies de gramíneas prostradas, que está relacionado com a presença de pastejo em todas as áreas. A mudança na composição das comunidades entre áreas está relacionada, em sua maior parte, à mudança de variáveis climáticas, como também ao espaço, já que ambos variam juntamente. Observamos que apesar da homogeneidade nas condições edáficas, em escala refinada pudemos observar a influência do solo na variação da comunidade. Os campos da planície costeira possuem uma fisionomia ímpar, porém as áreas remanescentes estão vulneráveis, principalmente pela fragmentação da paisagem. Práticas de manejo, principalmente pecuária, deveriam considerar a fragilidade do solo dessa região, adotando níveis mais baixos de carga animal para contribuir com a preservação dos últimos fragmentos desta formação. / The coastal region of southern Brazil is inserted into the Pampa biome and its natural vegetation presents a mosaic of formations, including areas of grasslands used for cattle grazing. The coastal grasslands represent one of the Pampa biome physiognomies most converted to other uses. In this region a few floristic isolated studies were recently conducted, while ecological studies about the interaction of vegetation with environmental and spatial variables are even rarer. We aimed to realize a broad descriptive and ecological study of the vegetation of the coastal sandy grasslands along 536 km in southern Brazil. We sampled 16 areas distributed along the coastal plain, with 15 plots of 1 m² per area. The species were classified according to their growth forms, origin and degree of threat. Also climate, soil characteristics and geographic coordinates for each area were observed. By using multivariate analyzes (ordination and variation partitioning) we verified the relative contribution of environment and space for variation in species composition between areas. We found 221 species, from which 14 were exotic and two threatened. Axonopus aff. affinis, Paspalum notatum and Paspalum pumilum were some of the most important species characterizing the areas. Most of the vegetation cover is by prostrate species of grasses, which is related to the presence of grazing in all areas. The change in community composition between areas is mostly related, to changing in climatic variables, as well as to space, since both vary together. We observed that despite the homogeneity in the soil conditions, in fine scale we could observe the influence of the soil in community variation. The coastal grasslands have a unique physiognomy, but the remnant areas are vulnerable, mainly by landscape fragmentation. Management practices, especially livestock, should consider the fragility of the soil of this region, adopting lower stocking levels to contribute to the preservation of the last fragments of this formation.

A região costeira do sul do Brasil está inserida no bioma Pampa e sua vegetação natural apresenta um mosaico de formações, incluindo áreas de campos utilizadas para pastejo bovino. Os campos do litoral representam uma das fisionomias do bioma Pampa mais convertida para outros usos. Nessa região poucos estudos florísticos isolados foram realizados recentemente, enquanto estudos ecológicos sobre a interação da vegetação campestre com variáveis ambientais e espaciais são ainda mais escassos. Buscamos realizar um amplo estudo descritivo e ecológico da vegetação dos campos arenosos costeiros ao longo de 536 km no sul do Brasil. Amostramos 16 áreas distribuídas ao longo da planície costeira, com 15 parcelas de 1 m² por área. As espécies foram classificadas segundo suas formas de crescimento, origem e grau de ameaça. Também variáveis climáticas, edáficas e as coordenadas geográficas para cada área foram observadas. Através de análises multivariadas (ordenações e partição de variância) verificamos a contribuição relativa do ambiente e do espaço para variação na composição de espécies entre áreas. Foram encontradas 221 espécies, 14 eram exóticas e duas ameaçadas. Axonopus aff. affinis, Paspalum notatum e Paspalum pumilum foram algumas das espécies mais importantes caracterizando as áreas. A maior parte da cobertura vegetal é por espécies de gramíneas prostradas, que está relacionado com a presença de pastejo em todas as áreas. A mudança na composição das comunidades entre áreas está relacionada, em sua maior parte, à mudança de variáveis climáticas, como também ao espaço, já que ambos variam juntamente. Observamos que apesar da homogeneidade nas condições edáficas, em escala refinada pudemos observar a influência do solo na variação da comunidade. Os campos da planície costeira possuem uma fisionomia ímpar, porém as áreas remanescentes estão vulneráveis, principalmente pela fragmentação da paisagem. Práticas de manejo, principalmente pecuária, deveriam considerar a fragilidade do solo dessa região, adotando níveis mais baixos de carga animal para contribuir com a preservação dos últimos fragmentos desta formação. / The coastal region of southern Brazil is inserted into the Pampa biome and its natural vegetation presents a mosaic of formations, including areas of grasslands used for cattle grazing. The coastal grasslands represent one of the Pampa biome physiognomies most converted to other uses. In this region a few floristic isolated studies were recently conducted, while ecological studies about the interaction of vegetation with environmental and spatial variables are even rarer. We aimed to realize a broad descriptive and ecological study of the vegetation of the coastal sandy grasslands along 536 km in southern Brazil. We sampled 16 areas distributed along the coastal plain, with 15 plots of 1 m² per area. The species were classified according to their growth forms, origin and degree of threat. Also climate, soil characteristics and geographic coordinates for each area were observed. By using multivariate analyzes (ordination and variation partitioning) we verified the relative contribution of environment and space for variation in species composition between areas. We found 221 species, from which 14 were exotic and two threatened. Axonopus aff. affinis, Paspalum notatum and Paspalum pumilum were some of the most important species characterizing the areas. Most of the vegetation cover is by prostrate species of grasses, which is related to the presence of grazing in all areas. The change in community composition between areas is mostly related, to changing in climatic variables, as well as to space, since both vary together. We observed that despite the homogeneity in the soil conditions, in fine scale we could observe the influence of the soil in community variation. The coastal grasslands have a unique physiognomy, but the remnant areas are vulnerable, mainly by landscape fragmentation. Management practices, especially livestock, should consider the fragility of the soil of this region, adopting lower stocking levels to contribute to the preservation of the last fragments of this formation.

A região costeira do sul do Brasil está inserida no bioma Pampa e sua vegetação natural apresenta um mosaico de formações, incluindo áreas de campos utilizadas para pastejo bovino. Os campos do litoral representam uma das fisionomias do bioma Pampa mais convertida para outros usos. Nessa região poucos estudos florísticos isolados foram realizados recentemente, enquanto estudos ecológicos sobre a interação da vegetação campestre com variáveis ambientais e espaciais são ainda mais escassos. Buscamos realizar um amplo estudo descritivo e ecológico da vegetação dos campos arenosos costeiros ao longo de 536 km no sul do Brasil. Amostramos 16 áreas distribuídas ao longo da planície costeira, com 15 parcelas de 1 m² por área. As espécies foram classificadas segundo suas formas de crescimento, origem e grau de ameaça. Também variáveis climáticas, edáficas e as coordenadas geográficas para cada área foram observadas. Através de análises multivariadas (ordenações e partição de variância) verificamos a contribuição relativa do ambiente e do espaço para variação na composição de espécies entre áreas. Foram encontradas 221 espécies, 14 eram exóticas e duas ameaçadas. Axonopus aff. affinis, Paspalum notatum e Paspalum pumilum foram algumas das espécies mais importantes caracterizando as áreas. A maior parte da cobertura vegetal é por espécies de gramíneas prostradas, que está relacionado com a presença de pastejo em todas as áreas. A mudança na composição das comunidades entre áreas está relacionada, em sua maior parte, à mudança de variáveis climáticas, como também ao espaço, já que ambos variam juntamente. Observamos que apesar da homogeneidade nas condições edáficas, em escala refinada pudemos observar a influência do solo na variação da comunidade. Os campos da planície costeira possuem uma fisionomia ímpar, porém as áreas remanescentes estão vulneráveis, principalmente pela fragmentação da paisagem. Práticas de manejo, principalmente pecuária, deveriam considerar a fragilidade do solo dessa região, adotando níveis mais baixos de carga animal para contribuir com a preservação dos últimos fragmentos desta formação. / The coastal region of southern Brazil is inserted into the Pampa biome and its natural vegetation presents a mosaic of formations, including areas of grasslands used for cattle grazing. The coastal grasslands represent one of the Pampa biome physiognomies most converted to other uses. In this region a few floristic isolated studies were recently conducted, while ecological studies about the interaction of vegetation with environmental and spatial variables are even rarer. We aimed to realize a broad descriptive and ecological study of the vegetation of the coastal sandy grasslands along 536 km in southern Brazil. We sampled 16 areas distributed along the coastal plain, with 15 plots of 1 m² per area. The species were classified according to their growth forms, origin and degree of threat. Also climate, soil characteristics and geographic coordinates for each area were observed. By using multivariate analyzes (ordination and variation partitioning) we verified the relative contribution of environment and space for variation in species composition between areas. We found 221 species, from which 14 were exotic and two threatened. Axonopus aff. affinis, Paspalum notatum and Paspalum pumilum were some of the most important species characterizing the areas. Most of the vegetation cover is by prostrate species of grasses, which is related to the presence of grazing in all areas. The change in community composition between areas is mostly related, to changing in climatic variables, as well as to space, since both vary together. We observed that despite the homogeneity in the soil conditions, in fine scale we could observe the influence of the soil in community variation. The coastal grasslands have a unique physiognomy, but the remnant areas are vulnerable, mainly by landscape fragmentation. Management practices, especially livestock, should consider the fragility of the soil of this region, adopting lower stocking levels to contribute to the preservation of the last fragments of this formation.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / We investigated the potential factors structuring anuran assemblages using three approaches: i) spatial structure of adult anurans; ii) spatial structure of tadpole assemblages, and iii) temporal structure of reproductive activity. The assemblage of adult anurans was composed by 22 species which co-occurred more frequently than expected by chance at the breeding sites (ponds). Pond area, depth, percentage of flat margin, and pH were the environmental descriptors structuring the assemblage. Additionally, closer ponds were more similar regarding assemblage structure. About 16% of the assemblage structure was explained exclusively by environmental descriptors, 13% exclusively by geographic distance, and 3.7% by the interaction between them. Five species groups were found regarding patterns of pond use, ranging from occasional occurrences to generalists. The tadpole assemblage comprised of 20 species belonging to six ecomorphological guilds, being the benthic the richest guild. We found a positive co-occurrence between species both within that guild and for all species together. Pond area, hydroperiod, and percentage of water covered by vegetation were the main descriptors structuring the assemblages for both scales (species and guilds). Considering species together, 20% of the assemblage structure was explained exclusively by pond environmental descriptors, and spatial influence (3%) was related to those descriptors. For guilds, only environmental descriptors explained the assemblage structure (11%). Groups of similar pond use pattern were segregated by hydroperiod. We detected partitioning among species during the reproductive season, with four guilds regarding temporal pattern: 1. Prolonged calling activity throughout the season; 2. More intense activity at the beginning of the season; 3. More intense at the end, and 4. Occasional occurrences. We found positive correlation of climatic variables with 44% of the species and total abundance of anurans. Our study showed that the assemblages were structured in space and time, with the reproductive activity of the species responding to the local climatic variation. Moreover, we suggest that the maintenance of ponds, which vary in a gradient regarding environmental descriptors, is important to maintain the distinct anuran strategies in this region. / Investigamos os potenciais fatores estruturadores de taxocenoses de anuros através de três abordagens: i) estruturação espacial de adultos; ii) estruturação espacial de girinos; e iii) estruturação temporal da atividade reprodutiva. A taxocenose de anuros em fase reprodutiva foi composta por 22 espécies que ocorreram em maior frequência que o esperado ao acaso nos ambientes reprodutivos (corpos d água). Área do corpo d água, profundidade, porcentagem de margem plana e pH foram os descritores ambientais estruturadores da taxocenose. Adicionalmente, corpos d água mais próximos foram mais semelhantes quanto à estrutura da taxocenose. Aproximadamente 16% da estrutura da taxocenose foram explicados exclusivamente pelos descritores ambientais, 13% exclusivamente pela distância geográfica, e 3,7% pela interação entre esses. As espécies foram agrupadas em cinco padrões de uso dos corpos d água, variando de ocorrências pontuais a generalistas. A taxocenose de girinos foi composta por 20 espécies pertencentes a seis guildas ecomorfológicas, sendo a bentônica a mais rica. A coocorrência das espécies foi maior que ao acaso tanto dentro desta guilda, como para toda a taxocenose. Área dos corpos d água, hidroperíodo e porcentagem de cobertura vegetal da água foram estruturadores da taxocenose em ambas as escalas (espécies e guildas). Considerando as espécies em conjunto, 20% da estrutura da taxocenose foram explicados unicamente pelos descritores ambientais dos corpos d água, sendo que toda contribuição espacial (3%) foi relacionada às características ambientais. Para guildas, apenas descritores ambientais explicaram a estrutura da taxocenose (11%). Grupos de espécies com uso similar dos corpos d água foram segregados em função do hidroperíodo dos mesmos. Encontramos partilha temporal da estação reprodutiva entre as espécies, com a indicação de quatro guildas: 1. Atividade de vocalização prolongada ao longo da estação; 2. Mais intensa no início da estação; 3. Mais intensa no final da estação; e 4. Espécies com ocorrências pontuais ao longo da estação chuvosa. Para 44% das espécies e para a abundância total de anuros, encontramos correlações significativas com os fatores meteorológicos. Nosso estudo mostrou que as taxocenoses estão estruturadas espacial e temporalmente, com a atividade reprodutiva das espécies respondendo à variação das condições meteorológicas vigentes. Além disso, sugerimos que a manutenção de corpos d água que variem num gradiente de descritores ambientais é importante para abranger as diferentes estratégias reprodutivas dos anuros da região.

Using metacommunity theory, I investigated the mechanisms of meta-assemblage structure and assembly among medium- to large-bodied mammals in North Texas. Mammals were surveyed with camera-traps in thirty property units of the LBJ National Grasslands (LBJNG). In Chapter II the dispersal and environmental-control based processes in community assembly were quantified within a metacommunity context and the best-fit metacommunity structure identified. A hypothesis-driven modelling approach was used in Chapter III to determine if the patterns of species composition and site use could be explained by island biogeography theory (IBT) or the habitat amount hypothesis (HAH). Islands were defined as the LBJNG property unit or the forest patch bounded by the property unit. Forest cover was selected as the focal habitat for the HAH. Seasonal dynamics were explored in both chapters. Metacommunity structure changed with each season, resulting in quasi-nested and both quasi and idealized Gleasonian and Clementsian structures. Results indicated that the anthropogenic development is, overall, not disadvantageous for this assemblage, that community assembly receives equal contributions from spatial and environmental factors, and that the metacommunity appears to operate under the mass effects paradigm. The patterns of species composition and site use were not explained by either IBT or HAH. Likely because this assemblage of generalist, dispersal-capable mammals are utilizing multiple habitat types both in the protected land and in the private land. This research highlights the versatility of these species and the potential value of rural countryside landscapes for wildlife conservation.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Tallgrass prairie restoration is an important conservation activity in rural areas. However, little is known about prairie restoration in urban environments. The overall objective of this study was to characterize and better understand urban prairie restoration. This was carried out through an examination of 29 restoration sites within Winnipeg, Manitoba. The results indicated that actively restored urban prairies were successful and high in diversity. Multiple attributes of the restorations were examined as indicators of success including vegetation, the propagule bank and insects. However, not all attributes delivered equivocal results. This suggests that multiple measures should be used to assess a restoration site. Anthropogenic and biophysical variables were found to influence vegetation of the restorations equally, highlighting the importance of incorporating a human component in urban ecological research. These urban restorations were seen to surpass larger rural restorations in quality; thus, efforts should be made to increase their prevalence. / February 2008

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Tallgrass prairie restoration is an important conservation activity in rural areas. However, little is known about prairie restoration in urban environments. The overall objective of this study was to characterize and better understand urban prairie restoration. This was carried out through an examination of 29 restoration sites within Winnipeg, Manitoba. The results indicated that actively restored urban prairies were successful and high in diversity. Multiple attributes of the restorations were examined as indicators of success including vegetation, the propagule bank and insects. However, not all attributes delivered equivocal results. This suggests that multiple measures should be used to assess a restoration site. Anthropogenic and biophysical variables were found to influence vegetation of the restorations equally, highlighting the importance of incorporating a human component in urban ecological research. These urban restorations were seen to surpass larger rural restorations in quality; thus, efforts should be made to increase their prevalence.

Tallgrass prairie restoration is an important conservation activity in rural areas. However, little is known about prairie restoration in urban environments. The overall objective of this study was to characterize and better understand urban prairie restoration. This was carried out through an examination of 29 restoration sites within Winnipeg, Manitoba. The results indicated that actively restored urban prairies were successful and high in diversity. Multiple attributes of the restorations were examined as indicators of success including vegetation, the propagule bank and insects. However, not all attributes delivered equivocal results. This suggests that multiple measures should be used to assess a restoration site. Anthropogenic and biophysical variables were found to influence vegetation of the restorations equally, highlighting the importance of incorporating a human component in urban ecological research. These urban restorations were seen to surpass larger rural restorations in quality; thus, efforts should be made to increase their prevalence.