Introduction : La prééclampsie (PE) est un trouble hypertensif caractérisé par une tension artérielle au-dessus de 140/90 mmHg et touche 2 à 8% des grossesses globalement. À ce jour, la plupart des médicaments ne peuvent traiter ou prévenir la PE. La thrombospondine-1 (THBS1) est un facteur anti-angiogénique et un activateur principal du TGF-β, ce qui pourrait également être impliqué dans l'altération de l'angiogenèse dans les placentas prééclamptiques. Objectif : Notre objectif est de décrire l'expression de la THBS1 et de tester l’effet d’un inhibiteur, le peptide LSKL, sur la vascularisation placentaire dans les placentas d'un modèle murin de PE (in vivo) et sur la capacité angiogénique des cellules endothéliales placentaires humaines (in vitro). Méthodes : L'expression de THBS1 a été mesurée dans les placentas de souris par western blot et dans les placentas humains par immunohistochimie (IHC). Des cellules endothéliales placentaires (pECs) extraites de placentas humains et des souris enceintes hétérozygotes femelles surexprimant la rénine et l’angiotensinogène humaines (hR+A+) sont traitées avec LSKL, ou son peptide témoin SLLK (cellules : 30 μmol/L pendant24h ; animal 129 μmol/mL s.c. au jour de gestation 14,5). Des pEC ont été soumises à des conditions contrôle (8% d’oxygène) ou hypoxie (0,5% d’oxygène) ou thrombine (10 unités/mL) pendant 24 h. L’angiogenèse cellulaire a été évaluée sur matrigel, les protéines évaluées par western blot et la localisation de la THBS1 ainsi que la vascularisation placentaire par IHC. Résultats : Le traitement avec LSKL augmente le nombre de tubes formées dans les pECs exposées à la thrombine ou à l’hypoxie. L’inhibiteur de la voie canonique du TGF-β, ALK5/Smad2/3 (SB-505124, SB), n’a pas modifié la capacité de formation de tubes, contrairement à l’inhibiteur de la voie non canonique, TAK1/p38 ((5Z) -7-oxozeaenol, (OXO) qui a réduit la capacité angiogénique (p<0,05). Chez le modèle de souris de PE, LSKL a significativement amélioré la vascularisation placentaire, évaluée par le contenu des cellules endothéliales CD31+ marquées par IHC (p<0,05), qui s’est accompagnée d’une phosphorylation réduite de TAK1 et ERK dans ce tissu. Conclusion : Nos résultats indiquent une augmentation de l’expression de la THBS1 dans les vaisseaux et cellules endothéliales placentaires des grossesses atteintes de PE, ainsi qu’un effet pro-angiogénique placentaire du LSKL par inhibition de la vie non-canonique du TGF-β. Ces résultats contribueront à identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques capables d'améliorer la vascularisation placentaire dans PE. / Introduction: Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder characterized by blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and affects 2% to 8% of pregnancies globally. To date, most drugs cannot treat or prevent PE. Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) is an anti-angiogenic factor and a major activator of TGF-β, which may also be involved in impaired angiogenesis in pre-eclamptic placentas. Objective: Our aim is to describe the expression of THBS1 and to test the effect of its inhibitor, LSKL peptide, on placental vascularization in placentas from a mouse model of PE (in vivo) and on the angiogenic capacity of human placental endothelial cells (in vitro). Methods: THBS1 expression was measured in placentas of mouse by western blot and in human placentas by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Placental endothelial cells (pECs) extracted from hu-man placentas and pregnant female heterozygous mice overexpressing human renin and angio-tensinogen (hR+A+) were treated with LSKL or its control peptide SLLK (cells: 30 μmol/L for 24h; animals: 129 μmol/mL subcutaneously on gestation day 14.5). pECs were subjected to control conditions (8% oxygen) or hypoxia (0.5% oxygen) or thrombin (10 units/mL) for 24 hours. Cellular angiogenesis was assessed on Matrigel, proteins were evaluated by western blot, and the locali-zation of THBS1 as well as placental vascularization were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: Treatment with LSKL increased the number of tubes formed in pECs exposed to thrombin or hypoxia. The inhibitor of the canonical TGF-β pathway, ALK5/Smad2/3 (SB-505124, SB), did not alter tube formation capacity, unlike the inhibitor of the non-canonical pathway, TAK1/p38 ((5Z)-7-oxozeaenol, (OXO)), which reduced angiogenic capacity. In the mouse model of PE, LSKL significantly improved placental vascularization, assessed by CD31+ endothelial cell content marked by IHC, which was accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of TAK1 and ERK in this tissue. Conclusion: Our results indicate an increase in THBS1 expression in the vessels and placental endothelial cells of pregnancies affected by PE, as well as a pro-angiogenic effect of LSKL through the inhibition of the non-canonical TGF-β pathway. These findings contribute to identifying new therapeutic targets capable of improving placental vascularization in PE.

Background: Research in heart disease can be aided by modelling myocardial hemodynamics with knowledge of coronary pressure and vascular resistance measured from the geometry and morphometry of coronary vasculature. This study presents methods to automatically reconstruct accurate detailed coronary vascular anatomical models from high-resolution three-dimensional optical fluorescence cryomicrotomography image volumes for simulating blood flow in coronary arterial trees. Methods: Images of fluorescent cast and bead particles perfused into the same heart comprise the vasculature and microsphere datasets, employed in a novel combined approach to measure vasculature and simulate a flow model on the extracted coronary vascular tree for estimating regional myocardial perfusion. The microspheres are used in two capacities - as fiducial biomarker point sources for measuring the image formation in order to accurately measure the vasculature dataset and as flowing particles for measuring regional myocardial perfusion through the reconstructed vasculature. A new model-based template-matching method of vascular radius estimation is proposed that incorporates a model of the optical fluorescent image formation measured from the microspheres and a template of the vessels’ tubular geometry. Results: The new method reduced the error in vessel radius estimation from 42.9% to 0.6% in a 170 micrometer vessel as compared to the Full-Width Half Maximum method. Whole-organ porcine coronary vascular trees, automatically reconstructed with the proposed method, contained on the order of 92,000+ vessel segments in the range 0.03 – 1.9 mm radius. Discrepancy between the microsphere perfusion measurements and regional flow estimated with a 1-D steady state linear static blood flow simulation on the reconstructed vasculature was modelled with daughter-to-parent area ratio and branching angle as the parameters. Correcting the flow simulation by incorporating this model of disproportionate distribution of microspheres reduced the error from 24% to 7.4% in the estimation of fractional microsphere distribution in oblique branches with angles of 100°-120°.

Cytochrom P450 (CYP)-Enzyme hydroxylieren und epoxydieren Arachidonsäure (AA) zu bioaktiven Metaboliten wie 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraensäure (20-HETE) und Epoxyeicosatriensäuren (EETs). Diese CYP-abhängigen Eicosanoide fungieren als Mediatoren bei der Regulation der Gefäß-, Nieren- und Herzfunktion. Hauptziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Identität der 20-HETE bildenden CYP-Isoformen in der Mausniere aufzuklären. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt war die Bestimmung von Veränderungen im Metabolismus CYP-abhängiger Eicosanoide in Tiermodellen des akuten Nieren- und Herzversagens. Zur Identifizierung der 20-HETE bildenden CYP-Isoform wurde die Substrat- und Wirkungsspezifität von Cyp4a10, Cyp4a12a, Cyp4a12b und Cyp4a14, sowie ihre geschlechts- und stammspezifische Expression charakterisiert. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass Cyp4a12a die 20-HETE Synthase der Mausniere ist. Cyp4a12a wird durch Androgene induziert und seine Expressionshöhe ist für geschlechts- und stammspezifische Unterschiede in der 20-HETE Bildung verantwortlich. Im Rattenmodell des Ischämie/Reperfusions (I/R)-induzierten Nierenschadens wird eine 20-HETE Freisetzung durch I/R induziert. Wir konnten zeigen, dass der I/R-Schaden durch Hemmung der 20-HETE Bildung signifikant reduziert wird. Im Rattenmodell der Herzinsuffizienz (SHHF) ist das Herzversagen mit einer Variante des EPHX2 Gens assoziiert. EPHX2 kodiert für die lösliche Epoxidhydrolase (sEH), die den Abbau von EETs katalysiert. Wir konnten zeigen, dass die Genvariation zu signifikant höheren sEH-Aktivitäten im Herzen (3-fachen) und in der Niere (30-fachen) führt, im Vergleich zu Rattenstämmen, die keine Herzinsuffizienz entwickeln. Die vorliegende Arbeit unterstreicht die pathophysiologische Bedeutung von Veränderungen im Metabolismus von 20-HETE und EETs. Daher erscheint es vielversprechend, den CYP-Eicosanoid Stoffwechsel als neuen Angriffspunkt für die pharmakologische Behandlung kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen zu erschließen. / Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes hydroxylate and epoxidize arachidonic acid (AA) to bioactive metabolites such as 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). These CYP-dependent eicosanoids serve as mediators in the regulation of vascular, renal and cardiac function. The main objective of the present study was to identify the 20-HETE producing CYP isoforms in the mouse kidney. Another focus was to determine changes in the metabolism of CYP-dependent eicosanoids in animal models of acute renal and heart failure. To identify the 20-HETE producing CYP-isoform the substrate and reaction specificity of Cyp4a10, Cyp4a12a, Cyp4a12b and Cyp4a14, as well as their sex- and strain-specific expression were characterized. The present study shows that Cyp4a12a is the predominant AA hydroxylase in the mouse kidney. Cyp4a12a is induced by androgens and its expression determines the sex and strain-specific differences in 20-HETE generation. In a rat model of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, I/R triggered the release of 20-HETE and we were able to ameliorate renal injury by pharmacological inhibition of 20-HETE production. In a rat model of heart failure (spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rats, SHHF) the heart failure phenotype is associated with a variant of the EPHX2 gene. EPHX2 is coding for the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) which catalyze the degradation of EETs. We found that the gene variation leads to significantly higher sEH activities in the heart (3-fold) and in the kidney (30-fold) compared to rat strains not prone to the development of heart failure. The present study emphasizes the pathophysiological relevance of changes in the biosynthesis and degradation of 20-HETE and EETs. Therefore, it appears promising to develop the CYP-eicosanoid pathway as a novel clinical target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

<p>  </p> <p>The phosphatases of regenerating liver are a subfamily of protein tyrosine phosphatases that consist of PRL1, PRL2 and PRL3. The overexpression of PRLs promote cell proliferation, migration and invasion and contribute to tumorigenesis and metastasis to aggravate survival outcome. Although there is increasing interest in understanding the implication of these phosphatases in tumor development, currently, limited knowledge is available about their mechanism of action and the efficacy of PRL inhibition in <em>in vivo</em> tumor models, the tumor extrinsic role of PRLs that allow them to impact tumor development, as well as <em>in vivo</em> physiological function of PRLs that could implicate them in diseases other than cancer. The work presented here aims to address these limitations.</p> <p><br></p>