Vid projektering idag ställs konstruktören ofta inför valet att projektera för antingen ventilation med konstanta flöden, eller med variabla flöden. Vidare kan även flödena varieras manuellt eller automatiskt. Det konstruktören måste ta hänsyn till är investeringskostnaden, men även potentiella energi- samt kostnadsbesparingar över tid. Många gånger är det svårt att veta hur energianvändningen påverkas av de olika systemvalen varför det är svårt att välja det mest optimala systemet.Detta arbete undersöker livscykelkostnaden, LCC, med nuvärdeskostnaden på en skola i Uppsala med tre olika system, antingen konstant ventilationsflöde, CAV med timer, manuellt styrd variabel ventilation, VAV, eller automatisk VAV med styrning på temperatur och CO2. Huvudanledningen till det är att skolor består av en mängd olika klassrum och lokaler som inte alltid används under skoltiden, risken finns alltså att skolan överventileras med ett traditionellt CAV. Johansson (2005) visade att VAV mycket väl vara ekonomiskt försvarbart just i skolor varför syftet med detta arbete är att se hur det föreligger i detta aktuella fall, och vilken av lösningarna som är mest ekonomisk.Skolan simuleras med programvaran VIP Energy 2.0.8, ett simuleringsprogram för energibalansberäkning, där de tre olika driftsfallen undersöks och hur energibehovet förändras men varierad ventilationsgrad. Även temperaturerna i klassrummen simuleras och beaktas. Kostnaderna för de olika installationerna presenteras där det visar sig mer avancerade system är betydligt dyrare. Den billigaste lösningen kostar 450 000 kr medan den dyraste kostar 680 000 kr. Vidare diskuteras kalkylräntan, energipris och energiprisförändringarna, och där används två olika kalkylräntor, 5 % och 10 %. Ett Sverigepris på energi presenteras, men även ett Europa-anpassat alternativ där elpriset antas dyrare. Realenergipriset antas öka med 3 % per år.Resultatet visar att de energivinster man gör med de mer avancerade variabla systemen som försvinner de på grund av de dyrare investeringskostnaderna. I vissa fall visar det som däremot att en manuell VAV styrning på ventilationen kan vara ekonomisk försvarbar.Ett problem som dock uppstår med sänkt ventilation under sommarhalvåret är innetemperaturer som överstiger de högstanivåer som Socialstyrelsen satt. / When designing today, the building designer is often faced with the choice of planning for either ventilation with constant flow or variable flow. Furthermore the flows can be varied manually or automatically. The building designer has to take into account the cost of the investment, but also potential energy- and cost savings over time. Many times it is difficult to know how energy is affected by the various systems making it difficult to choose the most optimal system.This work investigates the LCC present value at a school in Uppsala with three different systems, either CAV with timer, manually controlled VAV or automatic VAV with is controlled by temperature and CO2. The main reason is that schools consist of a variety of classrooms and facilities that are not always used during school time, the risk is that schools can be over ventilated with a traditional CAV. Johansson (2005) showed that VAV can be financially feasible in schools why the purpose of this thesis is to see how it is in this current case, and which solution is the most economical.The school is simulated with software VIP Energy 2.0.8 where the three different operating conditions are investigated and how energy changes with varied ventilation rate. The temperatures in the classrooms are also simulated and observed. The costs of the various installations are presented where it appears more advanced systems are significantly more expensive. The cheapest solution costs 450 000 SEK while the most expensive costs 680 000 SEK. Furthermore the thesis also discuss the cost of capital, energy price and energy price changes, and where two different discount rates, 5% and 10%, is used. A Sweden Price on energy is presented, but also a Europe-adapted option where electricity price is predictable more expensive. Real energy prices are expected to increase by 3% per year.The results show that the energy savings due to the more advanced variable systems is marginalized because of the expensive investment costs. In some cases it shows that a manual control of ventilation VAV may be economic considerations.A problem arises, however, with reduced ventilation during the summer months as the temperatures exceeds the maximum levels Socialstyrelsen made.

Empirical performance models of fan airflow, primary airflow and power consumption were developed for series and parallel variable air volume fan powered terminal units. An experimental setup and test procedure were created to test the terminal units at typical design pressures and airflows. Each terminal unit observed in this study used an 8 in (20.3 cm) primary air inlet. Two fan motor control methods were considered. The primary control of interest was the electronically commutated motor (ECM) controller. Data collected were compared with previous research regarding silicon rectified control (SCR) units. Generalized models were developed for both series and parallel terminal units. Coefficients for performance models were then compared with comparable SCR controlled units. Non-linear statistical modeling was performed using SPSS software (2008). In addition to airflow and power consumption modeling, power quality was also quantified. Relationships between real power (watts) and apparent power (VA) were presented as well as harmonic frequencies and total harmonic distortion. Power quality was recorded for each ECM controlled terminal unit tested. Additional tests were also made to SCR controlled terminal units used in previous research (Furr 2006). The airflow and power consumption performance models had an R2 equal to 0.990 or greater for every terminal unit tested. An air leakage model was employed to account for leakage in the parallel designed VAV terminal units when the internal fan was turned off. For the leakage model, both ECM and SCR controlled units achieved an R2 greater than or equal to 0.918.

The potential of static pressure reset (SPR) control to save fan energy in variable air volume HVAC systems has been well documented. Current research has focused on the creation of reset strategies depending on specific system features. As the commissioning process has begun to require the prediction of savings, knowledge of the extent to which various SPR control strategies impact fan energy has become increasingly important. This research aims to document existing SPR control strategies and utilize building data and simulation to estimate fan energy use. A comprehensive review of the literature pertaining to SPR control was performed and the results were organized into a top-down flow chart tool. Based on the type of feedback available from a particular system, or lack thereof, this tool will facilitate the selection of a SPR control strategy. A field experiment was conducted on a single duct variable air volume system with fixed discharge air temperature and static pressure setpoints. Finally, an air-side model of the experimental system was created using detailed building design information and calibrated using field measurements. This model was used to estimate the fan energy required to supply the trended airflow data using fixed static pressure (FSP) and SPR control based on zone demand, system demand, and outside air temperature. While utilizing trend data from November 1, 2008 to February 12, 2009, the FSP control of the experimental system was used as the baseline for ranking the energy savings potential of nine different forms of duct static pressure control. The highest savings (73-74%) were achieved using zonal demand based SPR control. System demand based SPR control yielded savings ranging from 59 to 76%, which increased when the duct sensor was positioned near the fan discharge and under similar zone load conditions. The outside air temperature based SPR control yielded savings of 65% since the experimental system supplied primarily perimeter zones. Finally, increasing the FSP setpoint from 2 to 3 inWG increased fan energy by 45%, while decreasing the setpoint from 2 to 1 inWG decreased fan energy by 41%.

Empirical models of airflow and power consumption were developed for series and parallel variable air volume fan powered terminal units (FPTUs). An experimental setup and test procedure were developed to test the terminal units over typical operating ranges. The terminal units in this study used either an 8 in. (20.32 cm) or a 12 in. (30.48 cm) primary air inlet. All terminal units utilized electronically commutated motor (ECM) controllers. Data collected were compared against previous data collected for silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) units. Generalized models were developed for both series and parallel units, and compared against models developed for SCR units. In addition to the performance modeling, power factor and power quality data were also collected for each terminal unit. The power quality analysis included recording and analyzing harmonic distortion for current, voltage, and power up to the 25th harmonic. The total harmonic distortion (THD) was also recorded and presented. For the series terminal units, models were developed for fan airflow, fan power, and primary airflow. The models for fan airflow all had R2 values above 0.987. The models for fan power all had R2 values above 0.968. The models for primary airflow all had R2 values above 0.895. For the parallel terminal units, models were developed for leakage, fan airflow, fan power, and primary airflow. All of the leakage models had R2 values above 0.826. All of the fan airflow models had R2 values above 0.955. All of the fan power models had R2 values above 0.922. All of the primary airflow models had R2 values above 0.872. The real power THD was below 1.5 percent for both series and parallel FPTUs. The current THD ranged from 84 percent to 172 percent for series FPTUs and from 83 percent to 183 percent for parallel FPTUs. The voltage THD was below 1.4 percent for both series and parallel FPTUs. The performance models developed will help improve the accuracy of building energy simulation programs for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems utilizing ECM controlled FPTUs. Increasing the accuracy of these simulations will allow HVAC system designers to better optimize their designs for specific building types in a wide variety of climates.

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of multiple criteria decision making within the selected company. The suitable variant selection of the portable multifunctional device, intended for the logistic oriented company operating the net of distribution halls for e-shops is being made. First, theoretical background of decision making is introduced, as well as decision making models and methods. CATWOE, a tool for finding principle of the issue being solved and the SIPOC methodology, used for description of the processes within the company are both described. Graphical representation of selected business processes, using the process diagrams and the BPMN methodology are introduced afterwards. The selected company is described in the second part, as well as characteristics of the major issue which creates the subject of this thesis. Using the SuperDecisions software, originally intended for decision support making compares variants of portable multifunctional devices with usage of the AHP method. The final comparison result is a proposal of the ideal device variant accordingly to the criteria defined by the company.

VAV (Variable Air Volume) system has been studied in a newly constructed office-building. The goal for the study has been to evaluate how the ventilations system work in practice, if adjustments can be made to achieve an more energy efficient system and to evaluate if other alternative ventilation systems is to be preferred in the further. The degree project has been executed at Helenius Engineering Firm who is working with the environment, media systems, HVAC and energy in buildings. The building that has been studied is owned and operated by Akademiska hus. Literature studies, visits at site, inventory, review of system documentation, energy analyses, interviews, key figures, LCC, sand energy- and indoor climate simulations has been made to study the building. Where appropriate some tools from Six Sigma have also been used. How to achieve an energy efficient system and a pleasant indoor climate is studied with human health and well-being as base for the indoor climate requirements. Technical support systems such as ventilation systems have to be designed so that an acceptable indoor climate can be achieved. The building itself along with the type of activity create prerequisites and limitations in regards to how energy efficient the system can be. In the two first visits which were conducted in the start of the project it appeared that the ventilation system were not functioning as expected. In a later visit, some of the issues were solved and in a recent meeting between Akademiska hus and the tenants, the tenants seemed pleased with the indoor climate. Analyses of service requests statistics, interviews together with cause and effect analyses has revealed that there has been issues with the indoor air quality ant that the rooms has been perceived as to warm or too cold. Some of the causes has been loose sensor cables, reduction of the temperature in the room during absence from people during winter time and short circuit between intake of outdoor air and the outlet of exhaust air on the roof. The building has a low energy consumption compared to key figures presented by Repab. Energy and indoor climate for alternative temperature settings has been simulated in the program IDA and shows that the energy consumption can be reduced. The interviews give a picture that VAV systems are preferred when they are well functioning. But VAV systems have disadvantages such as they are complex and require good knowledge and understanding about the control system from all people concerned. Many components and functions give more opportunities for failures. In comparison with other ventilations systems, VAV according to cost estimates and LCC are the most cost effective ventilations system for offices. / VAV (Variable Air Volume) system har studerats i en nybyggd kontorsfastighet. Målet med arbetet var att ta reda på hur ventilationssystemet fungerar i praktiken, om justeringar kan göras för att uppnå ett mer energieffektivt system samt att utvärdera om alternativa ventilationssystem är att föredra i framtiden. Examensarbetet är utfört hos Helenius Ingenjörsbyrå som arbetar med konsulttjänster inom miljö, mediesystem, VVS och energi. Huset som har studerats ägs och förvaltas av Akademiska hus. Huset har studerats med stöd av litteraturstudier, genom platsbesök, inventering och genomgång av befintlig systemdokumentation, energianalyser, intervjuer med berörda personer, nyckeltalsanalyser, LCC kalkyler samt genom simuleringar i energi- och klimatsimuleringsprogrammet IDA ICE 4. Verktyg från Sex Sigma metodiken har även använts där det har varit lämpligt. Hur ett energieffektivt system och ett behagligt inneklimat kan uppnås har studerats där utgångspunkten är människans hälsa och välbefinnande påverkar krav för inneklimat. Tekniska supportsystem så som ventilationsanläggningar måste vara designade och byggda på ett sådant sätt att ett önskvärt inneklimat kan uppnås. Byggnaden och verksamheten skapar förutsättningar och begränsningar med avseende på energieffektivitet. Vid de två första platsbesöken och intervjuerna som skedde tidigt i arbetet framkom det att ventilationssystem inte har fungerat bra, den bilden förändrades vid uppföljande besök i slutet av arbetet. Direkta fel var då åtgärdade eller arbete pågick och under det senaste mötet Akademiska hus hade med hyresgästerna uppgav de att de var nöjda med inneklimatet. Analys av felanmälningsstatistik, intervjuer tillsammans med orsaksanalys har visat att det framförallt varit problem med kvalitén på luften i rummen samt att rummen uppfattats som varma eller kalla. Några av grundorsakerna har varit att kablar lossnat till givare, frånvarotemperatur under vinterhalvåret, samt kortslutning av avluft och intag av uteluft på taket. Huset har enligt jämförelser med riktvärden från Repab en låg energiförbrukning. Alternativa inställningar av temperaturer har genom simuleringar av energi och inneklimat i programvaran IDA visat att energiförbrukningen kan reduceras. Intervjuer ger en bild av att VAV system är att föredra om de fungerar väl. Nackdelar som finns med VAV system är att de är komplexa, kräver god kunskap och förståelse av systemets styrning från alla berörda samt att de innehåller många komponenter och funktioner vilket medför att det finns många felkällor. I jämförelse med andra system, är VAV systemet enligt de kostnadsuppskattningar och LCC beräkningar som gjorts, det mest kostnadseffektiva ventilationssystemet.

En byggnad bör uppfylla kraven gällande energianvändning och god inomhusmiljö. Byggnadens ventilationssystem arbetar med att upprätthålla god luftkvalitet samt effektiv energianvändning. Genom att styra och reglera luftflödet efter behov med ett Variable Air Volume system (VAV-system) kan ventilationssystemets energianvändning minska utan att göra avkall på luftkvalitén inomhus. VAV-apparater arbetar oftast vid ett lämpligt minimumflöde över tid, vilket medför att VAV- apparatens precision vid låga flöden är viktig. Studien har syfte till att undersöka noggrannheten i flödesmätningar vid låga luftflöden med tre VAV-apparater, som var och en representerar en särskild mätteknik samt med mätmetoderna anemometer och stos. Datainsamlingen genomfördes via mätningarna i laboratoriemiljö. Insamlade mätdata hanterades i kalkylbladsprogrammet Excel. De tre VAV-apparaterna som användes i studien var utrustade med mätmetoderna, tryckskillnad över VAV-spjäll, ultraljud samt tryckskillnad över korslagda pitotrör. För att undersöka VAV-apparaternas, varmtrådsanemometerns och luftflödesstosens mätresultat användes standardiserad strypflänsmätning som referens på grund av dess låga mätosäkerhet. Alla VAV-apparaterna undersöktes för samma börvärden, 4 l/s som lägst och 50 l/s som störst. Experimentet delades in i test 1 och 2. I test 1 jämfördes de olika mätmetoderna med strypflänsens mätresultat. I test 2 undersöktes VAV-apparaternas mätosäkerhet vid två olika inloppsförhållande, rak kanal och 90° böj. Resultatet av studiens tester visade att VAV-apparaternas största mätfel skedde vid de lägsta inställda börvärdena 4–6 l/s. Även de två andra mätmetoderna, flödesstos och varmtrådsanemometer, visade störst mätfel vid de lägsta börvärdena 5 och 10 l/s. För att undersöka hur noggrant VAV-apparaterna reglerade mot det inställda börvärdet jämfördes strypflänsens mätresultat med de inställda börvärdena. Resultatet visade i de flesta fall att dessa luftflöden ej stämde överens med varandra. Resultatet för skillnaden mellan VAV-apparaternas mätresultat när de utsattes för två olika inloppsförhållande visade ingen tydlig indikation på att inloppsförhållandet 90° böj var den förutsättning som gav det största mätfelet förutom för VAV-apparat med ultraljud. Mer erfarenhet av att utföra mätningar hade bidragit till bättre utförda mätningar. Om mätningen skulle utföras med dagens erfarenhet hade det utförts flera mätningar på samma börvärde för att se om mätresultaten varierade eller om det gick att se ett tydligt mönster i resultaten, vilket hade stärkt studiens slutresultat.

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Background. VAV interacting Krüppel-like factor (VIK) is a novel transcription factor. Previously our lab reported a series of breast cancer tumour samples where VIK methylation was associated with an increased risk of recurrence in tamoxifen-treated patients, indicating a role for VIK in ER positive breast cancer and endocrine resistance. Additionally VIK has been shown to be involved in cell cycle regulation, interacting with CDK4 and VAV1. The cyclin D-CDK4/6-Rb pathway is frequently dysregulated in ER positive breast cancer. Combined treatment of palbociclib, a highly selective CDK4/6 inhibitor, with endocrine therapy substantially improved outcome of patients with ER positive metastatic breast cancer. Increasing clinical use means acquired resistance to palbociclib is emerging as a major clinical challenge. Results. VIK was confirmed to be subject to regulation by DNA methylation in breast cancer. VIK methylation correlated to transcriptional silencing of mRNA in both cancer cell lines and primary tumours. To determine the functional significance of loss of VIK expression, VIK was knocked down in unmethylated breast cancer cell lines and a normal breast epithelial cell line. Knockdown resulted in cell death via induction of apoptosis. VIK knockdown altered cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase. Expression of multiple regulatory cell cycle proteins was altered, differentially in normal and tumour cells. Treatment with the CDK4/6 inhibitor, palbociclib, in cells with reduced VIK expression resulted in decreased sensitivity to the drug, inducing a shift in IC50 value towards resistance. In a model of acquired resistance, T47D cells were cultured long-term with palbociclib generating resistant clones. VIK was significantly downregulated in all resistant clones to barely detectable mRNA levels, suggesting a role for VIK in resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition. Conclusion. This PhD has confirmed VIK is a novel epigenetically regulated gene in breast cancer. VIK expression is essential to both normal and tumour breast cell survival and is involved in the regulation of the G1/S phase transition in the cell cycle. Loss of VIK expression potentially contributes to the development of acquired resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors.

Empirical models of airflow output and power consumption were developed for series and parallel fan powered variable air volume terminal units at typical design pressure conditions. A testing procedure and experimental setup were developed to test sets of terminal units from three different manufacturers. Each set consisted of two series and two parallel units, each with 8 in. (203 mm) and 12 in. (304 mm) primary air inlets, for a total of four units in each set. Generalized models were developed for the series and parallel units, with coefficients varying by size and manufacturer. Statistical modeling utilized SAS software (2002). Fan power and airflow data were collected at downstream static pressures over a range from 0.1 to 0.5 in. w.g. (25 to 125 Pa) for the parallel terminal units. Downstream static pressure was held constant at 0.25 in. w.g. (62 Pa) for the series units. Upstream static pressures of all variable air volume (VAV) terminal units ranged from 0.1 to 2.0 in. w.g. (25 to 498 Pa). Data were collected at four different primary air damper positions. Data were also collected at four different terminal unit fan speeds, controlled by a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR). The models utilized the RMS voltage entering the terminal unit fan, the 'rake' sensor velocity pressure, and the downstream static pressure. In addition to the terminal unit airflow and power models, a model was developed to quantify air leakage in parallel terminal units, when the unit fan was off. In all but two of the VAV terminal units, the resulting models of airflow and power had R2 values greater than 0.90. In the two exceptions, there appeared to be manufacturing defects: either excessive air leakage or a faulty SCR that limited the effectiveness of the airflow and power models to capture the variation in the data.