La presente tesis se basa en el análisis del flujo vehicular, presente en el óvalo La Curva, ubicada en el distrito de Chorrillos, Departamento de Lima-Perú. El proyecto evalúa las condiciones de servicio, diseño del óvalo y el tráfico vehicular. Esta evaluación es realizada mediante un modelo microscópico que es simulado en el software Vissim 9.0. La construcción del modelo consiste en 4 fases. La primera, trata del análisis previo, que abarca desde la recolección de datos hasta el procesamiento en gabinete. Por un lado, la toma de medidas geométricas se realizó en un día de menor volumen vehicular. Por otro lado, el aforo vehicular y peatonal se realizó en un día típico. La segunda fase consiste en el modelamiento inicial, que busca trasladar el diseño geométrico actual al Vissim para proceder con la microsimulación. Asimismo, se realizaron múltiples corridas hasta lograr la optimización del modelo, previo precalentamiento y calibración del mismo. La tercera fase analiza el diseño propuesto en base a los parámetros de eficiencia vehicular, como son el tiempo de viaje (demoras), la longitud de cola y el nivel de servicio. La propuesta busca optimizar el sistema de semaforización, actualmente existente e inoperativa, y un cambio de nivel en una de las avenidas que concurre mayor cantidad flujo vehicular. En la última fase se busca evaluar y comparar los resultados, tanto de la situación actual como de la alternativa propuesta. Finalmente, los parámetros que presenten mejoras en su servicio serán determinantes para reducir el problema de congestión vehicular. / This thesis is based on the analysis of vehicle flow, present in the La Curva oval, located in the district of Chorrillos, Department of Lima-Peru. The project evaluates service conditions, oval design and vehicular traffic. This evaluation is done through a microscopic model that is simulated in Vissim 9.0 software. The construction of the model consists of 4 phases. The first one deals with the previous analysis, which ranges from data collection to cabinet processing. On the one hand, the geometric measurements were taken on a day with less vehicular volume. On the other hand, vehicular and pedestrian traffic was performed on a typical day. The second phase consists of the initial modeling, which seeks to transfer the current geometric design to the Vissim to proceed with the microsimulation. Likewise, multiple runs were performed until the model was optimized, after preheating and calibrating it. The third phase analyzes the proposed design based on vehicle efficiency parameters, such as travel time (delays), tail length and service level. The proposal seeks to optimize the traffic signaling system, currently existing and inoperative, and a change of level in one of the avenues that has the greatest amount of traffic flow. In the last phase, the aim is to evaluate and compare the results, both of the current situation and of the proposed alternative. Finally, the parameters that present improvements in their service will be decisive to reduce the problem of vehicular congestion. / Tesis

Traffic population in the UK has grown by 27% in 2002 and predicted to continue to an estimated 38% in 2016 and up to 60% by 2031. This means vehicular emissions from road transport may account for higher proportion of total emissions of pollutants resulting in air pollution with its attendant consequences. Although poor air quality concerns has often been linked to urban areas, many rural areas apparently have locations where air quality objectives may be threatened especially in the wake of increasing vehicular population. Thus, this elicits the necessity to investigate the relationship between vehicular emissions and air quality. This study investigated the influence of vehicular traffic on a major trunk road on rural air quality through continuous measurements of nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and hydrocarbon between June 2008 and April 2010 along a major trunk road in a catalogued rural environment in the UK. Collection and analysis of pollutants was by Dräger short-term tubes and Dräger passive diffusion tube techniques. Throughout the sampling period, concentrations of sulphur dioxide were not detected using the short-term tube technique but were detected by the passive diffusion tubes. The study found that variations in mean concentrations of the pollutants were synonymous with traffic frequency and were influenced by meteorological conditions especially wind speed, temperature and relative humidity. Results observed concentration decline trend with increasing distance and showed maximum concentrations during winter, mainly in areas of close proximity to anthropogenic source, and minimum in summer. Values between winter year 1 and winter year 2 monitoring campaigns showed significant difference (P<0.05 and R=0.91) as was in summer year 1 and year 2 (P<0.05 and R=0.94), spring year 1 and year 2 (P<0.05 and R=0.84) and autumn year 1 and year 2 (P<0.05 and R=0.79). When compared with the guidance limits, NO2 Page ii showed exceededance at roadside and 50 m, and at some sample sites, up to 100 m from the road. Conversely, SO2 did not show any exceedance but statistical analyses was mostly significant between concentrations and distance at p≤0.05, suggesting the variability of pollutants, as well as the influence of distance on their temporal and spatial distribution. Results also show that pollutants correlated very well with daily traffic population with strong positive r2 and R-values. Similarly, the study considered the application of hazel leave (Corylus avellana) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne) vegetation samples in monitoring rural air quality. Both samples were collected in different seasons and distances (5m, 50m, and 100m) from the A49 trunk road at four rural sites characterised with diverse traffic densities and anthropogenic activities. The aim was to determine the elemental content and trends within the samples and to investigate the influence of distance from the road, height from ground level, and sampling season on the elemental levels. The levels of Al, As, Ba, Ca, Si, Mg, S, Cd, Cr, Na, Ni, Sb, Se, Sn, Mo, Mn, C, K, P, Cl, Ti, Fe, Zn, and Pb were determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX). Results show that despite the traffic differentials between the sampling sites, the pollution level of heavy metals were generally low in all sampling site and concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Ti exhibited inverse relationship with distance, decreasing in levels with increasing distance from the trunk road. Although root uptake from the soil is a potential source of heavy metals, geochemistry research of the study area did not show any evidence that proves any major heavy metals deposit concerns in the soil. It is therefore possible that heavy metal emissions were deposited in a form that was not readily available for root uptake, thereby narrowing the presence of heavy metal pollutants to other potential Page iii sources. However, this study found high level of heavy metals at the roadside measurements in the order of Zn (0.703 ppm) > Ti (0.346 ppm) > Cr (0.111 ppm) > Cu (0.106 ppm) > Pb (0.026 ppm) > Ni (0.025 ppm). They were found in different magnitudes higher than their respective levels at 50 and 100 m from the trunk road and therefore tend to support traffic origin. Findings from this study show that heavy metals exhibited different degree of correlation between individual elements, ranging from very strong positive to weak, as well as negative correlations. Statistical analyses show that the elements predominantly exhibited statistically significant differences between elements and between distances from the road. Overall, findings from this study demonstrate that both vegetation species prove to be successfully useful in determining the pollution status and trends of traffic-related heavy metals.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2015-04-08T14:05:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ariadna Ferraz de Oliveira.pdf: 1770875 bytes, checksum: 77e12b007af8b61cd0e33958f5fd15a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-08T14:05:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ariadna Ferraz de Oliveira.pdf: 1770875 bytes, checksum: 77e12b007af8b61cd0e33958f5fd15a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Introduction: environmental pollution and its impact on health is now considered a public health problem. Despite the incessant search for an environment with cleaner air, pollution levels are still unhealthy and are related to the human morbidity and mortality. Objective: to evaluate the relationship between exposure to air pollution and hospitalizations in the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) of the elderly for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) totals in residents of the cities of Cubatão and São Paulo between 2000 to 2012, stratified by sex. Methods: This is an ecological study of temporal series. Schedules data were obtained on the levels of PM10, CO, SO2, NO2 and O3, minimum temperature and humidity average along the Environmental sanitation technology company in the State of São Paulo-CETESB. The hospitalizations in the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) were obtained from the database of the SUS (DATASUS). Descriptive analysis was performed and the Pearson correlation analysis. The association of air pollutants and cardiovascular admissions was assessed using a polynomial distributed lag model through 7 days after exposure. The log of cardiovascular admissions was regressed assuming a Poisson distribution in a generalized linear model adjusted for long time trend, weekdays, temperature and humidity. The percentage increases in the cardiovascular admissions were calculated based on the interquartile range of the air pollutants. It was adopted a significance level of 5%. Results: In the study period were admitted in the SUS 1,287,204 (19.7%) seniors, these 358970 (27.9%) with cardiovascular diseases in São Paulo. In Cubatão 13,998 were admitted (14.4%) seniors, these 3,729 (26.6%) for cardiovascular diseases. In São Paulo associations were observed between the pollutants PM10, SO2, NO2 and CO and the CVD. For each increase of an interquartile range in level of PM10 (24.42 ¿g/m3) increase hospitalizations in 2.04% (CI95%: 1.42%-2.66%), for SO2 (7.48 ¿g/m3) the increase is 2.22% (CI95%: 1.60%-2.84%), for NO2 (51.89 ¿g/m3) is 2.55% (CI95%: 1.96% ¿ 3.14%) and CO (1.33 ppm) is 1.06% (CI95%: 0.50%-1.62%). In Cubatão only the PM10 presented effect on hospitalization for CVD, where for each increase of an interquartile range in level of PM10 (39.40 ¿g/m3) increase the hospitalizations in 6.01% (CI95%: 1.61%-10.41%). Conclusion: The air pollutants continue to be one of the factors that contribute to the increase in the number of hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases. / Introdução: A poluição ambiental e suas consequências sobre a saúde é hoje considerada um problema de saúde pública. Apesar da busca incessante por um ambiente com ar mais limpo, os níveis de poluição ainda se apresentam prejudiciais à saúde e estão relacionados com a morbidade e mortalidade humana. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre exposição à poluição do ar e internações no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de idosos por doenças cardiovasculares totais (DCV) estratificado por sexo em residentes dos municípios de Cubatão e São Paulo entre 2000 a 2012. Métodos: Este é um estudo ecológico de series temporais. Foram obtidos dados horários sobre os níveis de PM10, CO, SO2, NO2 e O3, temperatura mínima e umidade média junto a Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo - CETESB. As internações hospitalares no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) foram obtidas através do banco de dados do SUS (DATASUS). Foi realizada análise descritiva e análise de correlação de Pearson. Foram utilizados modelos polinomiais lineares generalizados de regressão de Poisson defasados de até 7 dias após exposição. Foi adotado o nível de significância p = 5%. Resultados: Em São Paulo foram observadas associações entre os poluentes PM10, SO2, NO2 e CO e as DCV, que elevaram o número das internações em 2,04% (IC95%: 1,42 ¿ 2,66), 2,22 % (IC95%: 1,60 ¿ 2,84), 2,55 % (IC95%: 1,96 ¿ 3,14) e 1,06% (IC95%: 0,50 ¿ 1,62), respectivamente. Em Cubatão apenas o PM10 apresentou efeito significativo para as internações por DCV com um aumento de 6,01% (IC95%: 1,61 ¿ 10,41). Conclusão: Os poluentes atmosféricos continuam sendo um dos fatores que contribuem para o aumento do número de internações hospitalares por doenças cardiovasculares. Faz-se necessário planejar e implantar ações que visem a melhoria de políticas de controle de poluentes visando um ambiente mais limpo e saudável.

The increase in vehicular traffic has created new challenges in determining the behavior of performance of data and safety measures in traffic. Hence, traffic signals on intersection used as cost effective and time saving tools for traffic management in urban areas. But on the other hand the signalized intersections in congested urban areas are the key source of high traffic density and slow traffic. High traffic density causes the slow network traffic data rate between vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure. To match up with the emerging technologies, LTE takes the lead with good packet delivery and versatile to changes in the network due to vehicular movements and density. This thesis is about analyzing of LTE implementation based on a road traffic density model. This thesis work is aimed to use probability distribution function to calculate density values and develop a real traffic scenario in LTE network using density values. In order to analyze the traffic behavior, Aimsun simulator software has been used to represent the real situation of traffic density on a model intersection. For a realistic traffic density model field measurement were used for collection of input data. After calibration and validation process, a close to realty results extracted and used a logistic curve of probability distribution function to find out the density situation on each part of intersection. Similar traffic scenarios were implemented on MATLAB based LTE system level simulator. Results were concluded with the whole traffic scenario of 90 seconds and calculating the throughput at every traffic signal time and section. It is quite evident from the results that LTE system adopts the change of traffic behavior with dynamic nature and allocates more bandwidth where it is more needed.

O fenômeno do congestionamento, decorrente do rápido aumento da demanda por todos os meios de transporte só tende a se agravar, já que sistemas de transporte (vistos como um todo) têm um grande impacto na economia mundial. No caso do transporte veicular em particular, é notório que a demanda por mobilidade é uma das características da nossa sociedade. O impacto direto e indireto dos congestionamentos em áreas urbanas e interurbanas é imenso, e precisam ser avaliados adequadamente para que seus efeitos sejam pelo menos minorados. Esta dissertação apresenta o AVNET, uma modelagem baseada em agentes para avali- ação do balanceamento de carga em redes de tráfego veicular, capaz de investigar micros- copicamente a interação entre oferta, demanda e as particularidades do comportamento dos motoristas, aqui tratados como agentes autônomos capazes de perceber o estado do ambiente e se adaptar a ele utilizando replanejamento heurístico. O principal objetivo do AVNET é investigar a interação entre a percepção que o agente possui do tráfego e a consequente adaptação através da mudança de rota durante a viagem. De forma cíclica, o AVNET propõe que o estado do ambiente influencia na percepção do agente, e a ação do agente influencia no estado do ambiente. As medidas de balanceamento de carga visam avaliar o desempenho do ponto de vista do motorista, ao invés de abordar a avaliação do ponto de vista da rede como algumas abordagens tradicionalmente propõe. Experimentos foram realizados a partir da variação nas condições de oferta - utili- zando uma rede com topologia em estilo de grade e uma abstração de algumas vias arte- riais da cidade de Porto Alegre/RS - variação nas condições de demanda - o tipo de dis- tribuição e número de viagens - e dos tipos de agentes utilizados. Os resultados ajudam a responder como será o balanceamento de carga de redes de tráfego veicular conforme as condições de oferta e demanda do ambiente, e de percepção/ação dos agentes. / The phenomenon of congestion, due to the rapid increase in demand for all means of transport is only going to worsen, since systems transport (seen as a whole) have a major impact on the world economy. In the case of vehicular transport in particular, it is clear that the demand for mobility is a characteristic of our society. The direct and indirect impact of congestion in urban and long distance is immense, and must be properly evaluated for their effects are at least mitigated. This dissertation presents the AVNET, an agent-basead modelling to evaluate load bal- ancing in networks of vehicular traffic, able to microscopically investigate the interaction between supply, demand and the peculiarities of the behavior of drivers, here treated as autonomous agents, capable to perceive the state of the environment and adapt to it using heuristic redesign. The main goal of AVNET is to investigate the interaction between the perception that the agent has the traffic and the consequent adaptation by changing the route during the trip. Cyclically, the AVNET propose that the state of the environment influences the perception of the agent and the agent’s action influences the state of the environment. Experiments were performed from the variation in supply conditions - using a network grid topology and an abstraction of some arterial roads in the city of Porto Alegre/RS - changes in demand conditions - the type of distribution and number of trips - and the types of agents used. The results will help answer how the balancing network load of vehicular traffic as conditions of supply and demand of the environment, and perception / action agents.

O fenômeno do congestionamento, decorrente do rápido aumento da demanda por todos os meios de transporte só tende a se agravar, já que sistemas de transporte (vistos como um todo) têm um grande impacto na economia mundial. No caso do transporte veicular em particular, é notório que a demanda por mobilidade é uma das características da nossa sociedade. O impacto direto e indireto dos congestionamentos em áreas urbanas e interurbanas é imenso, e precisam ser avaliados adequadamente para que seus efeitos sejam pelo menos minorados. Esta dissertação apresenta o AVNET, uma modelagem baseada em agentes para avali- ação do balanceamento de carga em redes de tráfego veicular, capaz de investigar micros- copicamente a interação entre oferta, demanda e as particularidades do comportamento dos motoristas, aqui tratados como agentes autônomos capazes de perceber o estado do ambiente e se adaptar a ele utilizando replanejamento heurístico. O principal objetivo do AVNET é investigar a interação entre a percepção que o agente possui do tráfego e a consequente adaptação através da mudança de rota durante a viagem. De forma cíclica, o AVNET propõe que o estado do ambiente influencia na percepção do agente, e a ação do agente influencia no estado do ambiente. As medidas de balanceamento de carga visam avaliar o desempenho do ponto de vista do motorista, ao invés de abordar a avaliação do ponto de vista da rede como algumas abordagens tradicionalmente propõe. Experimentos foram realizados a partir da variação nas condições de oferta - utili- zando uma rede com topologia em estilo de grade e uma abstração de algumas vias arte- riais da cidade de Porto Alegre/RS - variação nas condições de demanda - o tipo de dis- tribuição e número de viagens - e dos tipos de agentes utilizados. Os resultados ajudam a responder como será o balanceamento de carga de redes de tráfego veicular conforme as condições de oferta e demanda do ambiente, e de percepção/ação dos agentes. / The phenomenon of congestion, due to the rapid increase in demand for all means of transport is only going to worsen, since systems transport (seen as a whole) have a major impact on the world economy. In the case of vehicular transport in particular, it is clear that the demand for mobility is a characteristic of our society. The direct and indirect impact of congestion in urban and long distance is immense, and must be properly evaluated for their effects are at least mitigated. This dissertation presents the AVNET, an agent-basead modelling to evaluate load bal- ancing in networks of vehicular traffic, able to microscopically investigate the interaction between supply, demand and the peculiarities of the behavior of drivers, here treated as autonomous agents, capable to perceive the state of the environment and adapt to it using heuristic redesign. The main goal of AVNET is to investigate the interaction between the perception that the agent has the traffic and the consequent adaptation by changing the route during the trip. Cyclically, the AVNET propose that the state of the environment influences the perception of the agent and the agent’s action influences the state of the environment. Experiments were performed from the variation in supply conditions - using a network grid topology and an abstraction of some arterial roads in the city of Porto Alegre/RS - changes in demand conditions - the type of distribution and number of trips - and the types of agents used. The results will help answer how the balancing network load of vehicular traffic as conditions of supply and demand of the environment, and perception / action agents.

O fenômeno do congestionamento, decorrente do rápido aumento da demanda por todos os meios de transporte só tende a se agravar, já que sistemas de transporte (vistos como um todo) têm um grande impacto na economia mundial. No caso do transporte veicular em particular, é notório que a demanda por mobilidade é uma das características da nossa sociedade. O impacto direto e indireto dos congestionamentos em áreas urbanas e interurbanas é imenso, e precisam ser avaliados adequadamente para que seus efeitos sejam pelo menos minorados. Esta dissertação apresenta o AVNET, uma modelagem baseada em agentes para avali- ação do balanceamento de carga em redes de tráfego veicular, capaz de investigar micros- copicamente a interação entre oferta, demanda e as particularidades do comportamento dos motoristas, aqui tratados como agentes autônomos capazes de perceber o estado do ambiente e se adaptar a ele utilizando replanejamento heurístico. O principal objetivo do AVNET é investigar a interação entre a percepção que o agente possui do tráfego e a consequente adaptação através da mudança de rota durante a viagem. De forma cíclica, o AVNET propõe que o estado do ambiente influencia na percepção do agente, e a ação do agente influencia no estado do ambiente. As medidas de balanceamento de carga visam avaliar o desempenho do ponto de vista do motorista, ao invés de abordar a avaliação do ponto de vista da rede como algumas abordagens tradicionalmente propõe. Experimentos foram realizados a partir da variação nas condições de oferta - utili- zando uma rede com topologia em estilo de grade e uma abstração de algumas vias arte- riais da cidade de Porto Alegre/RS - variação nas condições de demanda - o tipo de dis- tribuição e número de viagens - e dos tipos de agentes utilizados. Os resultados ajudam a responder como será o balanceamento de carga de redes de tráfego veicular conforme as condições de oferta e demanda do ambiente, e de percepção/ação dos agentes. / The phenomenon of congestion, due to the rapid increase in demand for all means of transport is only going to worsen, since systems transport (seen as a whole) have a major impact on the world economy. In the case of vehicular transport in particular, it is clear that the demand for mobility is a characteristic of our society. The direct and indirect impact of congestion in urban and long distance is immense, and must be properly evaluated for their effects are at least mitigated. This dissertation presents the AVNET, an agent-basead modelling to evaluate load bal- ancing in networks of vehicular traffic, able to microscopically investigate the interaction between supply, demand and the peculiarities of the behavior of drivers, here treated as autonomous agents, capable to perceive the state of the environment and adapt to it using heuristic redesign. The main goal of AVNET is to investigate the interaction between the perception that the agent has the traffic and the consequent adaptation by changing the route during the trip. Cyclically, the AVNET propose that the state of the environment influences the perception of the agent and the agent’s action influences the state of the environment. Experiments were performed from the variation in supply conditions - using a network grid topology and an abstraction of some arterial roads in the city of Porto Alegre/RS - changes in demand conditions - the type of distribution and number of trips - and the types of agents used. The results will help answer how the balancing network load of vehicular traffic as conditions of supply and demand of the environment, and perception / action agents.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:14:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielAM_DISSERT.pdf: 3905570 bytes, checksum: 4c0d9aa1885448450fe9583dac769de6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In this thesis we investigate physical problems which present a high degree of complexity using tools and models of Statistical Mechanics. We give a special attention to systems with long-range interactions, such as one-dimensional long-range bondpercolation, complex networks without metric and vehicular traffic. The flux in linear chain (percolation) with bond between first neighbor only happens if pc = 1, but when we consider long-range interactions , the situation is completely different, i.e., the transitions between the percolating phase and non-percolating phase happens for pc < 1. This kind of transition happens even when the system is diluted ( dilution of sites ). Some of these effects are investigated in this work, for example, the extensivity of the system, the relation between critical properties and the dilution, etc. In particular we show that the dilution does not change the universality of the system. In another work, we analyze the implications of using a power law quality distribution for vertices in the growth dynamics of a network studied by Bianconi and Barab?si. It incorporates in the preferential attachment the different ability (fitness) of the nodes to compete for links. Finally, we study the vehicular traffic on road networks when it is submitted to an increasing flux of cars. In this way, we develop two models which enable the analysis of the total flux on each road as well as the flux leaving the system and the behavior of the total number of congested roads / Nesta tese abordaremos problemas f?sicos que apresentam um alto grau de complexidade utilizando ferramentas e modelos da Mec?nica Estat?stica. Daremos ?nfase ao estudo de sistemas com intera??es de longo alcance dentre estes, o caso da percola??o com liga??es de longo alcance em cadeias lineares, redes complexas sem m?tricas e tr?fego em redes complexas. O fluxo numa cadeia linear (percola??o) com intera??es de primeiros vizinhos s? ocorre em pc = 1, por?m se levarmos em conta liga??es de longo alcance o quadro ? completamente diferente, ou seja, a transi??o entre a fase percolante e a fase n?o percolante ocorre para um valor de p < 1. Esse tipo de transi??o continua ocorrendo mesmo quando dilu?mos o sistema ( dilui??o dos s?tios ). Outros efeitos estudados nesse trabalho foram a extensividade do sistema, a evolu??o das propriedades cr?ticas em fun??o da dilui??o, etc. Em particular, mostramos que a dilui??o n?o altera a universalidade do sistema. Em outro trabalho, veremos as implica??es em utilizar uma distribui??o de qualidade obedecendo uma lei de pot?ncia na din?mica de crescimento de uma rede estudada por Bianconi e Barab?si. Este incorpora na liga??o preferencial as diferentes habilidades (qualidades) dos s?tios na competi??o por liga??es. Por ?ltimo, estudamos o tr?fego em redes complexas e na malha rodovi?ria sui?a a fim de entender como o congestionamento se alastra numa rede quando submetida a um fluxo crescente de carros. Nesse sentido, desenvolvemos dois modelos que nos possibilitam a an?lise do fluxo total em todas as ruas, bem como o fluxo nas sa?das do sistema e o comportamento do n?mero total de ruas congestionadas

La presente tesis realiza el estudio de la situación actual de dos intersecciones de la Av. Malecón Checa y se propone una solución para mejorar la circulación vehicular al reducir la longitud de cola promedio y aumentar la velocidad promedio vehicular en aquella avenida para ambos sentidos. El estudio es validado y calibrado a través de las variables Wiedemann 74 utilizando como parámetro de eficiencia los tiempos de viaje. Los dos primeros capítulos presentan la problemática en la zona, la justificación, los antecedentes y se define la hipótesis; también, el desarrollo que se seguirá siguiendo un objetivo general y otros específicos, las limitaciones que tendrá el estudio y finalmente el marco teórico de este proyecto. Luego se compara los diferentes tipos de modelación de tráfico vehicular, se detalla por qué se escogió el modelo microscópico, sus fundamentos y su aplicación en el software Vissim 9. El capítulo 3 precisa el tipo y diseño de investigación; así como la metodología empleada para el desarrollo de la tesis, el procedimiento de recolección de datos basado en aforos realizados y el desarrollo de la microsimulación en el software Vissim. El capítulo 4 presenta los resultados de la microsimulación para la situación actual de la zona de estudio. Posterior a ello se presentan 2 propuestas de mejoras, la primera abarca una optimización de los ciclos semafóricos y la adición de un giro protegido. La segunda propuesta consiste en la implementación de un intercambio a desnivel en el sentido oeste a este. Ambas propuestas se evalúan individualmente y luego en conjunto. Finalmente se comparan los resultados propuestos con las condiciones actuales. El capítulo 5 nos presenta las conclusiones y recomendaciones, / The present thesis carries out the study of the current situation of two intersections of the Av. Malecón Checa and a solution is proposed to improve vehicular circulation by reducing the average length of the queue and increasing the average vehicular speed on that avenue for both directions. The study is validated and calibrated through the Wiedemann variables 74 using travel times as an efficiency parameter. The first two chapters present the problem in the area, the justification, the background and the hypothesis is defined; Also, the development that will continue to follow a general objective and other specific ones, the limitations that the study will have and finally the theoretical framework of this project. Then the different types of vehicle traffic modeling are compared, it is detailed why the microscopic model was chosen, its fundamentals and its application in the Vissim 9 software. Chapter 3 specifies the type and design of the investigation; as well as the methodology used for the development of the thesis, the data collection procedure based on the measurements carried out and the development of the microsimulation in the Vissim software. Chapter 4 presents the microsimulation results for the current situation in the study area. After this, 2 proposals for improvements are presented, the first one covers an optimization of traffic light cycles and the addition of a protected turn. The second proposal consists of the implementation of an uneven interchange in the west to east direction. Both proposals are evaluated individually and then together. Finally, the proposed results are compared with current conditions. Chapter 5 presents the conclusions and recommendations, / Tesis