This study examines institutional change in forest management in Tlalmanalco, Mexico, over the period 1877--1999 based on qualitative methods. The level of analysis is the domain of forest management, a level of analysis intermediary between macro/national policy and micro/local organizations and groups. I examine the domain composed of local organizations stakeholders in forest management in Tlalmanalco. / The dual research methods include (1) a contextualist approach revealing long institutional cycles over the long run (1877--1996) while (2) grounded theory procedures reveal micro-processus of institutional change in the transition period 1996--1999. / At the macro level, I have identified three institutional cycles of forest management: (1) the entrepreneur elite cycle (1877--1910); (2) the community-based management (1910--1940); and (3) the centralized industrial cycle (1940--1991). Each institutional cycle represents a management template which includes: (1) a management philosophy, (2) a dominant organizational template, (3) a configuration of interorganizational relations, (4) included groups, (5) excluded groups and (6) blind spots. / At the micro-institutional level, the detailed study of the change process (1996--1999) in forest management reveals that two forms of interorganizational collaborations co-exist in the current domain. First, transformational collaboration is a form of open participation coordinated around charismatic leadership, and based on shared values. It aims to build a collective vision for the future of forest management. Second, transactional collaboration is a form of participation restricted to specific tasks, coordinated by the exchange of material and expertise resources. / The contributions of this ideographic study highlight two themes neglected so far by previous research on institutional change. First, this study shows the links between policies formulated at the macro/national level and their implications at the micro/local level. Second, it explores the process of institutional change between two long term institutional cycles.

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Waltercio Caldas é um dos artistas mais controversos da História da Arte no Brasil. Insere-se na própria história da arte, bem como cria as bases para uma produção historiográfica, na qual a busca da formação da identidade nacional é um objetivo a ser atingido. Releituras de obras clássicas, novas propostas de olhar as obras de arte, o diálogo com as formas e espaços são algumas das tendências apresentadas por Caldas desde sua exposição inaugural no inicio da década de 70 do século passado. O grande momento de Caldas é o livro quadro Los Velásquez. Onde o artista desconstrói o celebre quadro Las Meninas, de Velásquez. Expondo o visível e o invisível, propõe uma nova dimensão para com os espaços e limites da arte. Este trabalho visa buscar um panorama da trajetória de Waltercio Caldas e estabelecer as relações entre este e a História da Arte, para então buscar a identidade do artista por trás da obra / Waltercio Caldas is one of the most controversial artists in the history of art in Brazil. He is part of the History of Art, as well as laying the groundwork for a historical production, in which the search for the formation of national identity is a goal to be reached. Re-interpretations of classics, new proposals to look at works of art, the dialogue with the forms and spaces are some of the trends presented by Caldas since its inaugural exhibition in the early 70s of last century. The highlight of the book is de Caldas - Los Velazquez framework. Where the artist deconstructs the famous painting Las Meninas by Velazquez. Exposing the visible and invisible proposing a new dimension to the spaces and boundaries of art. This work aims to get an overview of the trajectory of Waltercio Caldas and establish relations with History of Arts and to then seek the identity of the artist behind the work

Waltercio Caldas é um dos artistas mais controversos da História da Arte no Brasil. Insere-se na própria história da arte, bem como cria as bases para uma produção historiográfica, na qual a busca da formação da identidade nacional é um objetivo a ser atingido. Releituras de obras clássicas, novas propostas de olhar as obras de arte, o diálogo com as formas e espaços são algumas das tendências apresentadas por Caldas desde sua exposição inaugural no inicio da década de 70 do século passado. O grande momento de Caldas é o livro quadro Los Velásquez. Onde o artista desconstrói o celebre quadro Las Meninas, de Velásquez. Expondo o visível e o invisível, propõe uma nova dimensão para com os espaços e limites da arte. Este trabalho visa buscar um panorama da trajetória de Waltercio Caldas e estabelecer as relações entre este e a História da Arte, para então buscar a identidade do artista por trás da obra / Waltercio Caldas is one of the most controversial artists in the history of art in Brazil. He is part of the History of Art, as well as laying the groundwork for a historical production, in which the search for the formation of national identity is a goal to be reached. Re-interpretations of classics, new proposals to look at works of art, the dialogue with the forms and spaces are some of the trends presented by Caldas since its inaugural exhibition in the early 70s of last century. The highlight of the book is de Caldas - Los Velazquez framework. Where the artist deconstructs the famous painting Las Meninas by Velazquez. Exposing the visible and invisible proposing a new dimension to the spaces and boundaries of art. This work aims to get an overview of the trajectory of Waltercio Caldas and establish relations with History of Arts and to then seek the identity of the artist behind the work

Der spanische Maler Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velázquez (1599-1660) präsentiert in dem Berliner Bildnis eine elegante, aber bis heute nicht eindeutig identifizierte Dame in entspannter Körperhaltung in Dreiviertelansicht vor einem einfarbigen, braun-beigen Hintergrund (Abb. 1). Zwar deutet sich auf den Lippen der Porträtierten ein scheues, zurückgenommenes Lächeln an, doch lässt ihr direkt auf den Betrachter gerichteter Blick aus dunklen Augen sie nichtsdestotrotz selbstbewusst erscheinen.

This thesis investigates the significance of Pablo Picasso's lifelong appropriation of formal elements from paintings by Diego Velazquez. Selected paintings and drawings by Picasso are examined and shown to refer to works by the seventeenth-century Spanish master.

Les instruments et objets sonores du monde préhispanique mexicain ne sont pas couramment utilisés dans la création de la musique classique de notre époque. Cette utilisation sonore peut causer certains problèmes qui restent à être résolus pour pouvoir les utiliser de façon intégrale et universelle dans la réalité de la création musicale contemporaine. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de l’introduction des sonorités du Mexique préhispanique dans l'orchestration moderne. Elle consiste en une recherche musicale de création et d’intégration des nouvelles propositions orchestrales dans une perspective contemporaine. Je me suis donc attachée dans ce travail, à analyser les propriétés sonores des dits instruments, ainsi qu’à confronter deux mondes différents dont les sonorités de base sont simples et d’aspect archaïque. Ce travail comporte sept chapitres, incluant l’analyse compositionnelle de quatre de mes œuvres. Il vise à proposer une démarche de création musicale en s’inspirant des éléments simples d’itération (entre autres) qui sont très caractéristiques des sifflets et des autres objets sonores mexicains. En introduisant certains instruments anciens dans un contexte tout à fait différent de leur origine, ces découvertes sonores m’auront permis de transformer mon écriture musicale. Œuvres soumises:  Nahui Ocelotl, pour percussion solo et instruments préhispaniques  El Evangelio de Judas, pour ensemble  Ikal pour trompette maya et percussion  Stáku pour ensemble Mots-clés : orchestration, composition, percussion, instruments préhispaniques, analyse musicale, itération, ingénieur Roberto Velázquez. / The musical instruments and objects of the Mexican pre-Hispanic world are not commonly used in the creation of modern classical music. The use of these sounds may cause some problems, which remain to be solved in order to use them fully and universally in contemporary musical creation. This thesis fits into the introduction of pre-Hispanic Mexican sounds in modern orchestration. It consists of a musical research of creation and integration of new orchestral proposals in a contemporary perspective. So far, my concern has been to analyse the sound properties of these instruments to confront them with two different worlds, whose basic nature is simple and take us to an archaic reality. This work is based on seven chapters, including the compositional analysis of four of my musical creations. It aims to propose an approach to musical creation by drawing simple iteration elements (among others), which are very characteristic of Mexican whistles and other sound objects. This sound discovery allowed me to create, compare and make several corrections in my musical language for assessing the sound phenomena of some ancient instruments by introducing them into a different context to their own origin. List of works submitted:  Nahui Ocelotl, pour percussion solo et instruments préhispaniques  El Evangelio de Judas, pour ensemble  Ikal pour trompette maya et percussion  Stáku pour ensemble Keywords: orchestration, composition, percussion, pre-Hispanic musical instruments, musical analyses, iteration, engineer Roberto Velázquez.

Sometimes the concrete form and skill of a work of art stand in a non-arbitrary or non-contingent relationship with the social circumstances of its facture. I hypothesise that this form and such skill was used by Diego Velázquez for artistically, socially and politically subversive purposes. In particular, I show how Velázquez used painting techniques to undermine the constitutional theory—or fiction—of the reigning monarch as mystically having two bodies: one ʻpublic’, sacred and immortal—even deified—, representing and incarnating the commonwealth, one ʻprivate’ and one mortal, capable of naturalist portraiture. In Hall XII at the Madrid Prado there hangs on your right as you exit a rather small bust portrait of the Iberian Habsburg monarch, Philip IV. It was painted in about 1653, during a pivotal period that saw a general climatic, economic, social, cultural, religious and political crisis and powerful intellectual developments that still characterise Western societies. The picture contains two essentially naturalistic motifs which can be seen from two different vantage points: a bust of a middle-aged man (ʻMotif I’) and, obliquely ʻat a glance’, a skull (ʻMotif II’). Both serve to subvert the constitutional fiction of the King’s Two Bodies: Motif I invites the beholder to approach closer to admire and work out the artist’s already at the time famously ʻloose’ technique, the use of manchas or borrones. The motif will then dissolve and show itself to be artifice which requires the beholder’s cooperation to make it look like the King. It suggests that the Monarchy similarly is an arti-fact that is manu-factured by artists in cooperation with the subjects. Motif II is in effect a vanitas, underlining the mortal and therefore human and transient nature of the monarch, and by implication of the monarchy itself. With the ambition of satisfying the Popperian test of hypothesis falsification, I have proceeded on the basis of the time-hallowed method of the connoisseur of looking closely at works of art in situ and, broadly understood, Wölfflin’s and Panofsky’s theoretical models, together with fundamentals of human psychology and physiology of perception and cognition, assuming an interaction of innate Gestalten and historically and culturally contingent habitus. I interpret my findings in the context of 17C Iberia, including intellectual contributions like that of Pacheco, Carducci, Castiglioni and Gracián. I rely on the rich historical literature on the period and on Philip IV and Velázquez (and their relationship). I make some comparisons between Velázquez, his fellow court-painters Hans Holbein, jr, and Anthony van Dyck, and an artist far from the courts but so close to Velázquez in technique and maybe personal convictions, Frans Hals. My hypothesis relies on three fundamental auxiliary claims—wagered against falsification—to support the claim that Velázquez was a subversive and to give the context for the subversiveness of the portrait of Philip IV: (1) Velázquez did have the practical freedom to produce this subversive royal portrait; (2) it is likely that he used that freedom for this purpose; and (3) he actively manipulated vision and visuality. I at least make likely all three claims. On the basis of Velázquez’s œuvre more generally—especially in his portraits of the marginalised—I show that he had a significant degree of freedom and that he consistently worked towards artistic, social and even political subversion (though not necessarily revolution) using his deep knowledge of vision, visuality and optics—science at the cutting edge in the 17C. As he appears to have suffered from the stain (mancha) of deficient limpieza de sangre, Velázquez’s own person and career—culminating in a knighthood—amounted in itself to social and political subversion. It is appropriate to characterise the technically resourceful Velázquez-the-painter as ingenioso. In fact, as the clever and skilled painter’s hidalguía was almost certainly proved with dissembling and falsified evidence, the mancha of his artisan antecedents—and possibly also of Jewish ancestry—makes him a true ingenioso hidalgo de la mancha. / A veces, la forma y la habilidad concretas de una obra de arte guardan una relación no arbitraria ni contingente con las circunstancias sociales de su realización. Mi hipótesis es que esa forma y esa habilidad fueron utilizadas por Diego Velázquez con fines artísticas, sociales y políticamente subversivos. En particular, muestro cómo Velázquez utilizó las técnicas pictóricas para socavar la teoría —o ficción— constitucional del monarca reinante como poseedor místico de dos cuerpos: uno «público», sagrado e inmortal —incluso divinizado—, que representa y encarna la mancomunidad, otro «privado» y mortal, susceptible de retrato naturalista.   En la sala XII del Museo del Prado de Madrid, a la salida, cuelga a la derecha un retrato de busto bastante pequeño del monarca ibérico de los Austrias, Felipe IV. Fue pintado hacia 1653, durante un periodo crucial en el que se produjo una crisis general climática, económica, social, cultural, religiosa y política, así como una poderosa evolución intelectual que aún caracteriza a las sociedades occidentales. El cuadro contiene dos motivos esencialmente naturalistas que pueden contemplarse desde dos puntos de vista diferentes: el busto de un hombre de mediana edad («Motivo I») y, de forma oblicua «en un vistazo», una calavera («Motivo II»). Ambos sirven para subvertir la ficción constitucional de los Dos Cuerpos del Rey: El Motivo I invita al espectador a acercarse para admirar y elaborar la ya entonces famosa técnica «suelta» del artista, el uso de manchas o borrones. El motivo se disolverá entonces y se mostrará como un artificio que requiere la cooperación del espectador para que se parezca al Rey. Sugiere que la Monarquía también es un arti-ficio fabri-cado por artistas en cooperación con los súbditos. El Motivo II es, en efecto, una vanitas, que subraya la naturaleza mortal y, por tanto, humana y transitoria del monarca y, por implicación, de la propia monarquía.  Con la ambición de satisfacer la prueba popperiana de falsación de hipótesis, he procedido basándome en el método consagrado por el tiempo del conocedor de observar de cerca las obras de arte in situ y, en sentido amplio, en los modelos teóricos de Wölfflin y Panofsky, junto con los fundamentos de la psicología humana y la fisiología de la percepción y la cognición, asumiendo una interacción de Gestalten innatas y habitus históricas y culturalmente contingentes. Interpreto mis hallazgos en el contexto de la Iberia del siglo XVII, incluyendo aportaciones intelectuales como las de Pacheco, Carducho, Castiglioni y Gracián. Me baso en la rica literatura histórica sobre el periodo y sobre Felipe IV y Velázquez (y su relación). Hago algunas comparaciones entre Velázquez, sus pares artistas de la corte Hans Holbein, jr, y Anthony van Dyck, y un artista alejado de la corte pero tan cercano a Velázquez en técnica y quizá en convicciones personales, Frans Hals.   Mi hipótesis se basa en tres afirmaciones auxiliares fundamentales —puestas en contra de la falsificación— para apoyar la afirmación de que Velázquez era un subversivo y para dar el contexto de la subversividad del retrato de Felipe IV: (1) Velázquez tenía la libertad práctica para producir este retrato real subversivo; (2) es probable que utilizara esa libertad para este fin; y (3) manipuló activamente la visión y la visualidad. Yo, al menos, hago probables las tres afirmaciones. Sobre la base de la obra de Velázquez en general —especialmente en sus retratos de marginados— demuestro que tenía un grado significativo de libertad y que trabajó constantemente en pro de la subversión artística, social e incluso política (aunque no necesariamente de la revolución) utilizando sus profundos conocimientos de la visión, la visualidad y la óptica, ciencia de vanguardia en el siglo XVII. Como parece haber sufrido la mancha de sangre carente de limpieza, la persona y la carrera de Velázquez —que culminó con el título de caballero— constituyeron en sí mismas una subversión social y política. Resulta apropiado calificar de ingenioso al pintor Velázquez, técnicamente ingenioso. De hecho, como la hidalguía del hábil e ingenioso pintor se probó casi con toda seguridad con pruebas disimuladas y falsificadas, la mancha de sus antecedentes artesanos —y posiblemente también de ascendencia judía— le convierte en un verdadero ingenioso hidalgo de la mancha.

This thesis examines the philosopher Michel Foucault’s view of painting as an experience. I study Foucault’s essay on Velázquez’s painting Las Meninas and his lecture on Manet in light of his view that the relation between images and texts, as well as between what can be uttered and what can be seen, are to be understood as symptoms of a variable structure of experience. I explore Foucault’s claim that concepts shape our experience by comparing his descriptions of the beholder’s experience of light and space in these paintings with his theory of representation in The Order of Things. Further, I analyze the specific role of painting in Foucault’s philosophy, as amediator of historical experiences. This study shows that, according to Foucault, the structure dominating both experience and knowledge in the early modern period was predominantly visual. Towards the end of this period images came closer to text, corresponding to a shift in the human sciences towards methods of interpretation rather than visual observation. This can be understood in terms of a new form of sensibility. This thesis challenges the interpretation that Foucault holds there to be a sharp discontinuity in experience by showing how painting, as an experience, transgresses epistemological boundaries. I claim that this experience appears through Foucault’s way of carefully examining and describing a visual experience of an image.