A rapidly scanning directionally-sensitive three-velocity - component laser Doppler anemometer has been developed. It permits scans through 3-dimensional flows to obtain space-time velocity information. Since it has lower signal-averaging bias than pointwise measurements, only short record times are required to obtain sufficient data for statistical averages and, hence, it enables rapid mapping of the U, V, and W velocities in such flows. A flexible optical system allows for easy variation of the fringe spacings as well as the location and the size of the measurement volume. The optical paths are equalized without use of any additional optical components. A Ronchi Ruling is employed to create a horizontal stationary fringe pattern, and a dual Bragg cell is used to produce sets of moving vertical fringes. It is also shown that a scheme proposed by other workers, relying on a fringe pattern moving in the on-axis direction, will not work. The Doppler frequency is independent of the position of the receiving optics, and only one photomultiplier tube is needed to receive the signals for all three velocity components. Measurements made on a stationary solid object as well as in a dispersion of particles in water show that signals with low noise level and high fringe visibility are obtained. / M.S.

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It is recognized that detailed knowledge of turbulence parameters, as well as velocities, can aid in understanding and modeling mixing rate-dominated phenomena in stirred vessels. Measurements using a laser-Doppler velocimeter and modeling using a k-ε turbulence model and FLUENT, a general-purpose fluid flow modeling program, have been conducted of the flow in a baffled, turbine-agitated vessel. The complex flow patterns and high turbulence intensities explain why flows in stirred vessels are difficult to attack experimentally or numerically. In the measurements, the necessary corrections for the periodic, nondissipative velocity fluctuations in the near-impeller region, which were caused by the periodic passage of the impeller blades, were made by an autocorrelation method. With the contributions of the periodic fluctuations removed, meaningful turbulence data including turbulence intensities, autocorrelation functions, turbulence energy spectra, turbulence scales, and turbulence energy dissipation rates were obtained. Integral scales and energy dissipation rates were a particular objective in this work because of their usefulness in modeling local mixing rates in turbulent flows. An energy balance around a region containing the impeller and the impeller stream showed that 60% of the energy transmitted into the vessel via the impeller was dissipated in the region, and 40% was dissipated in the rest of the vessel. An equation for calculating local energy dissipation rates ε from total turbulence energy and resultant integral scales, ε = A q³/² /L(res), appeared adequate with constant A = 0.85 (where q ≡ uᵢuᵢ/2, L(res) ≡√LᵢLᵢ, and uᵢ and Lᵢ are, respectively, the i-th component of fluctuation velocity and the turbulence integral scale measured in direction i). Both the k-ε model (two-dimensional) and FLUENT (which employed three-dimensional k-ε and Reynolds stress models) obtained mean velocity profiles fairly close to the experimental data, but both predicted k and ε significantly lower than the measured values. The reason for the underestimation of k and ε was not entirely clear, but may have been caused by use of only the random parts of velocities for computing k and ε at the impeller boundary. The objective of modeling complex turbulent flows in stirred vessels has been accomplished, a goal which until recently would have been considered beyond the possibility of computation.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 66 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 29).

Thesis (M.S.)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. / Sambanis Athanassios, Committee Member ; Sotiropoulos Fotis, Committee Member ; Yoganathan Ajit, Committee Chair. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 239-243).

Thesis (M.S.)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. / Sambanis Athanassios, Committee Member ; Sotiropoulos Fotis, Committee Member ; Yoganathan Ajit, Committee Chair. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 239-243).

Thesis (M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003. / Thesis advisor(s): Kevin D. Jones, Max F. Platzer. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89). Also available online.

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