Abstract It has been shown that horse riding is a comprehensive exercise in which many of the body's muscle groups are activated. Horse riding can improve your coordination, strength, flexibility, balance, conditioning, posture and perception. The relationship between jump and sprint in explosive sports such as football, basketball and handball is well-studied. However, few studies have examined this relationship in sports where no explosively training is involved, such as horseback riding.  The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the sprint capacity of 5 and 20 meters and jump height in a countermovement jump and squat jump of riders.  In this study, 15 riders were analyzed and volunteered as test subjects, performed a predicted maximal 5 and 20-m sprints, vertical jump height by squat jumps (SJ), and countermovement jumps (CMJ). To analyze the relationship between SJ, CMJ, and 5 and 20 m sprinted, Spermans correlations of coefficient was used. Acorrelation between 0.3-0.49 was considered as moderate, all that is over this is a strong correlations and everything below is weak.  All jump was shown a strong negative linear correlation with sprint time of 5 to 20 m, SJ at 5 m rs = -0.69 , SJ at 20 m rs = -0.74 . The jump CMJ showed follow result at 5 m rs = -0.56 , CMJ at 20 m rs= -0.51 . The result of the strong negative linear correlation demonstrates that the higher the vertical jump height the rider has, the stronger is the relationship with sprint speed.  Vertical jump height and the correlation between vertical jump height and sprint at riders seem to be comparable to the correlation seen in athletes who exercise more explosive sports. / Sammanfattning Det har visat sig att ridning är en allsidig träning där många av kroppens muskelgrupper aktiveras. Ridning ger förbättrad koordination, styrka, rörlighet, balans, kondition, hållning samt perception. Sambandet mellan hopp och sprint i explosiva idrotter såsom fotboll, basket, handboll är välstuderat, men få studier har studerat detta samband i idrotter som inte tränar explosivt, såsom ridning. Syftet med studien var att undersöka sambandet mellan sprintförmågan på 5 och 20 meter samt hopphöjden i ett countermovement jump (CMJ) och squat jump (SJ) hos ryttare. I studien deltog och analyserades 15 kvinnliga ryttare i vertikal hopphöjd genom SJ och CMJ samt 5 och 20 meter sprint. För att studera sambandet mellan SJ, CMJ samt 5 och 20 m sprinttid användes Spermans korrelations kofficient (rs). En korrelation mellan 0.3-0.49 räknas som moderat, allt som är över räknas som starka korrelationer samt allt under 0,3 räknas som svaga. Vid samtliga hopp visades en stark negativ linjär korrelation med sprinttiden 5 och 20 m, följande resultat visades för SJ vid 5 m rs= -0,69 och SJ vid 20 m rs= -0,74. Vid hoppet CMJ visades följande resultat på 5 m rs= -0,56, CMJ vid 20 m rs=-0.51. Resultatet av den starka negativa linjära korrelationen påvisar att ju högre vertikal hopphöj ryttaren har desto starkare samband finns med sprinthastigheten. Vertikal hopphöjd och korrelationen mellan vertikal hopphöjd och sprint hos ryttare verkar vara jämförbar med den korrelation som ses hos idrottare som utövar mer explosiva sporter.

Background: Teamgym is a relatively new and emerging sport that originating comes from Scandinavia. Teamgym differs a lot from the most known form of gymnastics, artistic gymnastic. For example artistic gymnastics is an individual sport, while teamgym is performed by 6-12 members in each team. In general gymnasts have to acquire many skills at a very young age like jumping, bouncing and twisting in different directions. A good jumping ability has been linked to a successful performance for gymnasts and is defined by a gymnast’s capacity to jump upwards and then perform series of forward and backward rotations in a successful way. Plyometric is a type of training based on the stretch- shortening cycle (SSC) and is often used to improve an athletes sprint and vertical jump ability. Studies indicate that these two components have been linked to a successful performance in gymnastics but there are no studies that are looking at this correlation in teamgym. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate how strong the correlation is between the vertical jump height in counter movement jump with arm swing, drop-jump and 20, 25- meters sprint in young female teamgymnasts. Methods: Seventeen (17) female teamgymnasts participated to test their vertical jump ability by using countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJa) and drop-jump (DJ). Their sprint ability was tested through 20 and 25 meter sprint. The highest CMJa and DJ were correlated with the fastest time on 20 and 25 meter sprint. To study the relationship between the vertical jumps and the sprints, Spearman’s rank order correlation (rs) was used in SPSS version 20.0. If the correlation is between 0.30 to 0.49 (-0.30 to -0.49) it is considered as a medium correlation. Anything under these values is a weak correlation and everything above it is strong correlation. Result: CMJa showed a strong significant correlation with both 20 and 25 meter sprint and DJ showed a moderate non-significant correlation with both 20 and 25 meter sprint. When the weight was set as a control variable the CMJa showed a moderate non-significant correlation with both the sprints but DJ showed a strong significant correlation with both 20 and 25 meter sprint. Conclusion: No other studies have looked at the relationship between vertical jump and sprint ability in teamgym but the result of this study somehow reflects findings in studies looking at the same variables. The findings in this study can be useful for gymnastic coaches when they create training programs for their athletes. Coaches and gymnasts will know the value of a good jumping- and sprinting ability and that plyometric- and sprint training can improve the gymnasts skills. More research is needed on this type of gymnastics and future studies should look at these variables in a larger sample size and with more experienced test subjects.

Background: Teamgym is originally from Scandinavia and the first competition was held in Finland in 1996. The sport includes parts such as trampette, tumbling and floor programs which is performed by the whole team which often consists of six to twelve gymnasts. Trampette and tumbling program consists of three series of tumbles and vaults performed by six gymnasts of the team. The floor program is three minutes long and performed by the team. Female elite gymnasts are often short, lightweight and have a good strength and power and are very flexible and limber. Jumping movements are common in this sport especially to vault and floor programs. It is also preferable that the gymnasts achieves a high sprint speed in order to carry out the movements that are included in the sport. Plyometric training along with resistance training has proven to have positive effects on the gymnasts jumping ability. Especially the jumping ability is incredibly important for a gymnast and for its development in the sport. Plyometrics improves not only the acceleration during the sprint, but also increases the athlete’s strength in the lower extremity. Very few previous studies have been done on gymnastics, particularly in teamgymnastic. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate if there is any linear correlation between vertical jump height and 10 and 15 meter sprint in teamgym gymnastics. Method: 17 young female teamgymnasts, 12-17 years old, were tested in 10 and 15 meter sprint and two different vertical jumps, countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJa) and squat jump (SJ). The highest was correlated with the fastest sprint time. To analyze the correlation between vertical jumps and sprint the Spearman’s rank correlation (rs) was used. Result: CMJa shows a moderate negative correlation to 10 meter sprint (rs = -0.447) and CMJa also shows moderate negative correlation to 15 meter sprint (rs = -0.488). SJ shows a weak negative correlation to 10 meter sprint (rs = -0.23). SJ also shows weak negative correlation to 15 meter sprint (rs = -0.16). When controlling for the weight, SJ and both sprints went from a weak correlation to a strong correlation. Conclusion: The strongest correlation was found between CMJa and 15 meter sprint. When controlling for the weight, SJ and both sprints went from a weak correlation to a strong correlation. The result showed that the test subjects jumped higher during CMJa than during SJ, with a median of 36.0 compared with 30.0 centimeters. No previous studies have examined these variables and their relationship on teamgymnasts. Further research should be done on the teamgymnasts, since very little previous research has been done in this area.

<p> The present study develops a foot model to improve segment power estimates in the vertical jump. Modifications to the traditional foot model included the addition of a forefoot segment to allow for power flow across the metatarsal-phalangeal joint, and a re-definition of the ankle joint position to decrease foot segment length variability. The foot model was evaluated by comparison of the total segment power (TSP) with the rate of change of energy (RCE) of the foot segment. Pearson's correlation coefficients and percent root mean square (% RMS) error were used to compare curves. </p> <p> Power flow analysis was performed on a counter-movement jump (CMJ) and a squat jump (SQJ) for each of 8 male and 8 female subjects. Both a 4-Link and a 5-Link, sagittal plane, link-segment model were used to calculate the joint and muscle powers. </p> <p> The combination of both modifications to the traditional foot model (i.e. 5-Link(ankle) model), resulted in dramatic improvements for the match between the TSP and RCE. When comparing the traditional model with the 5-Link(ankle) model for the CMJ, correlation coefficients improved from -0.46 to 0.92 for the male group and from -0.50 to 0.77 for the female group. The %RMS error decreased from 380.5% to 35.4% for the male group and from 466.9% to 71.6% for the female group. SQJ improvements were similar. </p> <p> Ankle joint position re-definition succeeded in compensating for foot segment length changes in most cases, and indicates that a single point can be located to act as a hinge joint between the foot and leg segments throughout the vertical jump motion. Improvements associated with the addition of a forefoot segment to the traditional linksegment model indicate that substantial power flow occurs through the metatarsal-phalangeal joint during vertical jump motions. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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A hiperextensão dos joelhos pode comprometer o controle postural durante o salto vertical. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o deslocamento do Centro de Pressão (CP) e o movimento em membros inferiores durante o salto vertical de sujeitos com joelhos hiperestendidos comparativamente com sujeitos com joelhos alinhados no período de preparo do salto. Dezesseis mulheres foram analisadas durante o salto vertical, através de uma plataforma de força modelo AMTI. Os sujeitos foram enquadrados nos grupos Sujeito-Hiperestendido (n=11) e Sujeito-Alinhados (n=5) de acordo com o alinhamento dos joelhos na avaliação postural tradicional e a análise dos dados cinématicos foram efetuadas. Os sujeitos foram orientados a se posicionar sobre uma plataforma de força e saltar o mais alto possível. A cinemática foi adquirida através de câmera em posição padronizada ao lado direito do sujeito que teve os seguintes pontos anatômicos marcados: 5º metatarso, maléolo lateral, cabeça da fíbula e trocânter maior. A fase de preparo e de impulso, neste estudo chamado de fase de preparo, foi determinada pela curva de velocidade angular do joelho. A aterrissagem foi analisada no 1s, 2s e 3s após aterrissagem. Foram calculados para comparação o CP-AP, o CP-ML e o ângulo e velocidade angular máxima e mínima do tornozelo e joelho. Comparação intergrupos dos intervalos de interesse foi realizada aplicando-se Teste de Mann- Whitney aos dados (p<0.05). Comparação intragrupo, entre os intervalos de interesse foi realizada aplicando-se o teste de Friedman seguido do teste de Wilcoxon (p<0.05). Este estudo revelou que indivíduos com hiperextensão de joelhos apresentam controle postural diferente dos com joelhos alinhados durante a execução do salto vertical. Durante a fase de preparo os indivíduos com joelhos hiperextendidos apresentam maior ângulo de extensão de joelhos e maior deslocamento lateral do COP. Durante a fase de aterrissagem os indivíduos com joelhos hiperextendidos apresentam maior ângulo de extensão e menor ângulo de flexão demandando menor deslocamento lateral do COP do que os indivíduos alinhados / Postural misalignment of knee such as hyperextended knees may compromise postural control during vertical jump. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze COP and lower limbs movements during vertical jump comparing individuals with hyperextended and aligned knees. Sixteen young and healthy women were analyzed during their maximal vertical jump using a MTI force plate. Subjects were classified as hyperextended (n=11) or aligned (n=5) knees according to clinical observation of knee angle. Subjects were asked to stand still on the force plate and then jump as high as possible. Kinematic data were acquired using a camera located in standardized position at the right side of the subject. Anatomical landmarks were placed at the right side at: 5º metatarsal, lateral malleolus, head of fibula and greater throcanter. The phase of preparation associated to the phase of propulsion was called in this study the phase of preparation. This phase was established based on the curve of angular velocity of the knee. Landing was analyzed in the first, second and third second immediately after landing. COP-AP, VM-AP, COPML and VM-ML were calculated. Kinematic parameters were maximum and minimum ankle and knee angle and angular velocity. Intergroup comparison was carried using Mann-Whitney Test (p<0.05). Intergroup comparison was carried using Friedman Test followed by Wilcoxon Test (p<0.05). This study revealed that subjects with hyperextended knee present different postural control compared to the subjects with aligned knees while performing a vertical jump. During the phase of preparation subjects with hyperextended knees revealed higher angle of knee extension and lower COP-ML displacement. During the phase of landing subjects with hyperextended knees present higher angle of knee extension and lower angle of knee flexion requiring lower displacement of COP-ML when compared to subjects with aligned knee

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar o construto da tarefa de múltiplas acelerações a partir de parâmetros biomecânicos de saltos verticais. 19 jogadoras da seleção brasileira adulta de basquetebol feminino realizaram o teste de múltiplas acelerações (teste T), salto vertical com contramovimento (SV) e salto vertical com contramovimento precedido de corrida (SVcorrida). Os parâmetros biomecânicos do SV foram, tempo de fase concêntrica (Tcon), pico de força de propulsão (PFP), tempo decorrido entre início da fase concêntrica e o pico de força de propulsão (TPFP), taxa de desenvolvimento de força (TDF) e impulso (I); para SVcorrida, velocidade média de aproximação (Velmédia), tempo total do movimento (Ttotal), pico de força passiva (PFPa), tempo decorrido entre início da fase de apoio e pico de força passiva (TPFPa), pico de força de propulsão (PFP), tempo decorrido entre início da fase de apoio e pico de força de propulsão (TPFPp), Load Rate (LR) e taxa de desenvolvimento de força (TDF). Para análise dos dados, inicialmente, recorreu-se a análise de componentes principais, revelando que 61,3% da variância total do SV foi explicada pelo componente predominantemente temporal (Tcon, TPFP e PFP) e 20,7% pelo componente predominantemente cinético (I e TDF); para SVcorrida, 58,7% da variância total foi explicada pelo componente predominantemente temporal (Ttotal, TPFPa, TPFPp, LR e TDF), 15,4% pelo componente predominantemente cinético (PFPa e PFP) e 12,8% pelo componente velocidade (Velmédia). Adicionalmente, foram reveladas correlações significantes de 0,55 (Tcon), -0,54 (Velmédia) e -0,49 (PFP) com o teste T, evidenciando um construto determinado pela capacidade de se gerar elevada força na fase concêntrica, reduzir o tempo de fase concêntrica e se aproximar do ponto de mudança de direção com elevada velocidade. / The main aim of the study was to investigate the multiple-acceleration task construct from vertical jumps biomechanics parameters. Nineteen female basketball players from Brazilian national team performed the multiple-acceleration test (T test), countermovement jump (VJ) and countermovement jump preceded by run (VJr). The VJ biomechanics parameters observed were: concentric phase duration (CPD), propulsion peak force (PPF), time to reach propulsion peak force (TPPF), rate of force development (RFD) and impulse (I); for VJr the parameters were mean velocity (MV), movement total duration (MTD), passive peak force (PaPF), time to reach passive peak force (TPaPF), propulsion peak force (PPF), time to reach propulsion peak force (TPpPF), load rate (LR) and rate of force development (RFD). Data were first analyzed by principal component analysis. The results showed that 61.3% of VJ variance could be explained by time factor (CPD, TPPF and PPF), and 20.7% by kinetic factor (I and RFD). To VJr, 58.7% of total variance could be explained by time factor (MTD, TPaPF, TPpPF, LR, RFD) and 15.4% by kinetic factor (PPF and PaPF) and 12.8% by velocity factor (MV). Furthermore, significant correlations were found between T test with CPD, MV and PPF (0.55, -0.54 and -0.49, respectively), revealing a T test construct related to the ability of generating high level of force in concentric phase, diminishing time of concentric phase, and to reach the change direction point with greatest possible speed.

A hiperextensão dos joelhos pode comprometer o controle postural durante o salto vertical. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o deslocamento do Centro de Pressão (CP) e o movimento em membros inferiores durante o salto vertical de sujeitos com joelhos hiperestendidos comparativamente com sujeitos com joelhos alinhados no período de preparo do salto. Dezesseis mulheres foram analisadas durante o salto vertical, através de uma plataforma de força modelo AMTI. Os sujeitos foram enquadrados nos grupos Sujeito-Hiperestendido (n=11) e Sujeito-Alinhados (n=5) de acordo com o alinhamento dos joelhos na avaliação postural tradicional e a análise dos dados cinématicos foram efetuadas. Os sujeitos foram orientados a se posicionar sobre uma plataforma de força e saltar o mais alto possível. A cinemática foi adquirida através de câmera em posição padronizada ao lado direito do sujeito que teve os seguintes pontos anatômicos marcados: 5º metatarso, maléolo lateral, cabeça da fíbula e trocânter maior. A fase de preparo e de impulso, neste estudo chamado de fase de preparo, foi determinada pela curva de velocidade angular do joelho. A aterrissagem foi analisada no 1s, 2s e 3s após aterrissagem. Foram calculados para comparação o CP-AP, o CP-ML e o ângulo e velocidade angular máxima e mínima do tornozelo e joelho. Comparação intergrupos dos intervalos de interesse foi realizada aplicando-se Teste de Mann- Whitney aos dados (p<0.05). Comparação intragrupo, entre os intervalos de interesse foi realizada aplicando-se o teste de Friedman seguido do teste de Wilcoxon (p<0.05). Este estudo revelou que indivíduos com hiperextensão de joelhos apresentam controle postural diferente dos com joelhos alinhados durante a execução do salto vertical. Durante a fase de preparo os indivíduos com joelhos hiperextendidos apresentam maior ângulo de extensão de joelhos e maior deslocamento lateral do COP. Durante a fase de aterrissagem os indivíduos com joelhos hiperextendidos apresentam maior ângulo de extensão e menor ângulo de flexão demandando menor deslocamento lateral do COP do que os indivíduos alinhados / Postural misalignment of knee such as hyperextended knees may compromise postural control during vertical jump. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze COP and lower limbs movements during vertical jump comparing individuals with hyperextended and aligned knees. Sixteen young and healthy women were analyzed during their maximal vertical jump using a MTI force plate. Subjects were classified as hyperextended (n=11) or aligned (n=5) knees according to clinical observation of knee angle. Subjects were asked to stand still on the force plate and then jump as high as possible. Kinematic data were acquired using a camera located in standardized position at the right side of the subject. Anatomical landmarks were placed at the right side at: 5º metatarsal, lateral malleolus, head of fibula and greater throcanter. The phase of preparation associated to the phase of propulsion was called in this study the phase of preparation. This phase was established based on the curve of angular velocity of the knee. Landing was analyzed in the first, second and third second immediately after landing. COP-AP, VM-AP, COPML and VM-ML were calculated. Kinematic parameters were maximum and minimum ankle and knee angle and angular velocity. Intergroup comparison was carried using Mann-Whitney Test (p<0.05). Intergroup comparison was carried using Friedman Test followed by Wilcoxon Test (p<0.05). This study revealed that subjects with hyperextended knee present different postural control compared to the subjects with aligned knees while performing a vertical jump. During the phase of preparation subjects with hyperextended knees revealed higher angle of knee extension and lower COP-ML displacement. During the phase of landing subjects with hyperextended knees present higher angle of knee extension and lower angle of knee flexion requiring lower displacement of COP-ML when compared to subjects with aligned knee

The isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) has been cited often in the scientific literature; however, there is still a lack of agreement as to the ideal body position used during this test, and how body position impacts the relationship between IMTP performance and dynamic performance. Thus, one aim of this dissertation was to compare two different IMTP positions and correlate the kinetic outputs from each position to vertical jump (VJ) performance. Another purpose of this dissertation was analyze which method of data normalization for IMTP force variables best correlates to squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. In the first study, subjects presented higher force outputs for an upright position (hip angles 145°, knee 125°) when compared to a bent position (hip angles 125°, knee 125°). However, there were no statistical differences among correlations from the two positions when correlating to VJ performance. Thus, we suggest that the upright position should be the one used for research and monitoring due to higher force values presented. The second part of this study was to compare correlations from non-normalized and normalized data from the IMTP to SJ and CMJ. Besides non-normalized data, five common methods of normalization were used – subtracting the body mass force, dividing the forces per body mass, allometric scale, scaling by height (Ford’s scale) and scaling by Sinclair coefficient value. In general, higher value correlations were presented with the non-normalized methods for both jumps – SJ and CMJ. Therefore, when using IMTP data to correlate with VJ performance, there is no need to normalize the data.

Vertical jumping ability is an important fundamental skill for many athletic activities. The present work is focused on developing an understanding of the role of various movement strategies on vertical jump performance. The overall objective of this study was to determine if higher hip than knee joint contribution was more effective in enhancing vertical jump height. Additionally, the study explored possible links between the muscle activity and mechanical outputs, and to develop understanding of the role of the lumbar spine and hip. Twenty male university varsity athletes performed ten repetitions of three jumping strategies: preferred, hip dominant and knee dominant. Kinematics, kinetics and muscle activity of the lower limb and trunk were collected. The main observation was that the vertical jump height was positively associated with higher hip than knee work done. However, the within-subject comparisons between the trained hip and knee dominant tasks did not provide additional support for the importance of the hip. Higher hip work appeared associated with greater biceps femoris than gluteus maximus activity. The knee work increased with higher activity of the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris. Finally, higher trunk muscle activity and tighter coupling were associated with the vertical jump height and the max force. This study provides some evidence that encouraging hip dominance together with higher spine stiffness may improve two-foot vertical jump performance. This work has potential implications for training protocols that may be used to improve vertical jump performance.