Objetivo: Determinar el volumen de las vías aéreas superiores en pacientes adultos atendidos en un centro de radiología maxilofacial de Lima, Perú. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo, se recolectaron 203 tomografías computarizadas de haz cónico (TCHC) de adultos de 18-75 años de edad de la base de datos de una Clínica de radiología maxilofacial. Las tomografías fueron analizadas a través del programa Planmeca Romexis®. Se usó una medición con planos validados por Guijarro R y col, 2013 en sentido sagital, transversal y coronal para la medición de la vía aérea nasofaringe y orofarínge. Los volúmenes medidos fueron de la nasofaringe, orofarínge y volumen total. Para evaluarlos según género y edad, se realizaron las pruebas de U de Mann-Whitney, Kruskall Wallis respectivamente. Resultados: El 52% fue de género masculino, el promedio de edad fue 29,7 años [18-75 años]. Los volúmenes promedio para la nasofaringe, orofarínge y volumen total para el género masculino fue de 8,19 cm3, 16,96 cm3, 25,15 cm3 y para el género femenino fue de 7,23 cm3, 13,99 cm3 y 21,21 cm3 respectivamente. Los varones tuvieron 3,94 cm3 más con respecto al volumen total de las mujeres p<0.001 Conclusiones: Los volúmenes totales de la vía aérea de la población estudiada fue de 25,15 cm3 para los varones y 21,21 cm3 las mujeres. / Objective: The aim of this study was determinate the volume of upper airway in adults treated at a maxillofacial radiology center in Lima,Perú. Methods: A cross-secional descriptive study, 203 cone beam computed thomography (CBCT) of adult patients aged 18-75 years were collected from the database of a maxillofacial radiology center. Thomographys were visualized throught the Planmeca Romexis® program. A mesurement with validated plans was used. A measurement with plans validated by Guijarro R et al, 2013 was used. In the sagittal, transverse and coronal sense for the measurement of the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal airway. The volumes measured were nasopharynx, oropharyngeal and total volume. To evaluate them according to gender and age, the Mann-Whitney U tests were performed, Kruskall Wallis respectively. Results: 52% were male, mean age was 29.7 years [18-75 years]. The mean volumes for the nasopharynx, oropharynx and total volume for the male gender were 8.19 cm3, 16.96 cm3, 25.15 cm3 and for the female gender it was 7.23 cm3, 13.99 cm3 and 21, 21 cm3 respectively. The males had 3.94 cm3 more with respect to the total volume of the women p <0.001. Conclusions: The total airway volumes of the study population were 25.15 cm3 for males and 21.21 cm3 for females. / Tesis

With the advancement of silicon electronics under threat from physical limits to dimensional scaling, the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) released a white paper in 2008, detailing the ways in which the semiconductor industry can keep itself continually growing in the twenty-first century. Two distinct paths were proposed: More-Moore and More-than-Moore. While More-Moore approach focuses on the continued use of state-of-the-art, complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology for next generation electronics, More-than-Moore approach calls for a disruptive change in the system architecture and integration strategies. In this doctoral thesis, we investigate both the approaches to obtain performance improvement in the state-of-the-art, CMOS electronics. We present a novel channel material, SiSn, for fabrication of CMOS circuits. This investigation is in line with the More-Moore approach because we are relying on the established CMOS industry infrastructure to obtain an incremental change in the integrated circuit (IC) performance by replacing silicon channel with SiSn. We report a simple, low-cost and CMOS compatible process for obtaining single crystal SiSn wafers. Tin (Sn) is deposited on silicon wafers in the form of a metallic thin film and annealed to facilitate diffusion into the silicon lattice. This diffusion provides for sufficient SiSn layer at the top surface for fabrication of CMOS devices. We report a lowering of band gap and enhanced mobility for SiSn channel MOSFETs compared to silicon control devices. We also present a process for fabrication of vertically integrated flexible silicon to form 3D integrated circuits. This disruptive change in the state-of-the-art, in line with the More-than-Moore approach, promises to increase the performance per area of a silicon chip. We report a process for stacking and bonding these pieces with polymeric bonding and interconnecting them using copper through silicon vias (TSVs). We report a process for fabricating through polymer vias (TPVs) facilitating the fabrication of sensor arrays and control electronics on the opposite sides of the same flexible polymer. Finally, we present a process to fabricate stretchable metallic thin films with up to 800% stretchability, and report two distinct applications for these devices which cannot be done using current techniques.

El proyecto consta del diseño de 9.941 km de carretera y obras de arte requeridas, así como diseño de superficie de rodadura a nivel de micro pavimento, uniendo los pueblos de Tunaspampa, El Chito, El chileno y Polulo. Durante el desarrollo del proyecto se realizaron los estudios de ingeniería básica para carreteras, tales como: estudio de tráfico, estudio de rutas, estudio topográfico, estudio de mecánica de suelos, estudio de canteras, estudio de fuentes de agua y estudio hidrológico de subcuencas; de los cuales se detallan los resultados obtenidos en el presente documento. Así mismo se realizó el diseño geométrico en planta, perfil y sección transversal siguiendo los parámetros técnicos de diseño para una carretera de tercera clase establecidos por el Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones, a través del Manual de Carreteras Diseño Geométrico 2018. Además, se realizó el diseño de la superficie de rodadura a nivel de Estabilización con micro pavimento de acorde a las recomendaciones del Manual de Carreteras suelos, geología, geotecnia y pavimentos del Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones.

Through Silicon Vias (TSVs) are vertical interconnections providing the shortest possible signal paths between vertically stacked chips in 3D packaging. In this thesis, TSVs are fabricated and two novel approaches for the metal filling of TSVs are investigated. A wire bonder is utilized to apply TSV core material in the form of gold stud bumps. The metal filling approaches are carried out by 1) squeezing stud bumps down the TSV holes by utilizing a wafer bonder and 2) stacking stud bumps on the outer periphery of the TSV holes and thereby forcing the material further down. Both approaches have successfully filled TSV holes of varying depths and no voids have been observed. The squeezing approach reaches measured depths of up to 52.9 μm and the stacking approach reaches depths of up to 100 μm.

No description available.

Afin d’améliorer les performances électriques dans les circuits intégrés en 3D, une large modélisation électromagnétique et une caractérisation haute fréquence sont requises. Cela a pour but de quantifier et prédire les phénomènes de couplage par le substrat qui peuvent survenir dans ces circuits intégrés. Ces couplages sont principalement dus aux nombreuses interconnexions verticales par unité de volume qui traversent le silicium et que l’on nomme « Through Silicon Vias » (TSV).L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des règles d’optimisation des performances, à savoir la minimisation des effets de couplage par les substrats en RF. Pour cela, différentes configurations de structures de test utilisées pour analyser le couplage sont caractérisées.Les caractérisations sont effectuées sur un très large spectre de fréquence. Les paramètres d’analyse sont les épaisseurs du substrat, les architectures des vias traversant (diamètres, densités, types de barrières), ainsi que la nature des matériaux utilisés. Des modèles électriques permettant de prédire les phénomènes de couplage sont extraits. Différents outils pour l’analyse de ces effets, sont développés dans notre laboratoire. Parallèlement un important travail de modélisation 3D est mené de façon à confronter mesure et simulation et valider nos résultats. Des stratégies d’optimisation pour réduire ces phénomènes dans les circuits 3D ont été proposées, ce qui a permis de fournir de riches informations aux designers. / In order to improve the electrical performance in 3D integrated circuits, a large electromagnetic modeling and a high frequency characterization are required. This has for goal to quantifiy and predicts the substrate coupling phenomena that can occur in these integrated circuits. These couplings are mainly due to the numerous vertical interconnections existing in a small volume and passing through the silicon, and so called “Through Silicon Vias” (TSV). The objective of this thesis is to propose rules for electrical performance optimization, in order to minimize the coupling effects in RF substrates. For this reason, different test structures configurations used to analyze the coupling are characterized.The characterizations are performed on a very wide frequency spectrum. The analysis parameters are the thicknesses of the substrate, the TSV architectures (diameters, densities, types of barriers), and the nature of the used materials. Electrical models for predicting the coupling phenomena are extracted. Different tools for the analysis of these effects are developed in our laboratory. At the same time, a considerable amount of 3D modeling is conducted to compare measurements with simulations and validate our results. Optimization strategies to reduce coupling phenomena in 3D circuits have been proposed; this has provided a wealth of information to designers.

L’opération de cellules solaires sous un flux de lumière concentrée permet d’accroître leur efficacité. Les densités élevées de courant généré limitent toutefois ce gain et font chuter l’efficacité par effet Joule. L’aire métallisée des contacts en face avant des cellules solaires doit alors être augmentée avec le facteur de concentration. Cela provoque des pertes par ombrage qui deviennent très importantes dans le cas des contacts conventionnels en grille. Dans ce mémoire, une nouvelle architecture de contact se basant sur la technologie des vias traversants est étudiée et comparée aux contacts conventionnels. Celle-ci pourrait permettre une réduction simultanée des pertes par effet Joule et par ombrage pour un faible coût. Un modèle de simulations combinant l’évaluation de résistance série par éléments finis 3D et le calcul des performances avec un circuit équivalent 1D a été développé. Cela a permis d’optimiser des cellules solaires InGaP/(In)GaAs/Ge avec les différentes géométries de contacts sous lumière hautement concentrée. Un gain d’efficacité allant jusqu’à 3%abs et une augmentation de la densité de puissance générée de l’ordre de 20% ont ainsi été obtenus avec les cellules à vias traversants. Un modèle de circuit distribué 3D a également été développé pour simuler l’illumination non-uniforme des cellules solaires. Il a alors été montré que la dégradation des performances associée à ce phénomène est égale ou inférieure dans les cellules à vias traversants par rapport aux cellules conventionnelles. Enfin, des simulations par éléments finis ont été réalisées pour estimer l’impact de la qualité des parois des vias sur les recombinaisons non-radiatives. Il a alors pu être déterminé que ce mécanisme de pertes ne devrait pas constituer un frein au développement de la technologie des vias traversants.

Orientador: Fernando Sebastián Baldi Rey / Resumo: A compreensão de processos regulatórios e organização molecular dos organismos vivos progrediram consideravelmente na última década. As metodologias também evoluíram com o sequenciamento de DNA e RNA e de ferramentas genômicas permitindo a análise de centenas ou milhares de genes, proteínas ou metabólitos. O uso simultâneo dessas informações auxilia na obteção de informações relevantes sobre as variáveis que envolvem as variações fenotípicas de características de interesse. O objetivo do presente estudo foi integrar dados fenotípicos, genotípicos e transcriptômicos em busca de aprimoramento sobre os mecanismos genéticos e metabólicos que determinam o perfil de ácidos graxos na carne de bovinos Nelore, a fim de contribuir para o melhoramento da composição de ácidos graxos da carne. Foram utilizados machos da raça Nelore terminados em confinamento, abatidos com média de idade 24 meses. Amostras do músculo L. thoracis, entre a 12ª a 13ª costela foram coletadas para as análises de perfil de ácidos graxos, extração de RNA e de DNA. Os resultados foram apresentados nos capítulos 2 e 3. No capítulo 2, o objetivo foi identificar genes diferencialmente expressos pelo método RNA-seq e perfil de ácidos graxos no músculo L. thoracis com uso de componentes principais (principal components: PC). Foram selecionados dois grupos de 10 animais, os quais possuíam valores de PC1 e PC2 extremos (Alto x Baixo) para os grupos somatórios de ácidos graxos (AG): ácidos graxos saturados (AGS), ácidos g... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The understanding of regulatory processes and molecular organization of organisms has progressed considerably in the last 10 years.The methodologies also evolved with the sequencing of DNA, RNA and genomic tools allowing the analysis a lot of genes, proteins or metabolites. The simultaneous use of this information should help to obtain relevant information about the variables that result the phenotypic variations of traits of interest. The objective of the present study was to integrate phenotypic, genotypic and transcriptomic studies in order to clarify the genetic and metabolic mechanisms that determine the fatty acid profile in Nelore beef, in order to contribute to the improvement of the fatty acid composition of the meat. Nelore males were used in feedlot, coming from farms that integrate three breeding programs and slaughtered with an average of 24 months. Samples of the L. thoracis muscle between the 12th to 13th rib were collected for analysis of fatty acid profile, RNA and DNA extraction. The results were presented in chapters 2 and 3. In chapter 2, the objective was to identify genes differentially expressed by RNA-seq method and fatty acid profile in the L. thoracis muscle with the use of Principal Components (PC). Two groups of 10 animals were selected, which had PC1 and PC2 extreme values (High x Low) for the fatty acids (FA) groups: saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), omega 3 (n-3) and omega 6 (n-6... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Objetivos: descrever as características dos lactentes com Sequência de Robin (SR) atendidos no Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais da Universidade de São Paulo (HRAC-USP) e identificar as variáveis associadas a um protocolo terapêutico: documentar as síndromes associadas; verificar o tipo de obstrução respiratória, os sintomas clínicos e intervenções terapêuticas; verificar a ocorrência de disfagia, complicações, comorbidades e óbitos. Material e Métodos: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente 223 lactentes com SR, menores de um ano de idade, internados no HRAC-USP no período de julho de 2003 a junho de 2008. Resultados: 52% dos lactentes eram do sexo masculino, 121 (54%) apresentavam provável Sequência de Robin isolada (SRI) e102 (46%) apresentavam Sequência de Robin associada à síndrome ou associada a outras anomalias (SRS). As síndromes mais freqüentes foram síndrome de Stickler e síndrome de Moebius. 45% dos lactentes internaram antes de um mês de idade e o tempo médio de hospitalização foi de 20 dias. O tipo de obstrução respiratória mais freqüente, diagnosticado pela nasofaringoscopia, foi tipo 1, presente em 68% dos casos. A maioria dos lactentes (81%) foi tratada conservadoramente e a intubação nasofaríngea foi o tratamento mais utilizado (48%). A traqueostomia foi realizada em 19% dos lactentes e destes a maioria era do grupo SRS. A quase totalidade dos lactentes apresentava disfagia, a qual foi mais grave nos que apresentavam obstrução tipo 3 e 4, nos submetidos à traqueostomia e nos do grupo SRS. A gastrostomia foi realizada em 25% dos lactentes e a doença de refluxo gastroesofágico ocorreu em 54% do total de lactentes estudados. A complicação mais freqüente foi pneumonia e a mortalidade foi 5,38%, sendo que todos os pacientes que evoluíram para óbito eram sindrômicos. Conclusões: A maioria dos lactentes com SR pode ser tratada conservadoramente e a intubação nasofaríngea foi o método mais empregado. As dificuldades alimentares foram universais e relacionadas ao grau de obstrução respiratória. / Objectives: to describe the characteristics of infants with Robin Sequence (SR) treated at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies - University of São Paulo (HRAC-USP) and identify the variables associated with a therapeutic protocol; record the associated syndromes; verify the type of respiratory obstruction, clinical symptoms and therapeutic interventions; and to verify the occurrence of dysphagia, complications, comorbities and death. Material and Methods: A total of 223 infants with SR were retrospectively evaluated, all younger than one month of age, hospitalized at HRAC-USP in the period July 2003 to June 2008. Results: 52% of the infants were males, 121 (54%) presented probable Isolated Robin Sequence (SRI) and 102 (46%) exhibited Robin Sequence with associated syndrome or anomalies (SRS). The most frequent syndromes were Stickler syndrome and Moebius syndrome. Among the infants, 45% were hospitalized before one month of age and the mean time of hospitalization was 20 days. The most frequent respiratory obstruction diagnosed through nasopharyngoscopy was type 1, present in 68% of cases. Most of the infants were treated conventionally and nasopharyngeal intubation was the most used procedure (48%). Tracheostomy was performed in only 19% of infants, most of whom were syndromic. Nearly all infants presented dysphagia, which was more severe in infants with obstruction type 3 and type 4, submitted to tracheostomy, and in the SRS group. Gastrostomy was performed in 25% of infants and gastroesophageal reflux occurred in 54% of SR infants. The most frequent complication was pneumonia and the mortality rate was 5.38%; all cases of death occurred among syndromic children. Conclusions: Most of the SR infants were treated conventionally and nasopharyngeal intubation was the most used procedure. Feeding difficulties were universal and related to the degree of respiratory obstruction.

O trabalho apresenta de início uma investigação da evolução histórica do sistema viário de São Paulo como subsídio à compreensão da transformação que a cidade teve ao longo das décadas em sua configuração urbana e na forma pela qual as pessoas e veículos se deslocaram através da rede física de circulação. Foram analisados os aspectos viários dos planos urbanos, em muitos casos entendidos como planos viários, e da legislação urbanística de parcelamento do solo no período de 1895 a 2004. A partir dos resultados da investigação realizada, bem como da análise crítica das normas e manuais em vigor na cidade de São Paulo, em especial aqueles que tratam do estabelecimento da seção transversal típica das vias, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo propor uma contribuição à revisão da classificação viária da cidade de São Paulo. A revisão proposta recomenda que, na definição das funções que as vias possam ter dentro da rede viária urbana usualmente caracterizada pela relação entre os níveis de mobilidade e acessibilidade proporcionados ao tráfego veicular - sejam consideradas, de forma mais abrangente, as necessidades dos usuários não motorizados (pedestres e ciclistas) no que diz respeito às características geométricas da seção transversal. / The paper presents, at first, a research about the historic evolution of the roadway system in São Paulo as an aid to understand the changes the city went through, for decades, in its urban configuration and in the way people and vehicles moved through the circulation physical network. The paper analyzed the road aspects of urban plans which, many times were understood as roadway plans, and of the urban laws of land division during the period of 1895 to 2004. Based on the findings of the research, as well as the critical analysis of rules and manuals in effect in the City São Paulo, mainly those that address the establishment of a roadway-typical cross section, the present paper aims at suggesting a contribution to the roadway classification review of the City of São Paulo. The proposed review recommends, according to the definition of the roles that the roadways may play within the urban roadway network usually characterized by the relation between the mobility and accessibility levels provided to vehicle traffic to take into consideration, in a more comprehensive manner, the needs of those non-motorized users, (pedestrians and cyclists) in regard to the cross-section geometrical characteristics.