Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron One (MAWTS-1) command requested a sleep and performance study of the instructors and students of Weapons and Tactics Instructor (WTI) course 2- 16. Specifically, MAWTS-1 leadership wanted to know whether crew rest periods were being used for sleep and whether fatigue posed a risk to personnel during the course. This thesis expanded upon prior studies in military educational environments. The WTI 2-16 study collected sleep and performance data via wrist-worn actigraphy and psychomotor vigilance tests (PVT). Sleep duration and efficiency remained high throughout the course, but participation waned before the study ended. Both instructors and students appeared to receive adequate sleep of good quality (overall mean 7.4 hrs/night). There was little variability in the sleep patterns (i.e., WTI participants were abiding by the crew rest regulations). Compliance posed a significant challenge and limited the ability to correlate sleep to performance. We also measured self-reported fatigue and mood using standardized questionnaires. Results from subjective assessments showed a significant increase in self-reported fatigue as the course progressed. This thesis outlines a detailed methodology and lessons learned for follow-on studies of this type and recommends improvements to future studies. / Major, United States Marine Corps

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

A importância da fluoretação da água de abastecimento público na prevenção da cárie dentária é reconhecida e exaustivamente estudada desde 1945. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de avaliar a concentração de flúor presente na água de abastecimento público de Bauru, SP, antes e depois do processo de fluoretação. Para tanto estabeleceu-se um protocolo para a coleta de amostras de água durante três dias de uma semana, a cada três meses, durante as quatro estações do ano. As amostras foram coletas na ETA e nos 27 poços que abastecem a cidade, antes e depois da fluoretação, e em 63 pontos (residências) estabelecidos a partir do mapa onde estão definidos os 19 setores de abastecimento, com a finalidade de coletar amostras em toda a extensão da rede. A análise das amostras foi realizada em duplicata, utilizando-se o eletrodo íon-sensível (Orion 9609), acoplado ao potenciômetro (Procyon, modelo 720), adicionando 1 mL de TISAB II a 1 mL da amostra. A checagem dos resultados da análise das amostras de água foi feita através de nova leitura de 10% das amostras e com uma reprodutibilidade mínima estabelecida em 90%. Não foram observadas variações na concentração do flúor naturalmente presente na água em função da sazonalidade de cada uma das estações do ano. A concentração, das 318 amostras analisadas, variou entre 0,05 e 0,15 mg F/L. Entretanto, a média das concentrações de flúor verificadas nas 297 amostras obtidas na ETA e nos poços após a fluoretação variou entre 0,26 e 6,23 mg F/L e das 697 amostras das residências, entre 0,10 e 0,91 mg F/L. A concentração de flúor presente na água de abastecimento público de Bauru, antes da fluoretação, mostrou-se constante, diferente daquela verificada após a fluoretação, que apresentou grandes oscilações na sua concentração de flúor, indicando que o sistema de abastecimento de Bauru não mantém constantes os níveis de flúor na água. / The importance of public water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries has been scientifically recognized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluoride concentration of the public water supply of Bauru, SP, before and after the fluoridation, in different seasons. It was established a protocol for collecting water samples during 3 days in a week, every 3 months. Samples were collected at the Water Treatment Station and in 27 wells that supply the city, before and after fluoridation. In addition, samples were also collected in 63 points (houses), which were selected from a city map, corresponding to the 19 sections of supply, in order to represent all the distribution system. Samples were analyzed in duplicates, using an ion-sensitive electrode (Orion 9609), coupled to a potentiometer (Procyon, model SA 720), by adding 1 mL of TISAB to 1 mL of the water sample. Repeatability was checked in 10% of the samples and was higher than 90%. No differences in the natural fluoride concentration in water were observed in the four different seasons. However mean fluoride concentrations found in the 297 samples collected in the Water Treatment Station and in the wells after fluoridation varied between 0.26 and 6.23 mg F/L. For the 697 samples collected in the houses, the ranged was from 0.10 to 0.91 mg F/L. Natural fluoride concentration in the water before fluoridation was constant, differently from fluoride concentration in the public water supply after fluoridation, which spanned a wide range. This indicates that the system of supply of Bauru does not maintain constant water fluoride levels.

Orientador: Kester Carrara / Banca: Sandra Gimeniz-Paschoal / Banca: Maria de Lourdes Morales Horiguela / Banca: Olga Maria Piazentim Rolim Rodrigues / Banca: Tânia Maria Santana De Rose / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa é analisar a utilização do escopo educativo, utilizado nas modernas propostas de parcerias da FEBEM com as ONGS, utilizando-se do conceito de reeducação como forma de legitimar práticas de vigilância e controle social. Parte da hipótese de que o verniz educativo, com ideal civilizador e emancipador, pode, de forma sutil, conferir maior poder de domínio e maximizar as estratégias de vigilância social. Dessa forma, pretendeu-se verificar as formas de utilização dos conceitos de educação e cidadania como estratégia de diluição da repressão e do domínio sobre os adolescentes infratores. Portanto, quando a vigilância social é diluída no nobre ideal da educação, aproveitando-se da sua propalada capacidade de promover a cidadania, a autonomia e a liberdade, sua eficácia é maximizada, pela invisibilidade das estratégias do poder. Para isso efetuou-se a pesquisa em uma ONG que efetua atendimentos a adolescentes infratores através de contrato de parceria com a FEBEM. O estudo foi dividido em três etapas para possibilitar maior profundidade na analise e maior compreensão da estratégia. Como primeiro estudo etapa da pesquisa procedeu-se o exame dos processos de aplicação das medidas sócio educativas de Liberdade Assistida; no segundo estudo fez-se uma entrevista com os pedagogos, psicólogos e educadores do projeto através da aplicação de um roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturado, remetido a todos os técnicos do projeto; no terceiro estudo buscou-se analisar as conseqüências da parceria ONG/FEBEM aos adolescentes por meio da verificação da quantidade de adolescentes que são penalizados com a medida sócio educativa de Liberdade Assistida antes e após a celebração da parceria FEBEM/ONG. Com base no referencial teórico e nas analises processadas conclui-se que o propósito educacional dilui e oculta uma estratégia de vigilância, controle e normalização. / Abstract: Analyzing the utilization of educational scope is the goal of this work of research, that was used in the modern proposals of partnership of the FEBEM along with the ONGS, by the renowned and seductive term education as a way to legitimize violence practices and social control. It starts on the hypothesis that the role of education with its noble civilizing and emancipating ideal can smoothly ascribe a larger dominant power and make stronger the strategies of social vigilance. At this point, one intended to verify how the education and citizenship concepts have been applied to strategies for repression extinction and for dominance upon the misadjusted adolescents. However, once the social vigilance is extinct into the noble ideal of education, by taking advantage of its divulged capacity of promoting the citizenship, autonomy, and the freedom, its effectiveness is maximized through invisibility of the strategies of power. For so much, a research was carried out in the ONG of Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo city, which provides occupations to misadjusted adolescents by the partnership deal with the FEBEM. The study has been divided into three steps in order to permit a deeper analysis and wider understanding of the strategy. As the first step study of the research, we have got the exam of the processes of application of the social educative measures of Watched Freedom; in the second study an interview with the educators, psychologists, and teachers of the project through the application of a list of semi-structured questions, concerned to all technicians of the project; in the third study, we sought to analyze the consequences of the partnership ONG/FEBEM to the adolescents through the verification of the quantity of adolescents who have been punished within the social educative measures of Watched Freedom before and after the celebration of the partnership ONG/FEBEM. Based on the theoretical reference and on the analyses carried out, we could conclude. / Doutor

Thesis (M.A.)--University of West Florida, 2009. / Submitted to the Dept. of Psychology. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 69 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

The cost of sleepiness-related accidents runs into tens of billions of dollars per year in America alone (Leger, 1994), and can play a contributing role in motor vehicle accidents and large-scale industrial disasters (Reason, 1990). Likewise, the effects of an ill-timed distraction or otherwise lack of attention to a main task can be the difference between elevated risk, or simply a lack of productivity. The interaction between sleepiness and distraction is poorly researched, and little is known about the mechanisms and scale of the problems associated by this interaction. Therefore, we sought to determine the effects of sleepiness and distraction using overnight and daytime sleepiness with various levels of distraction on three tasks ranging from a simple vigilance task to a challenging luggage x-ray inspection task. The first and second studies examined overnight sleepiness (7pm to 7am) for twenty-four healthy participants (m = 23.2yrs old - same for both studies) using a psychomotor task compared to a systems monitoring task, while also manipulating peripheral distraction through a television playing a comedy series. The results showed significant effects of sleepiness on the psychomotor task and evidence for interactive effects of distraction, whereas the systems monitoring task showed no changes with either sleepiness or distraction. Subjects were far more prone to distraction when sleepy for both tasks, and EEG findings suggest that the alpha frequency (8-13Hz) power increases reflect impairments of performance. There is a decaying . exponential relationship between the probability of a subject's eyes being open as the response time increases, such that longer responses above three seconds are 95% likely to have occurred with the eyes closed. The third study used a sample of twelve young (m = 20.8yrs) and twelve older (m = 60.0yrs) participants, and examined the effects of sleep restriction (< 5hrs vs normal sleep) with three levels of distraction (no distraction, peripheral in the form of television and cognitive distraction as a simulated conversation by means of verbal fluency task). The task used was an x-ray luggage search simulator that is functionally similar to the task used for airport security screening. The practice day showed that speed and accuracy on the task improved with successive sessions, but that the older group were markedly slower and less accurate than the younger group even before the experimental manipulations. There was no effect of daytime sleep restriction for either the younger or older groups between the two experimental days. However, distraction was found to impair the performance of both young and old, with the cognitive distraction proving to be the most difficult condition. Overall, it is concluded that overnight sleepiness impairs performance in monotonous tasks, but these risks can be diminished by making tasks more engaging. Distractions can affect performance, but may be difficult to quantify as subjects create strategies that allow themselves to attend to distractions during the undemanding moments of a task. Continuous cognitive distraction does affect performance, particularly in older subjects, who are less able to manage concurrent demands effectively. Humans appear capable of coping Sleepiness and Distraction iv with a 40% loss of their usual sleep quota or 24-hours of sleep restriction on complex tasks, but performance degrades markedly on monotonous tasks. Performances for simple and complex tasks are impaired by distracters when the effect of distraction is large enough, but the magnitude of impairment depends on how challenging the task is or how well the subject is able to cope with the distractions.

<p>The visual world is full of potentially important information, but only a subset of the world can be evaluated at any time. An essential function of the central nervous system is to rapidly and adaptively select which stimuli warrant attention. Much of the time, attention is directed towards stimuli that are relevant for current goals. However, things that have proven important in an organisms' personal or evolutionary past effectively compete with goal-relevant targets for attention. In humans, one example of this attentional superset is faces: faces attract attention even when they are in competition with immediate goals. Using a combination of behavioral, pharmacological, and electrophysiological techniques in the rhesus macaque, I investigated the physiological, neurobiological, and evolutionary determinants of the attentional capture of faces. First, I show that the prioritization of faces is evolutionarily conserved in primates. Face distractors also capture attention in rhesus macaques, a species of old world monkey, successfully competing with task goals for limited attentional resources. Importantly, the same classes of faces have the greatest attentional effects in both monkeys and humans. Further, I describe behavioral evidence that subcortical systems contribute to the attentional salience of faces in this species, proving an initial characterization of the neural mechanisms that may mediate this effect. Next, I examine the interaction between pupil size and vigilance for faces. A focal increase in luminance has long been known to provoke pupil constriction, but here I show that the pupil response to a flashed distractor is proportional to the allocation of attention to that image. Pupil constriction may provide a novel implicit metric of stimulus attention. In particular, face images provoked greater pupil constriction than non-face images. Moreover, I also find that baseline pupil size is a strong predictor of distractor interference, suggesting that arousal may modulate social vigilance. Therefore, I next examined the activity of single neurons within dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), a region implicated in task performance across a wide variety of tasks, but which also has strong connections to subcortical neuromodulatory centers responsible for regulating arousal. I find that the dACC discriminates between social and nonsocial distractors, scales with distractor attention, and predicts adjustments in arousal and vigilance state on upcoming trials. This is consistent with a model in which dACC supports task performance through regulating arousal. Finally, I turn to oxytocin (OT), a neuromodulatory hormone released during affiliative social interactions that is also implicated in regulating arousal. Though typically thought to generally enhance social attention, I report multiple circumstances in which OT suppresses, rather than enhances, vigilance for faces. This suggests a mechanism through which affiliative social interactions can reduce social vigilance, permitting more relaxed social interactions. Together, these results highlight an evolutionarily conserved neural circuit important for the adaptive, contextual modulation of reflexive face attention, a behavior that is compromised in both anxiety disorders and autism.</p> / Dissertation

Bibliography : leaves 246-257 / v, 257 leaves : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Psychology, 1990

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, 2008. / Title from screen (viewed on August 27, 2009). School of Nursing, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Joan Haase, Janet Carpenter, Patricia Ebright, Rangaraj Ramanujam. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 303-316).

Thesis (M.Phys.Ed.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references.