Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_vanessa_neumann_silva.pdf: 455330 bytes, checksum: 2ef060bd7af461b93680757e9f1e471e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-12 / One of the main requirements for the assessment of the effect of seed refers to obtaining reliable results in a relatively short period of time, enabling the streamlining of decision-making. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the electrical conductivity test, conducted with different structures of bean seeds (whole seed, cotyledons and embryonic axes), the separation of lots in levels of force, to check the possibility to obtain results in less time to 24 hours, to evaluate the efficiency of mass and individual methods and the results correlate with the emergence of seedlings in the field. We used seeds of the bean IAPAR 81, represented by four lots. The evaluation of the physiological quality of seeds was performed by the germination test, first count, classification of seedling vigor, accelerated aging, speed of protrusion of the root, emergence of seedlings in the field, leaching of potassium, calcium and magnesium, and studied methods for conducting the test, electrical conductivity, mass and individual with whole seeds, cotyledons and embryonic axes of bean. It was concluded that the electrical conductivity test conducted with embryonic axes is promising for evaluating the effect of bean seeds, is to determine the effect of bean seeds by the electrical conductivity test individual at a time, using embryonic axes the force of bean seeds can be determined by the electrical conductivity test mass in eight hours, using embryonic axes and in one hour with the cotyledons and embryonic axes are the structures that best express the reduction in force of bean seeds by the leaching of potassium, calcium and magnesium. / Uma das principais exigências para a avaliação do vigor de sementes refere-se à obtenção de resultados confiáveis em um período de tempo relativamente curto, permitindo a agilização das tomadas de decisões. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do teste de condutividade elétrica, conduzido com diferentes estruturas de sementes de feijão (semente inteira, cotilédones e eixos embrionários), na separação de lotes em níveis de vigor, verificar a possibilidade de obter resultados em tempo inferior a 24 horas, avaliar a eficiência das metodologias massal e individual e correlacionar os resultados com a emergência de plântulas em campo. Utilizaram-se sementes de feijão da cultivar IAPAR 81, representadas por quatro lotes. A avaliação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi realizada através do teste de germinação, primeira contagem, classificação do vigor de plântulas, envelhecimento acelerado, velocidade de protrusão da raiz, emergência de plântulas em campo, lixiviação de potássio, cálcio e magnésio, sendo estudadas metodologias para condução do teste de condutividade elétrica, massal e individual com sementes inteiras, cotilédones e eixos embrionários de feijão. Concluiu-se que o teste de condutividade elétrica conduzido com eixos embrionários é promissor para a avaliação do vigor de sementes de feijão; É possível determinar o vigor de sementes de feijão pelo teste de condutividade elétrica individual em uma hora, utilizando eixos embrionários; O vigor de sementes de feijão pode ser determinado pelo teste de condutividade elétrica massal em oito horas, utilizando eixos embrionários e em uma hora com cotilédones e os eixos embrionários são as estruturas que melhor expressam a redução de vigor das sementes de feijão através da lixiviação de potássio, cálcio e magnésio.

Masters of Commerce / Organisations should focus their attention on strategies that mitigate the intention to quit of employees, this can be achieved through creating an environment that is favourably disposed to an efficient and engaged workforce and by driving transformational leadership approaches. Recognising the immense value of human capital and the devastating effects linked to the loss of valued employees, organisations should direct their focus on effective ways to deal with undesirable staff turnover issues. In the present challenging economic times, organisations and researchers are increasingly exploring factors that could contribute to retaining talent and improve leadership as well as employee engagement practices to optimise organisational outcomes through employees’ talent. The present study sought to contribute to existing research pertaining to transformational leadership, employee engagement and intention to quit, by observing the variables in a service sector environment. The main objective of the research study was to determine the nature of the relationships among the variables on a sample of employees at a selected organisation. An online questionnaire was sent to 296 possible respondents by means of an electronic link. Out of these, 206 questionnaires were used for analysis. Employees were selected to participate in the study by means of convenience sampling. Four questionnaires were used to gather data namely, a self-developed biographical questionnaire, the Multi-Factor Leadership Questionnaire developed by Avolio and Bass (1995), the Utrecht’s Work Engagement Scale developed by Schaufeli and Bakker (2003) and the Turnover Intention Scale developed by Roodt (2004). Statistical analysis of the data was performed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 and the LISREL 8.80 software program. Item and dimensional analyses were executed on the subscales to identify poor items and to ensure uni-dimensionality of the subscales. In order to test the hypotheses structural equation modelling was used. The multiple regression analytical technique was used to identify the variable that explains the most variance in intention to quit. The research results indicated that a positive relationship between transformational leadership and employee engagement exist. There were significant, negative relationships between transformational leadership and intention to quit and between employee engagement and intention to quit. Regression analysis indicated that employee engagement had a more significant impact on intention to quit than transformational leadership. The limitations of the study and future recommendations for the organisation are discussed.

Thesis (MScAgric (Viticulture and Oenology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Within-vineyard variability in vigour and water status commonly occurs in South African vineyards. Different soil types found over short distances are probably the main cause of vigour variability, while differences in grapevine water status are commonly induced by lateral water flow in the vineyard, blocked irrigation emitters and differences in soil water-holding capacity. These factors can cause heterogeneous ripening and differences in fruit quality between different parts of the vineyard, an aspect that needs to be avoided as far as possible in order to produce quality wines. Measurements of carbon isotope discrimination (CID) have proved to be a tool to assess grapevine physiology in order to study the effects of environmental parameters on leaf carbon dioxide (CO2) gas exchange and stomatal conductance (gs). Grapevine water deficit stress/strain in reaction to these environmental conditions can then be determined by observing the amount of 13C absorbed by plant material after discrimination of 13C has taken place, and this is influenced by the grapevine stress condition and can indicate water-use efficiency. In this study, the variability of grapevine water status and vigour was determined in order to quantify these parameters in different parts of the vineyard. Two separate trials were conducted, the first at Wellington, South Africa, where different irrigation regimes resulted in variability in grapevine water status between plots. The second trial was at Stellenbosch, South Africa, where plots were divided among different vigour classes and irrigation was applied in different quantities for different irrigation treatments. Within-vineyard variability in water status (Wellington and Stellenbosch) and vigour (Stellenbosch) were then quantified and the effects on some grapevine physiological parameters and berry composition were measured. The treatments in the Wellington trial led to differences in grapevine water status, which could be quantified by measurements of stem water potential (SWP) and leaf water potential (LWP). Soil variability also led to differences in grapevine vigour, which were quantified by measurements of pruning mass, leaf area and shoot length. The effect of the variability in grapevine water status on grapevine physiology was assessed by measuring CID, which was the main focus of the study. Other physiological measurements, such as gs and leaf and canopy temperature, were also conducted. The effect of these conditions on grape berry composition was also studied. In the Stellenbosch trial, soil water content, plant water status measurements (SWP, predawn LWP and LWP), physiological measurements (CID and gs) and berry size measurements were used to classify plots into water status treatments (“wet” and “dry” treatments). The effect of vigour differences was analysed separately from these treatments by using pruning mass as a covariate in the statistical analyses. The effect of vigour variability on the measurements was studied by looking at the effect of the covariate on the measurements, while shoot growth rate, shoot length and leaf area measurements were conducted as vegetative growth measurements. Differences in measurements were then studied between the treatments and between the vigour levels of the different plots. In the Wellington trial, plant water status was determined by irrigation, showing increased stress for treatments that received less irrigation. The differences in plant water status then caused differences in grapevine physiology between the treatments, leading to increased gs for increased irrigation. This of course influenced leaf internal CO2 and therefore CID, although CID was also clearly influenced by berry development. Berry size was influenced by irrigation, with larger berries found in wetter treatments, while berry chemical composition was influenced by the irrigation regime, with increased irrigation leading to increased pH and leading to trends showing increased total soluble solids and malic acid, and reduced total and tartaric acid and colour intensity. In the Stellenbosch trial, plots with higher vigour had increased shoot growth rate, longer shoots and increased leaf area, although topping influenced this. Wet treatment vines also showed slightly longer shoots and larger leaf areas. There were differences in soil water content between the wet and dry treatments, and this led to differences in plant water status. Vigour also influenced pre-dawn LWP, especially in the 2007 season, as higher-vigour vines struggled more to rehydrate through the night. Differences in plant water potential led to differences in grapevine physiology, with increased gs for vines from the wet treatment, while higher-vigour vines had slightly increased gs. The differences in gs led to gas exchange differences and therefore differences in CID, meaning that water status and vigour influenced CID. CID measurements illustrated the long term effect of water status on plant physiology, while measurements such as SWP illustrated the short term effects. CID measurements therefore proved to be accumulative over the season, in contrast to SWP measurements that were much more dependent on the current state of grapevine water status. Other physiological measurements showed that wet-treatment vines had higher photosynthetic rates and evapotranspiration and lower leaf temperatures, while higher-vigour vines had slightly increased evapotranspiration and decreased leaf temperatures. Wet-treatment vines had larger berries, while a higher vigour also led to slightly larger berries. Berry composition was influenced by treatment, where wet-treatment vines had increased pH and total soluble solids, while higher-vigour vines had increased juice pH and, in the 2008 season, decreased total soluble solids. Extremely stressed conditions did not show significant effects on plant water potential, but SWP measurements indicated slightly higher stress for the extremely stressed vines and LWP showed slightly less stressed conditions for these vines. Measurements of gs showed slightly lower values for the extremely stressed vines, while measurements of CID showed large significant differences, with the extremely stressed vines having measurements showing high stress. The measurement therefore indicated highly stressed conditions accurately, while other physiological measurements, such as photosynthetic rate, evapotranspiration and leaf temperatures, only showed trends and no significant differences. Measurements of stomatal conductance reacted to plant water status measurements throughout the diurnal measurement days, while CID only reacted slightly with gs changes during these days and was perhaps influenced more by berry chemical composition and development at this early stage of the season. Vigour and water status therefore influenced grapevine physiology, with a more direct effect by water status and an indirect effect by vigour due to microclimatic differences. This also influenced berry composition and therefore quality. In future studies, CID measurements should be done on juice from which organic acids have been removed in order to eliminate the effect of seasonal berry composition on the measurement. Measurements of CID proved to be an integrative, but sensitive, indicator of grapevine stress, especially at the end of the season. It might at best be useful as a post-harvest management tool for producers or grape buyers, especially for irrigation control, as has also been stated by Van Leeuwen et al. (2007). / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Binne-wingerd variasie in groeikrag en waterstatus is algemeen in Suid-Afrikaanse wingerde. Verskillende grondsoorte wat na aan mekaar voorkom, is seker een van die vernaamste oorsake van variasie in groeikrag, terwyl verskille in wingerdwaterstatus algemeen deur laterale watervloei in die wingerd, verstopte besproeiingspuite en verskille in grond waterhouvermoë geïnduseer word. Hierdie faktore kan aanleiding gee tot heterogene rypwording en verskille in vrugkwaliteit tussen verskillende dele van die wingerd, ‘n aspek wat so ver moontlik vermy moet word om kwaliteitwyne te kan produseer. Die meting van koolstof-isotoopdiskriminasie (KID) is bewys om as gereedskap te kan dien vir die assessering van wingerdfisiologie om die effekte van omgewingsparameters op blaar koolstofdioksied (CO2) - gasuitruiling en stomatale geleiding (gs) te bestudeer. Die stres/stremming as gevolg van ‘n watertekort in die wingerd in reaksie op hierdie omgewingstoestande kan dan bepaal word deur te kyk na hoeveel 13C deur die plantmateriaal geabsorbeer word ná 13C-diskriminasie plaasgevind het, en dít word deur die wingerdstrestoestande beïnvloed en kan ‘n aanduiding verskaf van die doeltreffendheid van waterverbruik. In hierdie studie is die variasie in wingerdwaterstatus en groeikrag bepaal om hierdie parameters in verskillende dele van die wingerd te kwantifiseer. Twee afsonderlike proewe is uitgevoer, die eerste by Wellington, Suid-Afrika, waar verskillende besproeiingsregimes gelei het tot verskille in die wingerdwaterstatus tussen persele. Die tweede proef was by Stellenbosch, Suid-Afrika, waar persele tussen verskillende groeikragklasse verdeel is en besproeiing in verskillende hoeveelhede vir verskillende besproeiingsbehandelings toegepas is. Binne-wingerd variasie in waterstatus (Wellington en Stellenbosch) en groeikrag (Stellenbosch) is toe gekwantifiseer en die effekte op sekere wingerd-fisiologiese parameters en korrelsamestelling is gemeet. Die behandelings in die Wellington-proef het gelei tot verskille in wingerdwaterstatus, wat deur metings van stamwaterpotensiaal (SWP) en blaarwaterpotensiaal (BWP) gekwantifiseer kon word. Grondverskille het ook gelei tot verskille in wingerdgroeikrag, wat deur metings van snoeimassa, blaaroppervlak en lootlengte gekwantifiseer is. Die effek van die variasie in wingerdwaterstatus op wingerdfisiologie is deur metings van KID bepaal wat die hooffokus van hierdie studie was. Ander fisiologiese metings, soos gs en blaar- en lowertemperatuur, is ook gedoen. Die effekte van hierdie toestande op die samestelling van die druiwekorrels is ook bestudeer. In die Stellenbosch-proef is grondwaterinhoud, metings van plantwaterstatus (SWP, voorsonopgang SWP en BWP), fisiologiese metings (KID en gs) en metings van korrelgrootte gebruik om die persele in waterstatusbehandelings (“nat” en “droë” behandelings) te verdeel. Die effek van verskille in groeikrag is apart van hierdie behandelings geanaliseer deur snoeimassa as ‘n kovariaat in die statistiese analises te gebruik. Die effek van groeikragvariasie op die metings is bestudeer deur ondersoek in te stel na die effek van die kovariaat op die metings, terwyl lootgroeitempo-, lootlengte- en blaaroppervlakmetings as metings van vegetatiewe groei uitgevoer is. Verskille in metings tussen die behandelings en tussen die groeikragvlakke van die verskillende persele is toe bestudeer. In die Wellington-proef is plantwaterstatus deur besproeiing bepaal, met verhoogde stres in behandelings waar daar minder besproeiing toegedien is. Die verskille in plantwaterstatus het dan verskille in wingerdfisiologie tussen die behandelings veroorsaak, wat gelei het tot ‘n verhoogde gs in die geval van verhoogde besproeiing. Dit het natuurlik ‘n effek op die interne CO2 van die blaar en dus op KID gehad, hoewel KID ook duidelik deur korrelontwikkeling beïnvloed is. Korrelgrootte is deur besproeiing beïnvloed, met groter korrels in die natter behandelings, terwyl die chemiese samestelling van die korrel deur besproeiingsregime beïnvloed is. Verhoogde besproeiing het pH verhoog en gelei na tendense wat verhoogde totale oplosbare vaste stowwe en appelsuur, en verminderde totale suur, wynsteensuur en kleurintensiteit getoon het. In die Stellenbosch-proef het persele met hoër groeikrag ook verhoogde lootgroeitempo, langer lote en verhoogde blaaroppervlak getoon, hoewel dit deur top beïnvloed is. Wingerdstokke van die nat behandeling het ook effe langer lote en groter blaaroppervlakke getoon. Daar was verskille in grondwaterinhoud tussen die nat en droë behandelings en dit het verskille in plantwaterstatus veroorsaak. Groeikrag is ook deur voor-sonopgang BWP beïnvloed, veral in die 2007-seisoen, aangesien stokke met hoër groeikrag meer gesukkel het om in die nag te rehidreer. Verskille in plantwaterpotensiaal het gelei tot verskille in wingerdfisiologie, met ‘n verhoogde gs vir stokke in die nat behandeling, terwyl stokke met hoër groeikrag ‘n effens verhoogde gs getoon het. Die verskille in gs het gelei tot verskille in gasuitruiling en dus verskille in KID, wat beteken dat waterstatus en groeikrag ‘n invloed op KID het. KID was meer verteenwoordigend van die langtermyneffekte van water status op plantfisiologie, terwyl metings soos SWP die korttermyneffekte weerspieël het. KID metings was dus akkumalatief oor die seisoen, terwyl SWP metings meer ‘n weerspieëling was van die huidige toestand van plantwaterpotensiaal. Ander fisiologiese metings het getoon dat stokke in die nat behandeling ‘n hoër fotosintesetempo en evapotranspirasie sowel as laer blaartemperature ondervind het, terwyl die stokke met hoër groeikrag effe verhoogde evapotranspirasie en verminderde blaartemperature getoon het. Stokke in die nat behandeling het groter korrels gehad, terwyl hoër groeikrag ook effens groter korrels veroorsaak het. Korrelsamestelling is deur die behandelings beïnvloed, met stokke in die nat behandeling wat verhoogde pH en totale oplosbare vaste stowwe getoon het, terwyl stokke met hoër groeikrag verhoogde pH van die sap en verminderde totale oplosbare vaste stowwe (laasgenoemde in die 2008-seisoen) gehad het. Uitermate toestande van stres het geen beduidende effekte op plantwaterpotensiaal getoon nie, hoewel SWP-metings effens hoër stres vir die uitermate gestresde wingerde getoon het en BWP effens minder gestresde toestande vir hierdie stokke getoon het. Metings van gs het effens laer waardes vir die uitermate gestresde stokke getoon, terwyl metings van KID groot noemenswaardige verskille getoon het, met die metings vir die uitermate gestresde wingerde wat hoër stres aangedui het. Dié meting het dus hoogs gestresde toestande akkuraat aangedui, terwyl ander fisiologiese metings, soos tempo van fotosintese, evapotranspirasie en blaartemperature net tendense en nie beduidende verskille aangedui het nie. Metings van stomatale geleiding het dwarsdeur die dae waarop daaglikse metings gedoen is op plantwaterstatusmetings gereageer, terwyl KID net effens met gs-veranderinge op hierdie dae gereageer het en moontlik meer deur die chemiese samestelling en ontwikkeling van die korrel in hierdie vroeë stadium van die seisoen beïnvloed is. Groeikrag en waterstatus het dus wingerdfisiologie beïnvloed, met ‘n meer direkte effek deur waterstatus en ‘n indirekte effek deur groeikrag as gevolg van mikroklimaatsverskille. Dit het ook korrelsamestelling en dus kwaliteit beïnvloed. In toekomstige studies moet KID-metings gedoen word op sap waarvan die organiese sure verwyder is om die effek van seisoenale korrelsamestelling op die meting uit te sluit. Metings van KID is getoon om ‘n integrerende, maar gevoelige, aanduider van wingerdstres te wees, veral aan die einde van die seisoen. Dit is ten beste miskien bruikbaar as naoesbestuursgereedskap vir produsente of druiwekopers, veral vir besproeiingsbeheer, soos ook reeds deur Van Leeuwen et al. (2007) aangedui is.

Les recherches sur les interactions porte-greffe/greffon chez la vigne en relation avec l’environnement perdurent depuis plusieurs décennies, mais les mécanismes physiologiques sous-jacents de la vigueur conférée sont toujours incompris. Ce manque de connaissance constitue un frein dans le développement des porte-greffes existants pour contrôler la vigueur et la productivité, ou dans la recherche de nouveaux génotypes de porte-greffe mieux adaptés aux conditions futures de production. L’objectif de ce travail est de comprendre par une approche de biologie intégrative couplant expérimentation et modélisation comment le porte-greffe interagit spécifiquement avec son greffon (et vice versa) pour modifier dès les premières étapes du greffage, les caractéristiques physiologiques de la plante entière afin de coordonner le développement et la croissance des parties aériennes avec celle des parties racinaires. L’azote étant considéré comme un élément-clef de contrôle de la croissance et de l’allocation de la biomasse au sein d’une plante, un accent particulier est porté sur le rôle de la nutrition azotée dans le contrôle trophique de la croissance du couple porte-greffe/greffon. Un travail expérimental en serre a été mené pour caractériser par marquage isotopique les flux d’azote (15N) et de carbone à l’échelle de la plante entière au sein de deux combinaisons de porte-greffe/greffon au stade végétatif : l’une conférant une forte vigueur (CS/1103P), l’autre une faible vigueur (CS/RGM), en réponse à une variation de la disponibilité externe en nitrate. Cette étude sur le couplage entre fonctions d’acquisition et d’utilisation des ressources azotées et carbonées a été complétée par un phénotypage dynamique de la croissance aérienne, de la répartition de biomasse entre les organes et de la composition biochimique et minérale des principaux organes de la plante. Nous avons ainsi pu appréhender les signaux de communication entre la partie aérienne et la partie racinaire de la vigne greffée, ce qui a abouti à l’élaboration d’un modèle conceptuel simplifié du fonctionnement de la vigne greffée. Une première version d’un modèle mécaniste basé sur un formalisme source-puits prenant en compte l’acquisition et l’allocation de C et N au sein de deux compartiments aérien et racinaire, ainsi que leur plasticité vis-à-vis de la disponibilité exogène et endogène en ressources a été élaborée. A terme, le modèle devrait permettre d’identifier des paramètres génétiques clef au niveau racinaire explicitant les différences de croissance et vigueur conférée observées selon les combinaisons porte-greffe/greffon / Research on rootstock/scion interactions in grapevine in relation to the environment persisted for several decades, but the physiological mechanisms determining the rootstock effect on scion vigour are still misunderstood. This lack of knowledge hampers the development of existing rootstocks to control the vigor and productivity, or research new rootstock genotypes better adapted to future conditions of production. The objective of this work is to understand by an integrative biology approach coupling experimentation and modeling how the rootstock interacts specifically with the scion (and vice versa) to change in the early stages of grafting , the physiological characteristics of the whole plant to coordinate the development and growth of the aerial parts with the root parties. Nitrogen is considered a key element in the control of the growth and the biomass allocation within a plant, and a particular emphasis is placed on the role of nitrogen nutrition in the nutritional control of the grafted grapevine growth. Experimental work was conducted in a greenhouse to characterize by isotopic labeling nitrogen (15N) and carbon flow within the whole plant for two rootstock/scion combinations at vegetative stage : one giving a strong vigour (CS/1103P), the other a low vigour (CS / RGM), in response to a change in the external nitrate availability. This study on the coupling between acquisition functions and use of nitrogenous and carbonaceous resources was completed by a dynamic phenotyping aerial growth, the distribution of biomass between the organs and the biochemical and mineral composition of the principal organs of plant. We were able to understand the communication signals between the aerial part and the root part of grafted vines, which led to the development of a simplified conceptual model of the functioning of the grafted vines. A first version of a mechanistic model based on a source-sink formalism taking into account the acquisition and allocation of C and N in both aerial and root compartments and their plasticity to the availability of exogenous and endogenous resource was developed.

A avaliação adequada do potencial fisiológico de sementes de soja pode auxiliar as empresas produtoras na tomada de decisões importantes, como a escolha dos lotes a serem armazenados e a definição das condições mais favoráveis à manutenção do nível de desempenho satisfatório das sementes. Neste contexto, o trabalho foi conduzido com objetivo de verificar a eficiência dos testes de envelhecimento acelerado (tradicional e com solução saturada de NaCl) e do SVIS® para avaliar o potencial fisiológico e estimar o potencial de armazenamento de sementes de soja, em comparação com testes recomendados para sementes dessa espécie. Foram utilizadas sementes dos cultivares BRS 184 e M-Soy 7908 RR, cada um representado por seis lotes, armazenados por seis meses em dois ambientes: controlado (20 ºC e 75 % de UR do ar) e de laboratório. O desempenho das sementes foi verificado a cada dois meses durante o armazenamento, por meio de avaliações de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica, tetrazólio, emergência de plântulas em areia e análises SVIS®. Verificou-se que o teste de envelhecimento acelerado (tradicional e com solução saturada de NaCl) e o sistema computadorizado de análise de imagens de plântulas (SVIS®) são eficientes para avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes armazenadas de soja. O potencial de armazenamento de sementes de soja é avaliado, com segurança, pela associação dos testes de germinação e de vigor, incluindo o envelhecimento acelerado (tradicional e com solução saturada de NaCl) e as análises SVIS®. / The evaluation of soybean seed vigor has been helping the seed industry in important decisions such as choice of lots to be stored and to defining the appropriate conditions for storability.The objective of this study was to verify the accuracy of accelerated aging tests (traditional and with saturated NaCl) and automated system for seedling evaluation (SVIS®) to assess the physiological potential and estimate the storability of soybean seeds in comparison to the information from accept vigor tests for this species. Two cultivars BRS 184 and M-Soy 7908 RR, each represented by six lots were used. Seeds were stored for six months under two environments: controlled (20ºC and 75% relative air humidity) and normal conditions. Seed performance was evaluated in two month intervals by germination, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, tetrazolium, SVIS® and sand seedling emergence. Results indicated that accelerated aging (traditional and with saturated NaCl) and automated computer imaging of seedlings (SVIS®) are effective for evaluating the physiological potential of soybean seeds. The storability of soybeans seeds can be consistently evaluated by associating germination and vigor test results, including accelerated aging (traditional and with saturated NaCl) and SVIS®.

Orientador: Marco Eustáquio de Sá / Banca: Orivaldo Arf / Banca: Roberval Daiton Vieira / Resumo: Plantas de cobertura são de grande importância para conservação e proteção do solo, além de serem grandes fontes de nutrientes minerais para as culturas seguintes. Assim, o trabalho teve o objetivo de verificar os efeitos de diferentes plantas de cobertura do solo, utilizando leguminosas e uma gramínea isoladas em consórcio leguminosa/gramínea e uma área de pousio, sobre o desenvolvimento, produção, qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de feijão do cultivar Pérola. O experimento foi conduzido em duas etapas, sendo a primeira com a implantação das plantas de cobertura que foram: guandu, crotalária, feijão-de-porco, mucuna preta e o milheto isoladas e o consórcio leguminosas/milheto com linhas alternadas e parcelas de 10 linhas/10 metros no verão. Na segunda etapa a área com as plantas de cobertura foi manejada para a semeadura do feijoeiro no outono/inverno e subdivididas em cinco linhas de cinco metros para as épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura que aconteceu aos 25, 30 e 35 dias após a semeadura. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Avaliou-se produção de massa verde e seca, teores de nutrientes para as plantas de cobertura, população final de plantas, componentes produtivos (número de vagens e de sementes por planta, número de sementes por vagem, massa de 100 sementes), produtividade de sementes, qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as plantas de cobertura apresentaram bons teores e bom potencial de retorno de nutrientes, sendo que o consórcio leguminosa/gramínea na maioria dos casos apresentou melhores resultados em relação à planta cultivada em sistema solteiro, com destaque para o consórcio mucuna+milheto. As diferentes plantas de cobertura e épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura não afetaram os componentes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Covering plants have a great importance to soil conservation and protection, besides to be great mineral nutrients sources. This way, the study was carried out in order to verify the different effects of soil covering plants, applying legumes and a grass, separately or in a consortium legumes/grass, and fallow land area, on the development, production, sanitary and physiological seeds quality of common beans Perola cultivar. The experiments were conducted in two phases on the first one, was implanted the following covering plants: pigeonpea, sunn hemp, jack bean, velvet bean and the millet isolated and the consortium legumes/grass with alternated lines and parcels of 10 lines/10 meters on the summer. On the second stage the area with covering plans was handled to sow the common bean on the autumn/winter period and subdivided in five lines of five meters for the nitrogen application period in covering that occurs for 25, 30 and 35 days after the sow. The experimental design was used in randomized blocks, with four repetitions. The green and dry mass production, as well as the content and nutrient return to the covering plants, final stand, yield components (number of pods and seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod and 100-seed mass), beans productivity, sanitary and physiological seeds quality. The results showed that the covering plants showed good return potential and nutrient content, but the legume/grass consortium showed better results as compared to single one, notability the velvet bean+millet consortium. The different covering plants so as the nitrogen application period in covering didn't affect significantly the productive components neither the Perola cultivar common bean. Conclude that the consortium legumes (pigeonpea, sunn hemp, jack bean, velvet bean)/grass (millet) are a viable way to Perola cultivar common bean with high level of sanitary and physiological seeds quality. / Mestre

<p>U radu su sprovedena ispitivanja kvaliteta semena samooplodnih linija kukuruza stvorenih u Institutu za kukuruz &bdquo;Zemun Polje&ldquo; razliĉitih grupa zrenja i genetiĉke osnove. U laboratorijskim i poljskim uslovima utvrĊena je klijavost i vigor semena iz 2011. nakon ĉetiri godine ĉuvanja u kontrolisanim uslovima (18 &deg;C i 60% RH) i semena iz 2014. nakon godinu dana ĉuvanja na 5 &deg;C i 60% RH.<br />Cilj je bio utvrditi tolerantnost odabranih linija na niske temperature prilikom klijanja i nicanja, dugoveĉnost semena u kontrolisanim uslovima ĉuvanja, genetiĉku divergentnost linija primenom proteinskih markera i proceniti uticaj genetiĉke osnove na kvalitet semena.<br />U laboratoriji za ispitivanje semena praćeni su sledeći parametri kvaliteta: vitalnost, klijavost, energija klijanja, dužina klijanaca, vigor ispitan tetrazolium testom, hladnim testom, testom ubrzanog starenja, testom pojave primarnog korena i testom provodljivosti.<br />Primenom vigor testova na semenu dva nivoa starosti omogućena je bolja klasifikacija linija u pogledu kvaliteta, nego standardnim testom klijavosti. Rezultati rada ukazuju da su hladni test i test ubrzanog starenja najpogodniji za procenu vigora semena u laboratoriji, s tim da je hladni test bolji pokazatelj nicanja u polju.<br />Ispitivane samooplodne linije pokazale su dobru sposobnost oĉuvanja kvaliteta semena kao i visok nivo toleratnosti na niske temperature u toku klijanja i ranog porasta biljaka. Kontrolisani uslovi ĉuvanja na 18 &deg;C omogućili su da se klijavost i vigor semena u ispitivanom periodu, održi na visokom nivou.<br />Dužina vegetacije samooplodnih linija nije imala znaĉajan uticaj na klijavost i vigor semena. Kvalitet semena ispitivanih samooplodnih linija je prvenstveno bio pod uticajem genetiĉke osnove. Linije poreklom od Lancaster populacije imale su slabiji vigor u odnosu na linije BSSS i Iowa Dent porekla.<br />U radu je potvrĊeno da vigor testovi imaju važnu ulogu u ispitivanju kvaliteta semena samooplodnih linija kukuruza. Dobijeni rezultati direktno se mogu iskoristiti u oplemenjivaĉkim programima u cilju pobolj&scaron;anja klijavosti i vigora semena. Ostvareni rezultati ukazuju da su informacije o genetiĉkom poreklu samooplodnih linija važan indikator vigora semena. Pored podataka o genetiĉkom poreklu linija veliki znaĉaj ima karakterizacija putem biohemijskih markera.</p> / <p>The extensive seed quality evaluations of maize inbred lines developed at the Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje of different maturity groups and genetic background were conducted. In laboratory and field conditions germination and vigour of seed produced in 2011 and 2014 was determined, after four years of storage at 18 &deg;C, 60% RH and one year of storage at 5 &deg;C, 60% RH, respectively.<br />The objective of this research was to determine the chilling tolerance of selected inbred lines during germination and emergence, seed longevity under controlled storage conditions, genetic divergence determined by biochemical markers and to assess the impact of the genetic background on seed quality.<br />Following seed quality parameters were tested: viability, germination, seedling length and vigour examined by cold test, accelerated ageing test, tetrazolium test, radicle emergence test and conductivity test.<br />Vigour tests provided a better classification of inbred lines of different seed age in terms of quality than standard germination test. Obtained results show that cold test and accelerated aging test are the most suitable for assessing seed vigour in the laboratory, but cold test is a better indicator of field emergence.<br />Tested maize inbred lines showed good seed storability and high level of chilling tolerance during germination and early growth of plants. Controlled storage conditions at 18 &deg;C, have enabled that germination and seed vigor remains at the high level in the examined period.<br />Seed germination and vigour of maize inbred lines were not affected by length of vegetation. Seed quality was primarily influenced by genetic background of tested inbred lines. Inbred lines originating from Lancaster populations had lower vigour compared to lines with BSSS and Iowa Dent origin.<br />This research confirmed that vigor tests play an important role in seed quality testing of maize inbred lines. Results of this work can be directly used in breeding programs to improve germination and seed vigour. Achieved results indicate that information about the genetic origin of inbred lines is an important indicator of seed vigour. Finally, data emphasized the importance of inbred line characterization by biochemical markers in addition to genetic origin information.</p>

Les ovins D’man sont élevés dans les oasis tunisiennes selon un rythme accéléré permettant d’avoir trois agnelages en deux ans. En plus des effets directs du mode d’élevage et d’environnement exercés sur les brebis D’man, la prolificité élevée pose question quant à la survie, la croissance et le bien-être des agneaux. L’objectif de ce travail est de déterminer les facteurs de risque qui affectent la survie et la croissance chez les agneaux D’man élevés dans les oasis de Gabès. Dans une première étape, le travail a traité les facteurs de risque d’ordre zootechnique et environnemental sur la base des données concernant 1189 agneaux élevés à la ferme de l’OEP de Gabès. En moyenne, un taux de mortalité égal à 13,4% a été observé de la naissance au sevrage dont 41% pendant les 10 premiers jours de vie, 29% entre 10 et 30 jours et 30% entre 30 et 70 jours. Le taux de mortalité est plus élevé chez les agneaux nés en hiver (23,5%) par comparaison au printemps (12,3%), l’automne (10,2%) et l’été (9,5%). A cause de leur poids léger, les agneaux issus des portées multiples (triples et quadruples) ont un taux de mortalité plus élevé (52,2%) comparés à ceux issus des portées simples et doubles ayant un poids de naissance medium (24,4%) ou lourd (1,8%). Les agneaux nés en printemps sont plus lourds à la naissance, à 30 et 70 jours et par conséquent ont des vitesses de croissance plus importantes par comparaison aux agneaux nés en hiver, en automne et en été. Le poids à la naissance et les vitesses de croissance sont également influencés par la taille de portée et l’âge de la brebis. Le faible poids à la naissance (≤ 1,5 kg), les portées multiples (quadruples et quintuples) et les agnelages d’hiver sont les principaux facteurs de risque pour la survie et la croissance des agneaux D’man. / D’man ewes are reared in Tunisian oases under an accelerated management system allowing breeders to have three lambing periods every two years. High prolificacy may accentuate the detrimental effects of an accelerated lambing system through problems which affect growth, welfare and survival. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the risk factors of lamb mortality in this prolific breed maintained under intensive management in Tunisian oases. In a first step, growth and mortality rates are reported using records of 1189 lambs collected between 2004 and 2009 from an accelerated lambing system to determine risk factors according to characteristics of the animals and the environment. Results showed that overall mortality from birth to 70 days of age was 13.4%. Of all the total losses, 41% of the lambs died within 10 days of birth, 29% died between 10 and 30 days of age and 30% between 30 and 70 days. Mortality rate was significantly higher in winter (23.5%) than in spring (12.3%), autumn (10.2%) and summer (9.5%). Lambs in the low-weight category died more frequently (52.2%) than lambs from medium-weight (24.4%) to high-weight (1.8%) categories. Lambs born in spring were consistently the heaviest at birth, at 30 and 70 days of age with the greatest average daily gains compared to those born in winter, autumn and summer. Birth weights were affected by litter size and ewe age, and lambs from older ewes (2-10 years) grew faster than lambs born from young ewes (1 year). The principal risk factors identified were season (winter), birth type (multiple) and weight class (≤ 1.5 kg).

Orientador: Roberval Daiton Vieira / Banca: Nelson Moreira de Carvalho / Banca: Julio Marcos Filho / Resumo: O teste de condutividade elétrica é recomendado para avaliar o vigor de sementes de ervilha e é sugerido para soja. Entretanto, alguns cuidados devem ser adotados para esse teste, quando conduzido para sementes armazenadas sob condições de baixa temperatura. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se a utilização de períodos de repouso de sementes em temperaturas mais altas antes da embebição no teste de condutividade elétrica elevaria a viabilidade do teste para sementes de milho e soja, armazenadas a 10 °C. Foram utilizados cinco lotes de sementes para cada espécie, com germinação semelhante. Após as avaliações iniciais, os lotes de soja foram armazenados por 15 meses e os de milho por 16 meses sob baixa temperatura. Desse modo, foram realizadas análises laboratoriais preliminares (teor de água; germinação e vigor: envelhecimento acelerado; teste de frio e condutividade elétrica), repetidas periodicamente após o armazenamento em câmara a 10 °C e 60% de umidade relativa aos 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 meses para soja e aos 4, 8, 12 e 16 meses para milho. A partir da segunda época de avaliação para ambas as espécies foi inserida nova variável ao teste de condutividade elétrica, denominada período de repouso das sementes, utilizada entre a remoção das sementes da câmara fria e o início da embebição. / Abstract: Electrical conductivity test is recommended to evaluate vigor of pea seeds and suggested for soybean. However, some cares must be taken for this test, when conducted for seeds stored at low temperature. Thus, the present work was carried out in order to verify if the use of rest time at higher temperature of seeds before the imbibitions for the electrical conductivity test can increase the viability of the test for maize and soybean seeds, stored at 10 °C. Five seed lots for each species, with similar germination levels were used. After the initial evaluations, soybean seed lots were stored during 15 months and maize seed lots during 16 months at low temperature. The laboratory analysis (seed moisture content; germination and vigor: accelerated aging; cold and electrical conductivity tests) were performed initially and repeated periodically after the storage (10 °C and 60% of air relative humidity) at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months for soybean and 4, 8, 12 and 16 months for maize. Since the second evaluation for both species a new variable was added to the electrical conductivity test, denominated rest time of the seeds, used between the removal of the seeds of the cold chamber and the start of the imbibition for the conductivity test. The rest time periods of 0, 6, 12 and 24 hours were used, at two temperatures, 20 e 25 to 30 °C, aimed to verify, in this way, the effect of these periods and temperatures on the results of the electrical conductivity throughout of the storage period at low temperature. / Mestre

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Appropriate procedures for analyze the quality of seed is of fundamental importance, but are still incomplete in the quality control programs. The work was aims to standardize the methodology of the electrical conductivity mass and individual test and potassium leachate test to evaluate the vigor of rice seeds. It was used ten lots of rice seeds produced in the 2008/2009 crop, five the IRGA 424 variety and five Puita Inta CL variety.The lots were initially characterized the following determinations and tests: water content, germination test, first count, cold germination, length and biomass dry of seedlings and field emergence. For the electrical conductivity mass test variations were studied: number of seeds (25 and 50), water volume (50 and 75 ml), presence or absence of bark and immersion periods (1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours), temperature of 25 ºC. In the conductivity test individually survey the same periods of seeds immersion with and without bark, at a temperature of 25ºC and Seed Automatic Analyzer SAD 9000-S. It was also determined the amount of potassium leachate in the immersion solution, through flame photometer in different periods of immersion (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes). It was concluded that the electrical conductivity mass test and individual is promising for the separation of lots of rice depending on the vigour of the seeds, but in the two ways of applying has influence the genotype used. For variety IRGA 424, the best conditions for the realization of the electrical conductivity mass test is the use of 25 seeds with bark, immersed in 50 or 75 mL of distilled and deionised water for 2 to 8 hours at 25ºC. For the evaluation of individual electrical conductivity the use of seeds with bark immersed for a period of 24 hours is appropriate. To the potassium leakage test the correct procedure to classify lots of rice seeds at function their physiological quality, is the combination 50 pure seeds submerged in 50 mL of distilled and deionized water at 25ºC for 60 minutes. / Procedimentos adequados para avaliar a qualidade de sementes embora de fundamental importância ainda são incompletos nos programas de controle de qualidade. O trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer a metodologia do teste de condutividade elétrica massal e individual e do teste de lixiviação de potássio para a avaliação do vigor de sementes de arroz. Utilizaram-se dez lotes de sementes de arroz produzidos na safra 2008/2009, sendo cinco da cultivar IRGA 424 e cinco da cultivar Puitá Inta CL. Os lotes foram caracterizados inicialmente através das seguintes determinações e testes: teor de água, germinação, primeira contagem, frio sem solo, comprimento e massa seca de plântulas e emergência em campo. Para o teste de condutividade elétrica massal foram estudadas as variações: número de sementes (25 e 50), volume de água (50 e 75 mL), presença ou não de casca e períodos de imersão (1, 2, 4, 8, e 24 horas), na temperatura de 25 ºC. No teste de condutividade elétrica individual avaliaram-se os mesmos períodos de imersão em sementes com e sem casca, na temperatura de 25ºC, no Analisador Automático de Sementes. Determinou-se também, a quantidade de potássio lixiviado na solução de imersão, através de fotometria de chama em diferentes períodos de imersão (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 minutos). Concluiu-se que o teste de condutividade elétrica massal e individual é promissor para a separação de lotes de arroz em função do vigor das sementes, porém há influência do genótipo utilizado. Para a cultivar IRGA 424, a condição mais adequada para a realização do teste de condutividade elétrica massal é a utilização de 25 sementes com casca, imersos em 50 ou 75 mL de água destilada e deionizada, por 2 a 8 horas, à 25ºC. Para a condutividade elétrica individual o uso de sementes com casca imersas pelo período de 24 horas é o mais adequado. Para o teste de lixiviação de potássio a combinação de 50 sementes puras imersas em 50 mL de água destilada e deionizada, à 25ºC, durante 60 minutos representa o mais correto procedimento para classificar lotes de sementes de arroz, em função de sua qualidade fisiológica.