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Esta tese de doutorado consiste na remontagem virtual da exposição A casa tomada (de Julio Cortázar) por desenhos que não deram certo. Desenhos de 1978/80. Apogeu do Claro-escuro Pós-Caravaggio, do artista joinvilense Luiz Henrique Schwanke, realizada no Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, do Rio de Janeiro (RJ), em 1980. Tal remontagem é ancorada na curadoria educativa, entendida no contexto desta pesquisa como uma forma de desenhar exposições pensadas para todos os tipos de público, por meio da qual a arte se coloca em articulação com o indivíduo e com a sociedade, de maneira a ser ativada como um instrumento de ação cultural. Essa exposição acontece no Museu de Arte Contemporânea Luiz Henrique Schwanke Virtual (MAC Schwanke Virtual), localizado no website do museu, que ainda não possui sede física, mas que já atua enquanto tal mediante seus programas e suas ações. Defende-se a existência do museu no ambiente virtual em rede, assim como a utilização desse espaço pela exploração de suas especificidades, ou seja, como um meio de ampliar as ações do museu e de pôr o seu acervo constantemente em ativação, para deleite, pesquisa e estudo, sem reproduzir os recursos utilizados na realidade física. Portanto, a versão virtual da exposição promovida está alicerçada na exploração da natureza não linear e hipermidiática no ciberespaço, e não na tentativa de reprodução do espaço e da lógica de exposições existentes na realidade física, o que aqui, conforme já dito, ocorreu por intermédio da curadoria educativa. / This PhD thesis consists on the virtual reinstallation of A Casa Tomada exhibition (by Julio Cortázar) with drawings that did not work. Drawings from 1978/1980. The prime of post-Caravaggio chiaroscuro, by Joinville-born artist Luiz Henrique Schwanke, at the National Fine Arts Museum, of Rio de Janeiro, in 1980. Such reinstallation is anchored on educational curating, understood in the context of this research as a way to plan exhibitions for all kinds of public, through the means of which art is articulated with the individual and with society, so that it is activated as an instrument of cultural action. This exhibition is at Schwanke Virtual Museum of Contemporary Art, located in the website of the museum, which does not have a physical headquarters yet, but is already active through its programs and actions. We defend the existence of the museum in the virtual network environment, just as utilizing this space from the exploration of its specificities, that is, as a means to enlarge the actions of the museum and activate its collection, for delight, research and studies, without reproducing the resources of the physical reality. Thus, the virtual version of the exhibition is based on the exploration of non-linear and hypermediatic nature of cyberspace, and not in the attempt to reproduce the space and the logic of exhibitions that exist in physical reality, which, as said, was achieved by the means of educational curating.

Esta tese de doutorado consiste na remontagem virtual da exposição A casa tomada (de Julio Cortázar) por desenhos que não deram certo. Desenhos de 1978/80. Apogeu do Claro-escuro Pós-Caravaggio, do artista joinvilense Luiz Henrique Schwanke, realizada no Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, do Rio de Janeiro (RJ), em 1980. Tal remontagem é ancorada na curadoria educativa, entendida no contexto desta pesquisa como uma forma de desenhar exposições pensadas para todos os tipos de público, por meio da qual a arte se coloca em articulação com o indivíduo e com a sociedade, de maneira a ser ativada como um instrumento de ação cultural. Essa exposição acontece no Museu de Arte Contemporânea Luiz Henrique Schwanke Virtual (MAC Schwanke Virtual), localizado no website do museu, que ainda não possui sede física, mas que já atua enquanto tal mediante seus programas e suas ações. Defende-se a existência do museu no ambiente virtual em rede, assim como a utilização desse espaço pela exploração de suas especificidades, ou seja, como um meio de ampliar as ações do museu e de pôr o seu acervo constantemente em ativação, para deleite, pesquisa e estudo, sem reproduzir os recursos utilizados na realidade física. Portanto, a versão virtual da exposição promovida está alicerçada na exploração da natureza não linear e hipermidiática no ciberespaço, e não na tentativa de reprodução do espaço e da lógica de exposições existentes na realidade física, o que aqui, conforme já dito, ocorreu por intermédio da curadoria educativa. / This PhD thesis consists on the virtual reinstallation of A Casa Tomada exhibition (by Julio Cortázar) with drawings that did not work. Drawings from 1978/1980. The prime of post-Caravaggio chiaroscuro, by Joinville-born artist Luiz Henrique Schwanke, at the National Fine Arts Museum, of Rio de Janeiro, in 1980. Such reinstallation is anchored on educational curating, understood in the context of this research as a way to plan exhibitions for all kinds of public, through the means of which art is articulated with the individual and with society, so that it is activated as an instrument of cultural action. This exhibition is at Schwanke Virtual Museum of Contemporary Art, located in the website of the museum, which does not have a physical headquarters yet, but is already active through its programs and actions. We defend the existence of the museum in the virtual network environment, just as utilizing this space from the exploration of its specificities, that is, as a means to enlarge the actions of the museum and activate its collection, for delight, research and studies, without reproducing the resources of the physical reality. Thus, the virtual version of the exhibition is based on the exploration of non-linear and hypermediatic nature of cyberspace, and not in the attempt to reproduce the space and the logic of exhibitions that exist in physical reality, which, as said, was achieved by the means of educational curating.

Depuis longtemps déjà, les arts visuels se démarquent par leurs rapports proches quoique créatifs avec les développements technologiques des sociétés modernes. Pour les musées, Internet constitue une opportunité de rejoindre des publics qui s’avèrent de prime abord moins accessibles. Ce nouvel acteur dans le monde de l'art occupe une place croissante dans la présentation des oeuvres tout en jouant un rôle déterminant dans la diffusion et donc dans le retentissement qu'elles ont auprès de publics aux attentes changeantes. Alors que le musée diffusait autrefois ses collections et connaissances par les expositions et les catalogues, le cyberespace est aujourd’hui un nouveau lieu public qu’il lui convient d’investir. L’internaute est souvent isolé dans sa quête d’une « trouvaille » parmi la diversité de l’offre technologique. Nous proposons l’image alternative du flâneur comme métaphore opérationnelle afin d’analyser la relation entre l’internaute et l’exposition. Les oeuvres sont transposées dans le virtuel par le médium numérique, le même langage qui sous-tend l’exposition dans son ensemble, un transfert dont les implications sont nombreuses. La reproduction, par sa nature désacralisée, autorise la manipulation virtuelle. C’est une nouvelle forme de participation qui est exigée des spectateurs, non pas en termes d’acquisition rationnelle de connaissances, mais de manière ludoéducative, par cette même manipulation de l’image. Dans le but de souligner l’authenticité de l’oeuvre originale par la présentation de son équivalent numérique, l’exposition virtuelle est souvent médiatrice et documentaire avant tout, privilégiant l’observation technologique didactique. / Art and technology have long developed close relationships allowing both to be inspired by the other. Today, the Internet constitutes an opportunity for art museums to reach to publics previously unattainable. It is determining ways in which works of art or their numerical representation thereof are presented, transmitted, and perceived. Since their founding, museums have broadcasted their collections and knowledge in the public sphere by means of exhibitions and catalogues, but the Internet is now a space they have to inaugurate. In the perspective of cyberspace being both vast and varied, the internet user is often isolated in his search of a “find” or “discovery” amongst the array of virtual exhibitions available. It is necessary to offer an alternative to the often unique image of the internet user as “searcher” to propose the image of the flâneur as an operational metaphor for the analysis of the relationship between user and exhibition in cyberspace. The representation – by means of the digital language underlying both exhibition and image – allows virtual manipulation of the work of art. This entails new forms of participation on the part of exhibition viewers who are now also internet users. Often undertaking to highlight the authentic nature of the original work of art by displaying its digital representation, the virtual exhibition is often presented as a didactic counterpart to a “real” exhibition, thus avoiding the delicate question of the work of art experience in favor of a technological observation aimed at acquiring knowledge.

Cette thèse contient deux parties distinctes, reliées par le thème de l’étude géométrique du problème à trois corps. La première partie présente un point de vue sur les enjeux et les perspectives liés à la diffusion des mathématiques, et illustre ce point de vue à l’aide de deux projets de diffusion « grand public » : une exposition virtuelle autour de la mécanique céleste et du problème à trois corps, et un duo de contes mathématiques pour enfants, l’un sur la forme de la lune, et l’autre sur l’enlacement de courbes fermées. La présentation de ces projets est suivie d’une analyse a priori et d’une étude des observations recueillies lors de différentes expérimentations auprès de publics variés. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l’étude – théorique et numérique – de l’enlacement des trajectoires de quelques systèmes dynamiques sur la 3-sphère, et en particulier de certaines instances du problème à trois corps. On y présente d’abord le problème à trois corps restreint, plan, circulaire, en s’intéressant tout particulièrement au cas où une des deux primaires disparait. On se ramène ainsi à un flot sur la 3-shpère dont on connaît explicitement des sections de Birkhoff en disque ou en anneau, et on met en lumière des éléments qui tendent à montrer le caractère lévogyre de ce flot. On explore ensuite, à l’aide de simulations numériques, la possibilité que le système reste lévogyre sur un domaine assez éloigné de ce cas dégénéré. Enfin, on s’intéresse aux flots sur la 3-sphère qui admettent une section de Birkhoff en disque et on traduit la notion d’enlacement de mesures invariantes pour le flot en termes d’enroulement de mesures invariantes pour le difféomorphisme de premier retour. / This thesis contains two distinct parts, connected by the subject of the geometric study of the three body problem.The first part presents a point of view about the stakes and prospects of the popularization of mathematics, and it illustrates this point of view with two projects of popularization for a general public : a virtual exhibition about celestial mechanics and the three body problem, and a pair of mathematical tales for children, one about the shape of the moon, and the other about the linking number of two closed curves. The presentation of these projects is followed by an initial analysis and by a study of the observations collected during different experimentations towards various publics. The second part is devoted to the theoretical and computational study of the linking number of trajectories from a few dynamical systems on the 3-sphere, and in particular from some cases of the restricted three body problem. We first present the planar, circular, restricted three body problem, with a particular attention to the case where one of the two heavy bodies vanishes. We thus restrict ourselves to a flow on the 3-shpere for which disk-like or annular-like Birkhoff sections are explicitely known, and we bring to light evidences of the right-handedness of this flow. Then we investigate, with the help of computer simulations, the possibility for the system to stay right-handed over a domain rather distant from this degenerate case. Finally, we consider the flows on the 3-sphere which admit a disk-like Birkhoff section, and we translate the notion of linking for measures that are invariant by a flow into the notion of winding for measures that are invariant by the first return map on the disk.

Depuis longtemps déjà, les arts visuels se démarquent par leurs rapports proches quoique créatifs avec les développements technologiques des sociétés modernes. Pour les musées, Internet constitue une opportunité de rejoindre des publics qui s’avèrent de prime abord moins accessibles. Ce nouvel acteur dans le monde de l'art occupe une place croissante dans la présentation des oeuvres tout en jouant un rôle déterminant dans la diffusion et donc dans le retentissement qu'elles ont auprès de publics aux attentes changeantes. Alors que le musée diffusait autrefois ses collections et connaissances par les expositions et les catalogues, le cyberespace est aujourd’hui un nouveau lieu public qu’il lui convient d’investir. L’internaute est souvent isolé dans sa quête d’une « trouvaille » parmi la diversité de l’offre technologique. Nous proposons l’image alternative du flâneur comme métaphore opérationnelle afin d’analyser la relation entre l’internaute et l’exposition. Les oeuvres sont transposées dans le virtuel par le médium numérique, le même langage qui sous-tend l’exposition dans son ensemble, un transfert dont les implications sont nombreuses. La reproduction, par sa nature désacralisée, autorise la manipulation virtuelle. C’est une nouvelle forme de participation qui est exigée des spectateurs, non pas en termes d’acquisition rationnelle de connaissances, mais de manière ludoéducative, par cette même manipulation de l’image. Dans le but de souligner l’authenticité de l’oeuvre originale par la présentation de son équivalent numérique, l’exposition virtuelle est souvent médiatrice et documentaire avant tout, privilégiant l’observation technologique didactique. / Art and technology have long developed close relationships allowing both to be inspired by the other. Today, the Internet constitutes an opportunity for art museums to reach to publics previously unattainable. It is determining ways in which works of art or their numerical representation thereof are presented, transmitted, and perceived. Since their founding, museums have broadcasted their collections and knowledge in the public sphere by means of exhibitions and catalogues, but the Internet is now a space they have to inaugurate. In the perspective of cyberspace being both vast and varied, the internet user is often isolated in his search of a “find” or “discovery” amongst the array of virtual exhibitions available. It is necessary to offer an alternative to the often unique image of the internet user as “searcher” to propose the image of the flâneur as an operational metaphor for the analysis of the relationship between user and exhibition in cyberspace. The representation – by means of the digital language underlying both exhibition and image – allows virtual manipulation of the work of art. This entails new forms of participation on the part of exhibition viewers who are now also internet users. Often undertaking to highlight the authentic nature of the original work of art by displaying its digital representation, the virtual exhibition is often presented as a didactic counterpart to a “real” exhibition, thus avoiding the delicate question of the work of art experience in favor of a technological observation aimed at acquiring knowledge.