Darbo tikslas yra pateikti ir ištirti e-vyriausybės projektų kūrimo modelį, grindžiamą virtualių komandų kūrimu ir bendradarbiavimu virtualioje erdvėje. Siekiant šio tikslo atliekami uždaviniai: 1.Pateikti ir išanalizuoti e – vyriausybės projektų sampratą bei galimus elektroninės vyriausybės paslaugų kūrimo modelius. 2.Išanalizuoti realių projektų patirtis. 3.Ištirti virtualių komandų kolaboravimo procesus. 4.Pasiūlyti e-vyriausybės projektų kūrimo modelį, kuris padėtų panaudoti informacinių technologijų galimybes, įvairių sričių specialistų bei institucijų kompetencijas ir išteklius, kad būtų sukurtos ir efektyviai tiekiamos e-valdžios paslaugos. 5.Eksperimentiškai patikrinti šio modelio funkcionavimo ypatumus, panaudojant virtualių bendradarbiavimo projektų duomenis. Darbe yra sprendžiama mokslinė problema – koks modelis sudarytų galimybes efektyviai išspręsti elektroninės valdžios projektų kūrimo problemas. Darbo objektas – elektroninės vyriausybės projektai. Darbą sudaro įvadas, trys pagrindinės dalys ir išvados. Šio darbo rezultatai galės būti panaudoti realizuojant virtualaus bendradarbiavimo komandų metodą IT projektams kurti ir realizuoti, kuriant e-vyriausybės paslaugas. Darbą sudaro 67 puslapiai, 18 lentelių ir 28 paveikslėliai. Priede pateikiamas autorės rašytas ir publikuotas straipsnis. / The main purpose of this article is to present and research e – government project creation model, which is based on virtual team creation and communication in virtual space. The tasks of this article is to present e – government project definition and also to analyze projects experience, to research virtual teams collaboration processes, and to check by experiments offered model functional peculiarity, using virtual collaboration project information. The article is written based on analyzing research method – all the literature was analyzed and important information was systematized. Also process modeling method was used for process description and abstract method for final conclusions. It was two real virtual projects analyzed in this article, qualitative and quantitative analyses were made for both projects and structure models were drawn for them either. Functional possibilities of suggested model were summarized. There is offered e - government project creation model based on various competence specialist teams’ virtual collaboration using virtual collaboration tools. It is summarized real projects experience in the article using e – government creation six levels model and also the components of these projects. The article consists of 67 pages, 18 tables and 28 pictures.

<p>As the world is becoming more and more globalized, business has to take the global marketplace into serious consideration. This is not just about new markets to sell products in, but also where to locate production and where to source resources from. With the launch of new communication technology it has also become easier and easier to cooperate across national borders without having to meet face-to-face. This has led to an increased demand on project managers concerning how to manage the communication within their project teams since they now can have members located in different geographical locations.</p><p>The main purpose of this research was to develop a deeper understanding about how project managers are managing communication within virtual teams. This was firstly done by through a literature review of the present knowledge in the field identifying five sub topics of interest.</p><ul><li>Communication channels<strong></strong></li><li>Skills for effective communication <strong></strong></li><li>Dealing with technology<strong></strong></li><li>Dealing with differences in culture and language<strong></strong></li><li>Managing trust and relationships<strong></strong></li></ul><p>These sub topics were used through the rest of the thesis as the structure of the argumentation. The empirical research consisted of a deductive interview study of four respondents within the ICT sectors in Sweden and Denmark.</p><p>Through the analysis and the conclusions all the topics were discussed in detail, where we got to know more about how they can be used to manage communication in virtual project teams. Something that came up in the analysis was the role of corporate culture in dealing with challenges in virtual communication, which in the end was suggested as a main topic for future research.</p><p>Different communication channels showed to be good for different things, both in terms of the efficiency of the communication but also for things such as facilitating engagement and accountability. There seem to be no clear understanding of what skills are required for efficient work in virtual teams, both in the present knowledge in the field and among the respondents. For managing technology it showed to be important to make sure that the technology works, that the team members know how to use it and why, and to find ways to warm up the media by making it more personal. Differences in culture and language were found to best be dealt with by building trust within the team and creating an understanding of the existing differences. Asynchronous communication showed to be effective for dealing with bigger language problems. The solutions for managing trust and relationships mainly revolved around social communication and getting to know each other better in the beginning, and around regular and predictable communication in the long run.</p>

As global markets transcend nationalities in search for key advantages in cost,quality and flexibility, the once unbridgeable limit of geographical location isovercome by faster Internet speed lines, online services and tools that allowindividuals and businesses to interact regardless of space and time. This thesis studies the transition from traditional project management to virtualenvironments and the impact that this new paradigm has over dispersed teamsand their interactions among themselves and the project manager. The focus of the study lays on the concept of motivation within virtual projectmanagement and the role of the project manager to overcome the specificchallenges of this new working scenario. Additionally, parallels are drawn on themotivation features that virtual project management systems offer to projectmanagers as well as team members. This study shows the importance of bridging the difficulties of motivatingdispersed teams and how traditional techniques of motivation have a muchlesser impact on team members. The idea of progress and self accomplishmentare brought forth as the strongest motivators for dispersed teams. Finally, this study exposes the shortcomings of current projectware as a tool tomotivate teams and explores the idea of applying gamification techniques tothese software packages to lift the motivation responsibilities off the shoulders ofproject managers.

As the world is becoming more and more globalized, business has to take the global marketplace into serious consideration. This is not just about new markets to sell products in, but also where to locate production and where to source resources from. With the launch of new communication technology it has also become easier and easier to cooperate across national borders without having to meet face-to-face. This has led to an increased demand on project managers concerning how to manage the communication within their project teams since they now can have members located in different geographical locations. The main purpose of this research was to develop a deeper understanding about how project managers are managing communication within virtual teams. This was firstly done by through a literature review of the present knowledge in the field identifying five sub topics of interest. Communication channels Skills for effective communication Dealing with technology Dealing with differences in culture and language Managing trust and relationships These sub topics were used through the rest of the thesis as the structure of the argumentation. The empirical research consisted of a deductive interview study of four respondents within the ICT sectors in Sweden and Denmark. Through the analysis and the conclusions all the topics were discussed in detail, where we got to know more about how they can be used to manage communication in virtual project teams. Something that came up in the analysis was the role of corporate culture in dealing with challenges in virtual communication, which in the end was suggested as a main topic for future research. Different communication channels showed to be good for different things, both in terms of the efficiency of the communication but also for things such as facilitating engagement and accountability. There seem to be no clear understanding of what skills are required for efficient work in virtual teams, both in the present knowledge in the field and among the respondents. For managing technology it showed to be important to make sure that the technology works, that the team members know how to use it and why, and to find ways to warm up the media by making it more personal. Differences in culture and language were found to best be dealt with by building trust within the team and creating an understanding of the existing differences. Asynchronous communication showed to be effective for dealing with bigger language problems. The solutions for managing trust and relationships mainly revolved around social communication and getting to know each other better in the beginning, and around regular and predictable communication in the long run.

The use of Information Technology in construction is below best practice when compared to other industries. The construction industry is now, however, on the verge of widespread acceptance of internet technology and the communications benefits this can bring. Construction collaboration technology, where project teams use the internet as an interface for project communications, have emerged as a potentially valuable tool. Little research has been focused in this area, particularly on how this phenomenon is being experienced. The aim of this research is to develop a better understanding of the way people experience the use of the internet for information sharing on construction projects and the preliminary identification of the skills set (Knowledge, Skills and Abilities - KSAs) required for industry members to effectively participate. Phenomenography was selected as an appropriate research methodology to provide an empirical, representative and descriptive research approach and to provide a qualitative based study in a field dominated by quantitative studies. This is a 'second-order approach' which focuses on the experiences of the participants as described by them. A pilot and three major case studies were selected to identify research participants for interviews. A total of nineteen interviews were conducted and transcribed during 2003 in Australia, the United States of America and the United Kingdom, which formed the research data. A phenomenographic analysis was performed on the research data revealing seven 'categories of description' which describe the limited number of qualitatively different ways that the phenomenon is being experienced. A relationship exists between the different categories which can be structured in a logical framework called the outcome space. The preliminary identification of the skills set is then proposed from the research data and the phenomenographic outcomes to provide construction project participants and the industry a first pass on what Knowledge, Skills and Abilities (KSAs) may be required for effective participation.

Abstract In knowledge-based economy an increasing amount of work is conducted in projects in dispersed virtual organisational settings. Information is the raw material of virtual knowledge-based project work and therefore an understanding of information processing in virtual NPD (New Product Development) projects is essential. Information processing is particularly crucial for virtual NPD projects, which are typically implemented in demanding, turbulent and complex institutional settings, where they are subject to various challenges caused by cultural, organisational and human factors and where large amounts of information is processed. This multi-disciplinary study combines theories of information processing and trust and knowledge-based view of organisations. Particularly impersonal and interpersonal trust and barriers to information processing are investigated to study organisational capabilities and virtual communication competencies, which can enable information processing in virtual NPD projects. The case organisation was selected for the study because it has a lengthy history of multinational and multisite virtual way of work. Survey questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were employed to gather research data. Focus group interviews and document review were conducted to evaluate the results. Altogether, 11 leaders and 12 expert teams were interviewed at sites in the USA, Finland, China and Poland as well as 7 members from the operative management in USA and Finland. The results of this study enhance the understanding of organisational virtual capabilities and personal virtual communication competencies in virtual NPD project context. The findings indicate that trust is significant and it is clear that both impersonal and interpersonal trust in supporting information processing in projects, are needed. This study also confirms that each phase in virtual project lifecycle has different needs for information processing. Through recognizing virtual communication capabilities in company level and competencies at the personal level, it would be easier to manage information processing in virtual NPD projects. At the personal level, virtual communication competencies are seen to consist of cultural knowledge and sensitivity, company language skills, listening skills, accountability and credibility, mastery in using ICT and e-mail etiquette. The significance of virtual communication capabilities and competencies as part of knowledge management strategies will grow in the future. This dissertation addresses this challenge by providing new practical and theoretical perspectives to enable planning, measuring, training and rewarding from virtual communication competences, and them to be tested in similar constructions in ICT industry or in other organizations to enhance information processing in virtual projects. / Tiivistelmä Erityisesti yhteiskuntamme tietointensiivisillä aloilla tuotekehitys tapahtuu yhä useammin globaaleissa projekteissa, joissa työskennellään organisatorisesti ja maantieteellisesti hajautuneesti, jolloin suuri osa viestinnästä on virtuaalista. Viestintäprosessissa liikkuu informaatiota, joka on tiedon ja osaamisen raaka-ainetta. Jotta tietoa ja osaamista olisi mahdollista hyödyntää, on tärkeää ymmärtää virtuaalisten tuotekehitysprojektien viestintäprosesseja. Onnistunut viestintä on usein vaikeaa, koska projektit toimivat vaativissa, alati muuttuvissa ja monimutkaisissa ympäristöissä. Tyypillisesti projektin aikana pitää pystyä viestimään suuri määrä tietoa ja välittämään osaamista eri toimijoiden välillä. Tämä monitieteinen tutkimus yhdistelee informaation prosessoinnin teoriaa, tietojohtamista ja luottamustutkimusta globaalien tuotekehitysprojektien viestinnän tarkastelussa. Erityisesti keskitytään luottamuksen eri lajien vaikutukseen ja viestinnän esteiden esille tuomiseen, jotta onnistuneen viestinnän kannalta tärkeimmät organisatoriset ja yksilölliset kyvykkyydet voitaisiin tuoda esiin. Tutkittavalla organisaatiolla on pitkä historia kansainvälisillä markkinoilla virtuaalisena organisaationa toimimisesta. Tutkimus toteutettiin yhdistellen kyselytutkimusta ja laadullisia puolistrukturoituja haastatteluja. Kaikkiaan 11 virtuaalitiimin esimiestä ja 12 asiantuntijatiimiä osallistui haastatteluihin USA:ssa, Suomessa, Kiinassa ja Puolassa sekä operatiivisesta johdosta seitsemän henkilöä Suomesta ja USA:sta. Lopuksi tulokset arvioitiin dokumenttikatselmoinneissa sekä fokusryhmähaastatteluissa tutkittavassa organisaatiossa. Tulokset osoittavat, että organisaatio- ja yksilötason luottamusta tarvitaan ja luottamuksen eri lajeilla on erilainen vaikutus viestintään. Tutkimus nostaa myös esille projektin eri vaiheiden erilaiset viestintätarpeet, jotka huomioimalla voidaan kasvattaa virtuaalisten projektien kyvykkyyttä. Yksilötasolla tarvittavat virtuaaliset viestintätaidot ovat ammatillinen ja riittävä projektissa käytettävä kielitaito, kulttuurien tuntemus ja herkkyys, kuuntelemisen taito, vastuullisuus, vahvat ICT:n käyttö- ja mediataidot sekä e-mail etiketti. Tutkimus on merkittävä, koska virtuaalinen projektiperustainen globaali työ tulee lisääntymään ja lisäksi etätyön tarve tulee kasvamaan. Näin ollen virtuaalisten viestintätaitojen merkitys osana tietojohtamisen strategiaa tulee kasvamaan tulevaisuudessa.