When the term ‘design object’ is used to refer to artifacts, we presuppose that they can serve mundane functions and provide aesthetic pleasure. In many cases, the visual form of a design object is a result of achieving aesthetic function and practical function. What is the relation between these two functions? In the design process, designers also strike a balance between aesthetic pursuit, utilitarian purpose and other factors, such as environmental protection. What is the balance of these aims (aesthetic aim and the non-aesthetic aims)? My research on this topic suggests that it may be useful to conceive it in terms of appropriateness. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the relation between aesthetic and non-aesthetic functions in design objects. Another, larger and more fundamental, purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the notion of appropriateness in design through the conceptions of aesthetic value and moral value. The findings of this research contribute to my argument that appropriateness as a property found in design objects is a balance of aesthetic value, functional value and moral value. This unique quality found in design object can be found in many successful universal designs, and it is also part of the reason why this style can prevail for decades. This research also brings two academic disciplines (the studies of design and aesthetics) together. It is something new and timely from which both disciplines could benefit. In addition, the discussion of Wucius Wong’s art, which is part of the analysis of the different functions of design objects, is an original finding which contributes a detailed understanding of Wong’s art and its relation with design concepts. The appropriateness of design is a decision after all things have been considered in the deliberation. It is not necessarily the best and it can be ever changing according to different situations. The investigation of this topic is not aimed at finding an ideal approach to achieve the appropriateness in design, but through the investigation of the relation between aesthetic function and non-aesthetic functions, and the relation of aesthetic value, functional value and moral value of design objects to contribute architects and designers in making an appropriate decision during the design process.

Lara Croft, the heroine of the hugely popular Tomb Raider videogame series, is a representative of femininity in contemporary popular culture. The newest Lara Croft game, Rise of the Tomb Raider (released in 2015/2016) presents a new version of Lara Croft (new Lara), who is a departure from the postfeminist action hero archetype that Lara Croft exemplified before the character’s reboot in 2013 (old Lara). Lara Croft has undergone a significant transformation since her first incarnation in Tomb Raider I in 1996. Some aspects of Lara Croft’s characterisation that have changed are her wardrobe, her body shape, and the character’s emotional complexity. Narratological aspects of Lara Croft that have changed are her relationships with other female characters, as well as her relationship with her deceased parents. And finally, some of the ludological elements of the game that have changed are Lara Croft’s weapons, and the way in which she navigates her environment. The study relates Lara Croft’s transformation to the changing structures in the videogame industry, such as the number of women currently playing videogames and the number of women currently involved in creating videogames. It is found that the number of female gamers has increased significantly from 1996 to 2017 and that where women are more involved in the creation of videogames, the female heroines’ representation tends to be more in line with that of new Lara. The study identifies a new female heroine archetype, which I term ‘the new Lara phenomenon’, that is increasingly displayed in female videogame heroines after the 2013 Tomb Raider reboot. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Visual Arts / MA Visual Studies / Unrestricted

This creative thesis involved making an animated short film from scratch, dubbed “Laundry Day” for the time being. The film follows two sentient clothing characters, a hoodie and a pair of pants, who need to get out of their owner’s room to get to the laundry room after accidentally being left behind. Please watch the short here and use the password “goodiehoodie”: https://vimeo.com/415387205 This was a time consuming, challenging, and multifaceted project, but provided an accurate glimpse into how feature animation is made. The process of making any project like this is commonly called a pipeline, and can be simplified to seven categories: Story, Character, Environment, Animation, Effects, and Rendering. This paper will go into each of these and explain the technical and creative challenges I had to overcome to reach the final product.

This dissertation examines nineteenth-century American art and visual and material culture, interrogating the ways that art communicated medical knowledge to artists, doctors, and the public. Attention is paid to the relationships forged between medical professionals and artists via joint endeavors towards understanding human anatomy and picturing the body. These collaborations produced works of art that legitimized American professional medicine and arts pedagogy. Chapter one, which focuses on the display of classical casts at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and the Boston Athenæum, claims that these idealized sculptures accomplished surprisingly similar ideological ends, enforcing cultural capital while affecting ideas about corporeality. The second chapter analyzes four Southworth & Hawes daguerreotypes and one print from 1846-47 that depict the first public ether demonstration and two subsequent surgeries in the Massachusetts General Hospital amphitheater. By attempting to photograph ether and pain's absence, their production linked medicine with technological and chemical advancements. Chapter three surveys a selection of anatomy illustrations painted between 1849 and 1854 by Oscar Wallis for Dr. Henry Bigelow's lectures at Harvard Medical School. These diagrams relate to the development of visual diagnostics, a core goal of the American Medical Association. Chapter four concentrates on the U.S. Army Medical Museum and explores two sets of engravings, fragmented Vesalian torsos and renderings of plaster casts of Civil War amputations, from The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion (1861-65). Chapter five evaluates artistic anatomy instruction at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and analyzes Thomas Eakins's plaster and bronze anatomical cadaver casts. They mark a significant transition in corporeal representation away from the model elaborated upon in chapter one, which relied on visual translation centralized around idealized proportions and classical models, and towards a tactile understanding of the human body as a medically complex three-dimensional organism. In assessing methods for corporeal representation across the nineteenth century, this dissertation claims that the study of anatomy affected representations of the human body and, through their dissemination, the American publics' notions about what the human body looked like, how it functioned, and how it should be represented. / 2022-07-31T00:00:00Z

In my dissertation, I bring together the fields of comics theory, biopolitics, and queer theory in order to read contemporary coming-of-age graphic novels that represent characters (and sometimes lives) at the margins. Coming-of-age graphic novels in this category often depict complex engagements with trauma and history, and couple those depictions with the loss of attachments: the subjects represented in these texts usually do not belong. I make a case for productive spaces inside of the unbelonging represented in my chosen texts. In Alison Bechdel’s Fun Home, Alison finds multiple nodes of attachment with her deceased father through the process of writing his history. Importantly, none of those attachments require that she forgive him for past violences, or that she overwrite his life in order to shift focus onto the positive. Jillian and Mariko Tamaki’s Skim features a protagonist, Skim, who is rendered an outcast because of her body, her hobbies, and eventually her process of mourning. Skim carves out a life that is survivable for her, and resists the compulsion to perform happiness while she does it. Charles Burns’s Black Hole depicts a group of teens who are excommunicated from their suburb after contracting a disfiguring, sexually transmitted disease, and who take to the woods in order to build a miniature, ad-hoc society for themselves. I concentrate on the question of precarity, and notice that safety and stability have a strong correlation with gender and sexuality: women and queers are overrepresented at the margins. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / In my dissertation, I bring together the fields of comics theory, biopolitics, and queer theory in order to read contemporary coming-of-age graphic novels that represent characters (and sometimes lives) at the margins. I focus, especially, on the way that people who are marginalized come to be that way, and I come to the conclusion that marginalized people suffer losses are that tied to different kinds of trauma. Sometimes those traumas are historical: like slavery, or internment. Sometimes they are personal, like ostracization from one’s community. And, finally, sometimes trauma comes from social systems: some subjects are pushed to the margins of society by the same forces that bring others into it. In the case of all of those types of trauma, I find a possibility for community: if people are sometimes marginalized, they are often resilient. The bulk of my dissertation tries to find where exclusions end, and make-shift communities begin.

Voilà plus d'une génération que les visual studies ont entrepris de bousculer procédures scientifiques et organigrammes universitaires, dans le monde anglo-américain d’abord, puis à l’échelle planétaire. Jouant la porosité des champs du savoir, ce courant de recherches fonctionne à la manière d’une interface où s’échangent et se combinent les charges théoriques et critiques de l’histoire de l’art, du post-structuralisme, des études culturelles et autres area studies, offrant un lieu de convergence inédit pour des pensées dispersées. En embrassant l’imagerie démotique autant que savante, en déconstruisant l’axiologie tacite qui sous-tend de tels partages hiérarchiques, et en interrogeant l’idéologie de tout acte de connaissance, les visual studies assument depuis l’origine une position limite, entre discours savant, activité critique et engagement politique. S’ils peuvent apparaître comme une nouveauté radicale, les travaux groupés sous cette bannière sont symptomatiques d’un mouvement plus général de renouvellement des façons de penser les images et la dimension visuelle du sensible. Au moment où les visual studies bénéficient d’une première réception dans l’espace francophone, cette thèse s’attache à en restituer les fondements épistémologiques et les enjeux actuels, en montrant qu’elles ne forment pas un ensemble homogène d’approches ou de pratiques. Car non seulement il n’existe pas de visual studies « en général », mais ce terme unique recouvre trois niveaux de réalité sensiblement dissociés : une formation académique, une somme de travaux empiriques et théoriques, ainsi qu'un vaste métadiscours sur le champ qui nourrit sa propre mythologie. Par souci de clarté, le plan de la thèse désimbrique ces trois niveaux, et plutôt que de définir ce que sont les études visuelles, s’attache à expliquer ce qu’elles font. En se fondant sur l'étude suivie de textes précis, chacune des sections de la thèse envisage donc l'objet visual studies sous l'un de ses différents aspects : historique, théorique, académique, métathéorique, toutes cs dimensions étant coextensives de ce qui constitue les visual studies de façon globale. / It's been more than a generation since visual studies started to shake up scientific procedures and academic organizational structures, in the Anglo-American world and on a global scale. Working between and across disciplines, this research trend behaves like an interface where art history, poststructuralism, cultural studies and other area studies can meet and combine their critical strengths. By embracing both demotic and scholarly imageries, laying bare the axiology underlying such divisions, and challenging the ideology pertaining to knowledge itself, visual studies take on many guises, either as a scientific discourse, a critical activity or a form of political commitment. However, though often claiming a form of radical novelty, visual studies’ concerns should rather be considered part of a broader shift in the study of the function of images and visuality in contemporary sciences and societies.As visual studies are starting to work their way in the french scientific landscape, this dissertation will expose their epistemological grounds and current stakes, calling attention to the fact that they do not cohere into a consistent set of shared approaches or practices. First, visual studies « in general » do not exist. Second, the term encompasses three aspects only partly overlapping : an academic formation, a body of empirical and theoretical works, and a thriving metadiscourse endlessly feeding the field’s self-mythology. For the sake of clarity, the dissertation will offer to break down these three components. What’s more, rather than trying to define what visual studies actually are, it endeavors to explain what they do. Mostly based on the close reading of a series of texts, each section of the dissertation hence offers to look at visual studies from a specific viewpoint — historical, theoretical, academic or metatheoretical — all aspects constitutive of visual studies as such.

Afin d'examiner la réception des publicités sociales et humanitaires, cette étude pluridisciplinaire analyse trois dimensions initiales : savoir avec l'objet, faire/être avec l'objet et analyse de l'objet. Ce choix est justifié sur la base d'une méthodologie pluridimensionnelle basée sur les études culturelles. Nous essayons d'expliquer les processus de réception, d'interprétation, de négociation et les discours des individus. Le comportement des récepteurs des publicités sociale et humanitaire et le rôle de ces derniers sont au centre de notre intérêt. Cette étude est réalisée à deux échelles, une étude monographique basée sur les affiches de l'Unicef France et une étude globalisante sur la réception des publicités sociale et humanitaire au sens large du terme. / In order to study the reception of social and humanitarian advertisements, this pluridisciplinary study analyses three initial dimensions : knowing with the object, doing/being with the object and the analysis of the object. This choice has been justified on the basis of a pluridimensional methodology based on cultural studies. We aim at explaining the processes of reception, interpretation, negotiation and the discourse of individuals. The behavior of the receivers of social and humanitarian advertisements and the rôle of the later are the focal points of our interest. This study has been undertaken on two levels : a monographic study of Unicef France's posters and a more global study on the reception of social and humanitarian advertisements in the broad sense of the term.

This thesis updates John Berger's work of critical visual theory, Ways of Seeing, to accommodate emerging web 2.0 technologies and new social media platforms. It analyzes the symbols of wealth and status encoded in both 15th century oil paintings and contemporary Instagram posts and attempts to dissect how American celebrity culture complicates methods of self-promotion and upscale emulation.

This project examines the changing world of fashion in an interactive digital magazine format. In the past few years, fashion has increasingly been democratizing, as new designers and forms of media increasingly gain influence. Ready-to-wear designers are working with lower-end brands through collaborations, redefining what each brand is supposed to do, while blogging is allowing those whose voices are usually unheard to openly critique and influence fashion. Overall, they are creating a more democratized space, challenging what was once normal in the fashion industry.

This article applies methods of semiotic analysis to representations and understandings of female sexuality in fashion advertising. Through the framework of Paolo Freire’s Action Learning model, also known as the “empowerment spiral”, it is concluded that advertisements dealing in overt sexualization's of traditional conceptions of femininity produces a one-sided discourse in femininity in which the decoding of media images is oversimplified through a binary approach. In effect, this produces conflicts detrimental to feminist progress by virtue of ostrisizing postfeminist appreciations of sexual empowerment.