No description available.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / Communication is a fundamental process that allows animals to effectively transfer information between groups or individuals. Recognition plays an essential role in permitting animals to distinguish individuals based upon both communicatory and non-communicatory signals allowing animals to direct suitable behaviours towards them. Several modes of recognition exist and in colonial breeding animals which congregate in large numbers, acoustic signalling is thought to be the most effective as it suffers less from environmental degradation. Otariid seals (fur seals and sea lions) are generally colonial breeding species which congregate at high densities on offshore islands. In contrast to the other Arctocephaline species, the Australian fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus, along with its conspecific, the Cape fur seal, A. p. pusillus, display many of the behavioural traits of sea lions. This may have important consequences in terms of its social structure and evolution. The acoustic communication of Australian fur seals was studied on Kanowna Island, Bass Strait, Australia. Analysing the acoustic structure of vocalisations and their use facilitates our understanding of the social function of calls in animal communication. The vocal repertoires of males, females, pups and yearlings were characterised and their behavioural context examined. Call structural variations in males were evident with changes in behavioural context, indicating parallel changes in the emotive state of sender. For a call to be used in vocal recognition it must display stereotypy within callers and variation between them. In Australian fur seal females and pups, individuals were found to have unique calls. Mutual mother-pup recognition has been suggested for otariids and this study supports the potential for this process to occur through the use of vocalisations. Call structural changes in pup vocalisations were also investigated over the progression of the year, from birth to weaning. Vocalisations produced by pups increased in duration, lowered in both the number of parts per call and the harmonic band containing the maximum frequency as they became older, suggesting calls are changing constantly as pups grow toward maturity. It has been suggested through descriptive reports, that the bark call produced by males is important to vocal recognition. The present study quantified this through the analysis of vocalisations produced by male Australian fur seals. Results support descriptive evidence suggesting that male barks can be used to discriminate callers. Traditional playback studies further confirmed that territorial male Australian fur seals respond significantly more to the calls of strangers than to those of neighbours, supporting male vocal recognition. This study modified call features of the bark to determine the importance to vocal recognition. The results indicate that the whole frequency spectrum was important to recognition. There was also an increase in response from males when they heard more bark units, indicating the importance of repetition by a caller. Recognition occurred when males heard between 25-75% of each bark unit, indicating that the whole duration of each bark unit is not necessary for recognition to occur. This may have particular advantages for communication in acoustically complex breeding environments, where parts of calls may be degraded by the environment. The present study examined the life history characteristics of otariids to determine the factors likely to influence and shape its vocal behaviour. Preliminary results indicate that female density, body size and the breeding environment all influence the vocal behaviour of otariids, while duration of lactation and the degree of polygyny do not appear to be influential. Understanding these interactions may help elucidate how vocal recognition and communication have evolved in different pinniped species.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / Communication is a fundamental process that allows animals to effectively transfer information between groups or individuals. Recognition plays an essential role in permitting animals to distinguish individuals based upon both communicatory and non-communicatory signals allowing animals to direct suitable behaviours towards them. Several modes of recognition exist and in colonial breeding animals which congregate in large numbers, acoustic signalling is thought to be the most effective as it suffers less from environmental degradation. Otariid seals (fur seals and sea lions) are generally colonial breeding species which congregate at high densities on offshore islands. In contrast to the other Arctocephaline species, the Australian fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus, along with its conspecific, the Cape fur seal, A. p. pusillus, display many of the behavioural traits of sea lions. This may have important consequences in terms of its social structure and evolution. The acoustic communication of Australian fur seals was studied on Kanowna Island, Bass Strait, Australia. Analysing the acoustic structure of vocalisations and their use facilitates our understanding of the social function of calls in animal communication. The vocal repertoires of males, females, pups and yearlings were characterised and their behavioural context examined. Call structural variations in males were evident with changes in behavioural context, indicating parallel changes in the emotive state of sender. For a call to be used in vocal recognition it must display stereotypy within callers and variation between them. In Australian fur seal females and pups, individuals were found to have unique calls. Mutual mother-pup recognition has been suggested for otariids and this study supports the potential for this process to occur through the use of vocalisations. Call structural changes in pup vocalisations were also investigated over the progression of the year, from birth to weaning. Vocalisations produced by pups increased in duration, lowered in both the number of parts per call and the harmonic band containing the maximum frequency as they became older, suggesting calls are changing constantly as pups grow toward maturity. It has been suggested through descriptive reports, that the bark call produced by males is important to vocal recognition. The present study quantified this through the analysis of vocalisations produced by male Australian fur seals. Results support descriptive evidence suggesting that male barks can be used to discriminate callers. Traditional playback studies further confirmed that territorial male Australian fur seals respond significantly more to the calls of strangers than to those of neighbours, supporting male vocal recognition. This study modified call features of the bark to determine the importance to vocal recognition. The results indicate that the whole frequency spectrum was important to recognition. There was also an increase in response from males when they heard more bark units, indicating the importance of repetition by a caller. Recognition occurred when males heard between 25-75% of each bark unit, indicating that the whole duration of each bark unit is not necessary for recognition to occur. This may have particular advantages for communication in acoustically complex breeding environments, where parts of calls may be degraded by the environment. The present study examined the life history characteristics of otariids to determine the factors likely to influence and shape its vocal behaviour. Preliminary results indicate that female density, body size and the breeding environment all influence the vocal behaviour of otariids, while duration of lactation and the degree of polygyny do not appear to be influential. Understanding these interactions may help elucidate how vocal recognition and communication have evolved in different pinniped species.

Cette présente thèse a permis d'acquérir un corpus de données importantes qui valident un nouveau modèle animal d'étude du déclin cognitif lié à l'âge, le marmouset commun (Callithrix jacchus). Un ensemble de tâches comportementales ont été effectuées par nos animaux sur écran tactile dans un contexte semi-naturel. Les résultats permettent de comprendre et caractériser les divers déficits présents chez les sujets âgés et de découvrir, via une méthode d'analyse algorithmique, les périodes d'âge clés où ceux-ci apparaissent. La présence de déficits précoces souligne l'intérêt du modèle dans l'optique des pathologies dégénératives du cerveau. De plus, les analyses des données morphométriques obtenues par IRM structurale ont révélé certaines anomalies anatomiques pouvant apparaitre chez les individus âgés. Également, l'analyse des enregistrements audio que nous avons obtenus pendant les sessions comportementales a montré l'existence d'une influence de l'environnement sonore et particulièrement de certaines vocalisations sur les performances cognitives. Ce résultat souligne l'importance de mener les expérimentations dans un contexte semi-naturel tel que le nôtre. Il met également l'accent sur l'importance de mener ce genre d'approche et de l'adapter pour une meilleure compréhension du rôle du vieillissement dans la cognition sociale. L'ensemble de notre travail permet ainsi paver le chemin à de nouvelles voies de recherche fondamentale et clinique intéressantes et prometteuses. / This thesis allowed the acquisition of a corpus of important data validating a new animal model for the study of cognitive decline related to age, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). A set of behavioral tasks were performed by our animals on touchscreen in a semi-natural context. The results enabled us to understand and characterize the various deficits present in elderly subjects and to discover, through an algorithmic analysis method, the key periods in which they appear. The presence of early deficits underlines the interest of the model considering degenerative brain pathologies. In addition, the analysis of the morphometric data obtained by structural MRI revealed some anatomical abnormalities that may appear in the elderly. Likewise, the analysis of the audio recordings that we obtained during the behavioral sessions showed an influence of the sound environment and particularly of some vocalizations on cognitive performances. This result highlights the importance of conducting experiments in a semi-natural context as ours. It also emphasizes the importance of conducting this kind of approach and adapting it for a better understanding of the role of aging in social cognition. Thus, all of our work paves the way for a new interesting and promising issues for fundamental and clinical research.

Les perturbateurs endocriniens (PE) sont des polluants environnementaux naturels ou fabriqués par l'Homme capables d'interférer avec les systèmes hormonaux endogènes. Parmi ces molécules, le di(2-éthylhexyl) phtalate (DEHP) et le nonylphénol (NP) sont très répandus dans les produits du quotidien et figurent sur la liste des Substances Prioritaires de l'eau. Cependant, peu d'études s'intéressent au contrôle central de la reproduction suite à l'exposition adulte et à de faibles doses de ces PE. L'exposition chronique de souris mâles adultes à ces PE seuls ou combinés montre des altérations à des doses proches de l'exposition environnementale humaine et de la dose journalière tolérable. Nous avons constaté une diminution de l'émission des vocalisations ultrasonores (USV) et de l'attraction des femelles par les mâles exposés au DEHP. Ceci a pu être relié à une diminution de l'expression du récepteur des androgènes dans l'aire préoptique médiane, région clé dans l'expression du comportement sexuel mâle. Ces effets ont été inversés lors de l'arrêt de l'exposition au DEHP. L'exposition au NP augmente l'émission des USV et les nombres de montées, d'intromissions et de poussées pelviennes avant d'atteindre l'éjaculation. Par ailleurs, l'exposition au mélange provoque des altérations comportementales différentes de celles observées pour les molécules isolées. Ces résultats ont permis de mettre en évidence une vulnérabilité du circuit neural régulant l'expression du comportement sexuel à l'exposition à ces PE. Des cibles moléculaires ont également pu être identifiées, particulièrement pour le DEHP, aidant ainsi à la compréhension de leur mode d'action dans le système nerveux central / Endocrine disruptors are natural or man-made environmental pollutants capable of interfering with endogenous hormonal systems. Among these molecules, phthalates and particularly di(2-éthylhexyl) phtalate (DEHP) and nonylphenol are widely present in everyday products and classified as priority substances in the Water Framework Directive. These two molecules are highly studied but few publications address the neural control of reproductive behaviors following adult exposure to low doses of these molecules.Chronic exposure of adult male mice to these two molecules, alone or in combination, showed behavioral alterations at doses close to human environmental exposure and tolerable daily intake. We observed a decreased emission of ultrasonic vocalisations and attraction of receptive females by males exposed to DEHP. These behavioral alterations were related to down-regulation of the androgen receptor in the medial preoptic area, the key region involved in the expression of male sexual behavior. These behavioral and molecular effects were reversed by DEHP exposure arrest. Adult exposure to NP increased the emission of ultrasonic vocalisations and number of mounts, intromissions and pelvic thrusts, without any amelioration of sexual behavior. Interestingly, exposure to both molecules caused behavioral alterations, which are are different from those observed for each molecule alone.Altogether, these results highlight the vulnerability of the neural circuitry underlying sexual behavior to exposure to these molecules. Furthermore, molecular targets have been identified, particularly for DEHP, thereby helping to understand their mode of action in the central nervous system.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

In recent years, worldwide obesity rates have risen dramatically, putting major strain on public health systems and the economy. Obesity is a multifaceted disease and its development can be influenced by a variety of factors including genetic, psychological and environmental influences. One area of current focus in obesity research is that of early life programming. It has been well-established that certain early life factors can impact the physiology and behaviour of the offspring. Because of this, early life programming has become increasingly well studied in order to develop a deeper understanding of how early life can influence obesity development. Another area of interest lies in positive mood. While there has been much research into the effects of negative states such as stress and anxiety on feeding behaviour, there is still very little known about how positive states can influence food choice. Using rat models of prenatal stress, neonatal overnutrition and positive affect, this thesis aimed to investigate the effects of early life and mood factors on feeding behaviour and food choice. Prenatal stress has been extensively studied and is characterised by an enhanced stress response in the offspring. Using two rat models of prenatal stress- social and restraint stress, the effects of prenatal stress on feeding behaviour and food choice in the offspring were examined. In both models, no effects of prenatal stress on either food intake or food choice were observed. However, in both cases the expected alterations to the offspring's stress responses when exposed to an acute stressor were not replicated. This may suggest that models of prenatal stress are not as robust as often cited in the literature. As well as the prenatal environment, the early postnatal environment is also able to influence physiology and behaviour. In terms of obesity, a well-studied model is that of small litter size. Rats from small litters are over-nourished as neonates and because of this illustrate an increased body weight that persists throughout life. While this increase in weight gain has been well-established, there is no evidence examining the impact of neonatal overnutrition on long-term food choice. Therefore, food intake and food choice were measured in small and control litter rats over a 10-week period. When placed on an ad lib diet of bland chow, sucrose and lard, small litter rats consumed significantly more chow than control litter rats, whilst maintaining similar consumption of lard and sucrose. However, when offered a high-fat high-sugar (HFHS) pellet for two hours a day alongside ad lib chow, small litter rats illustrated increased consumption of the HFHS pellet compared to controls. This suggests that small litter rats may be programmed to adjust their food choices to enable them to maintain their increased body weight in comparison to controls. To examine the effects of positive affect on feeding behaviour, ultrasonic vocalisations (USVs, specifically those at 50 kHz) were used as a measure of positive affect in rats. In order to examine whether access to a food reward could induce a positive affect (as measured by an increase in 50 kHz USVs), rats were schedule-fed sweetened condensed milk and USVs measured before, during and after consumption. No differences in 50 kHz USVs were observed suggesting that a palatable food, whilst rewarding, does not alter affective state in the rat. Using heterospecific social contact (a tickling interaction simulating rough and tumble play) to induce positive affect, rats were presented with an hour-long sucrose preference test following social contact in order to examine the impact of positive affect on food choice. While no differences in sucrose consumption were found, a reduced sucrose preference was observed in rats receiving social contact compared to controls, suggesting that positive affect may play a role in mediating food choice. Finally, the effects of fasting (a negative stimulus thought to reduce 50 kHz USVs) and a food reward on motivation for social contact were examined. Both fasting and access to a food reward resulted in no differences in conditioned place preference to receive social interaction. Overall, the results obtained in this thesis implicate both neonatal overnutrition and, for the first time, positive affect as possible mediators of food choice, although further studies are required to fully establish these effects. Importantly, these results also raise questions regarding the reproducibility of some early life models, such as prenatal stress, and highlights the importance of sharing precise experimental protocols across laboratories. Through further investigation of the effects of early life and affective states on food consumption and choice, and the mechanisms behind these, this may enable the development of therapeutic interventions and preventative measures that can help slow, or even reverse, the global obesity epidemic.

La prise de décision est un processus indispensable et vital pour les mammifères. Elle permet à l'individu de s'adapter aux changements qui s'opèrent dans son environnement et résulte de l'intégration d'informations sensorielles, émotionnelles, motivationnelles et exécutives (qui peuvent être internes ou externes à l'individu). Des études, à la fois chez le sujet humain (sujet sain, patients cérébrolésés ou atteints de pathologies psychiatriques), et sur les modèles animaux singe, rats ou souris, ont permis d'identifier le cortex préfrontal comme acteur crucial dans ces processus exécutifs complexes. La mise en place au sein de notre laboratoire d'un test d'interaction sociale permettant de générer des prises de décision rapides et adaptées en présence d'un congénère nouveau, nous a permis d'étudier les bases neurobiologiques et comportementales sous-jacentes à la prise de décision et à la flexibilité comportementale. Il est connu que les rongeurs émettent des USVs dont le rôle et les mécanismes motivationnels et/ou émotionnels restent largement inconnus à ce jour. Mon travail de thèse repose principalement sur l'identification des acteurs cérébraux de cette interaction sociale, et sur le rôle putatif des USVs. D'autre part, je me suis employé à comprendre comment les motivations naturelles (telles que la nourriture, l'exploration d'objet ou de l'environnement, et l'interaction avec un congénère) sont intégrées au canevas de prise de décision et comment elles l'influencent.Dans un premier temps, en utilisant des procédures d'imagerie cellulaire basée sur l'expression de gènes précoces (c-fos), et ce, à la fois chez des animaux contrôles et chez des animaux présentant des troubles des comportements sociaux (β2KO), nous avons pu mettre en évidence l'implication différentielle de sous-parties du cortex préfrontal chez la souris. Par la suite, la mise en place d'un logiciel spécifique d'analyse, ainsi que la modulation de l'état de motivation de l'animal lors de la tâche d'interaction sociale, nous a permis de mieux comprendre l'établissement de comportements adaptés lors de l'interaction sociale. Pour finir, en variant les contextes comportementaux, nous avons montré qu'il existe une relation étroite entre état émotionnel et motivationnel de l'animal et émission d'USVs. Notamment, les USVs semblent porter une information spécifique lors de l'interaction sociale qui reste encore largement à déterminer.

No description available.

Des mutations du gène Foxp2 constituent le premier exemple connu de cause monogénique de troubles de la parole et du langage. Les individus atteints souffrent de difficultés d’articulation (dyspraxie verbale) mais aussi de perturbations du langage parlé et écrit, ce qui indique la présence d’un trouble cognitif. La séquence et la distribution d’expression de ce gène sont remarquablement conservées parmi les vertébrés.Cette thèse visait principalement à identifier les fonctions du facteur de transcription Foxp2 dans le cortex en caractérisant un modèle murin conditionnel dans lequel ce gène a été spécifiquement inactivé dans les neurones corticaux. Ce modèle murin permet ainsi d’étudier certains aspects des pathologies liées à Foxp2, notamment les aspects de communication et les comportements sociaux. En parallèle, j’ai entrepris, sur un autre modèle murin, des études moléculaires afin d’identifier les gènes perturbés par la réduction de l’expression de Foxp2 dans le cortex. L‘ensemble des résultats présentés suggère que l’inactivation de Foxp2 dans le cortex conduit à des défauts subtils des comportements sociaux sans modification majeure de la morphologie du cortex ou des neurones. Je montre en particulier que les souris mutées présentent des changements de vocalisation ultrasonique lors d’interactions entre mâles et femelles. Par ailleurs, en utilisant un modèle de souris hétérozygote pour une mutation dans Foxp2, j’ai identifié parmi les gènes dérégulés le gène Mint2 déjà impliqué chez l’homme dans l’autisme.En conclusion, ces résultats permettront de mieux comprendre le rôle de Foxp2 au niveau cortical chez les souris pour décrypter les mécanismes moléculaires qui ont été sélectionnés chez l’homme pendant l'évolution de la parole et du langage. / Genetic disruptions of the forkhead box transcription factor FOXP2 in humans cause a severe autosomal-dominant speech and language disorder. FOXP2 expression pattern and genomic structure are highly conserved in distant vertebrates. We hypothesized that this conservation may allow the use of animal models to identify Foxp2 dependent neuronal circuits and molecular networks involved in social behaviors. Therefore I began characterizing Foxp2 functions in the mouse cortex in conventional heterozygous (Foxp2+/-) and conditional (cortex specific) Foxp2 homozygous mutant mice (Nex-Cre; Foxp2lox/lox). Initial characterization of Nex-Cre; Foxp2lox/lox mice revealed no gross alterations in morphological architecture, postnatal development and basic adult behaviors. However, behavioral profiling of Nex-Cre; Foxp2lox/lox mice demonstrated deficiency in specific social behaviors such as approach behavior towards conspecifics and responses of WT interaction partners. Furthermore, Nex-Cre; Foxp2lox/lox mice showed alterations in specific acoustical parameters of ultrasonic vocalizations (USV), and the type of modulation differed in function of social context. Gene expression profiling of Foxp2-positive cortical pyramidal neurons in Foxp2+/- mice revealed the dysregulation of Mint2, a gene involved in approach behavior in mice and autism spectrum disorder in humans. This result was further validated in cortex-specific Foxp2 mutant mice The results deliver first insights into cortical Foxp2 dependent functions in mouse social behaviors. This provides a rational basis for further mechanistic studies of the ancestral functions of cortical Foxp2 that may have been recruited during speech and language evolution.