這項研究探討父母角色、性格及性別相關的變量對香港中學生於事業相關的自我概念發展的影響。事業相關的自我概念包括兩個關鍵構念：職業興趣和職業選擇目標(即抱負和實際期望)。同時，這項研究量度職業抱負和實際期望之間的不一致性(包括興趣類型、職業地位及性別典型性)。研究的六大目標包括：(1)確定社會認知事業理論於香港學生的適用程度，(2) 研究個人(即職業決策自我效能、性格及性別相關的變量)及環境變量(即父母的影響)對職業選擇目標的影響，以拓展社會認知事業理論，(3)識別具文化獨特性的性格維度，以解釋職業興趣和職業選擇目標，(4)估計父母對學生職業選擇目標的影響因素，包括父母社會經濟地位、學生感知的集體職業決策效能、父母期望及支持，(5)探索父母個人對孩子的學業成就和職業選擇的期望，以及對於協助孩子作職業決策的自我效能，及(6)調查性別和性別相關變量(即性別角色的傳統觀念)對於職業選擇目標的影響。一共有1382名中學生參與這項研究。另外，其中114位參加者的父或母親亦參加了這項研究，組成114對親子二人組合。結構方程模型顯示社會認知事業理論中的選擇模型適用於香港學生。此外，具文化普遍性及具文化特定價值的性格因素有效解釋了社會認知事業理論模型中的職業興趣和對興趣類型的自我效能。學生的職業選擇目標及抱負和實際期望的不一致性，亦與職業決策自我效能、父母社會經濟地位、及性別角色觀念直接相關。學生感知的母親影響因素，與學生的職業決策自我效能有直接關係。父親因素對事業發展的影響並無顯著性。大多數性格因素都有效預測職業決策自我效能，而人際取向因素亦與感知的父母影響因素相關。研究亦發現男生和女生於職業興趣、自我效能、性別角色觀念及職業選擇目標有顯著的性別差異。親子二人組合的子樣本顯示父母的期望和學生的選擇目標具一致性。這項研究將個人及文化相關因素融入現有的理論模型，在理論層面上擴大了西方的事業理論框架。在應用層面上，研究結果將有助研究員及教育工作者理解香港中學生的事業發展。 / This study investigated the roles of parental influences, personality and gender variables in career-related self-concept development among secondary school students in Hong Kong. Two key career constructs, namely vocational interests and choice goals (i.e., aspirations and expectations), were included to assess the career-related self-concept. The incongruence between aspirations and expectations, in terms of interest types, occupational status and gender-typicality, was also estimated. The six major goals of this study include: (1) to determine to what extent the choice model of Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) is applicable to Hong Kong students, (2) to expand the SCCT by examining how individual (i.e., career decision-making self-efficacy, personality and gender-related variables) and contextual variables (i.e., parental influences) may account for the aspirations and expectations as well as the aspiration-expectation incongruence, (3) to identify the value of culture-relevant, relationship-oriented personality dimension beyond the culture-general dimensions in explaining interests and aspiration-expectation incongruence, (4) to estimate the specific roles of paternal and maternal influences, including parental socio-economic variables, collective contributions to career efficacy, perceived parental expectation and parental support, in the development of aspiration-expectation incongruence, (5) to explore the parents’ perceived expectation on their child’s academic achievement and career choices, as well as their efficacy in assisting their child’s career decision-making, and (6) to investigate the differential effects of gender and gender-related variables (i.e., gender role traditional attitudes) on the development of aspiration-expectation incongruence among boys and girls. A total of 1382 secondary school students and a sub-sample of 114 parent-child dyads were used in this study. Results from structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that the choice model of SCCT was applicable to Hong Kong students. In addition, both culture-general and culture-specific personality factors were useful in explaining vocational interests and self-efficacy in interest types in the SCCT models. In relation to students’ aspirations, expectations and aspiration-expectation incongruence, these factors were directly associated with career decision-making self-efficacy, parental socio-economic variables and gender role attitudes. Perceived parental influences from mother (i.e., collective contributions to career efficacy, perceived parental expectation and parental support) were directly associated with students’ career decision-making self-efficacy and indirectly related to outcomes of aspirations and expectations (via career decision-making self-efficacy). The effects of perceived parental influences from father on career variables were insignificant in general. Most personality factors were predictive of career decision-making self-efficacy. Furthermore, Interpersonal Relatedness was related to perceived parental influences from both parents. Gender differences in interests, self-efficacy, gender role attitudes, and gender-typicality in aspiration-expectation incongruence were observed. As demonstrated in the parent-child dyads, there was a good degree of concordance in interest types and gender-typicality between parents’ expectation and students’ choice goals. Parents’ efficacy in assisting child’s career decision-making was positively associated with students’ perceived career-related parental support. On a theoretical level, this study expanded the current western-based theoretical frameworks by incorporating individual, contextual and cultural variables relevant to the Chinese culture into the existing career models. On an applied level, the findings would inform researchers, practitioners and educators about the career development of secondary school students in Hong Kong. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wan, Lai Yin. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 228-262). / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.ix / Chapter CHAPTER I: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Cultural generalizability of western career theories and models --- p.3 / Possible cultural gaps and cultural biases in current career theories --- p.4 / Need for studying career choices among Hong Kong students --- p.9 / Chapter CHAPTER II: --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.13 / Vocational interests --- p.13 / Vocational choice goals --- p.26 / Theoretical frameworks in studying vocational aspirations and expectations in adolescence --- p.38 / Evaluation of theoretical frameworks in studying vocational interests and choice goals --- p.48 / Predictors of vocational interests and choice goals --- p.52 / Chapter CHAPTER III: --- OBJECTIVES and research questions of the study --- p.77 / Chapter CHAPTER IV: --- METHOD --- p.100 / Participants --- p.100 / Measures --- p.108 / Procedure --- p.119 / Planned analysis --- p.121 / Chapter CHAPTER V: --- RESULTS --- p.123 / Descriptive statistics of major variables --- p.123 / Inter-correlations among demographics and major variables --- p.128 / Differences in major career variables across gender --- p.146 / Measurement applicability of adopted instruments --- p.149 / Identification of the original SCCT choice models --- p.150 / Role of personality factors in the SCCT choice models --- p.155 / Effects of personality, gender role attitudes and perceived parental influences on students’ career decision self-efficacy, occupational status and gender-typicality in career choices --- p.165 / Effects of personality, gender role attitudes and parental influences on career decision self-efficacy and discrepancies in occupational status, gender-typicality and interest types between aspirations and expectations --- p.173 / Concordance between parents’ expectations and students’ aspirations and expectations --- p.182 / Gender differences in parents’ expectations --- p.183 / Inter-relationships between parental efficacy, parental expectation on academic achievement and career choices, and students’ career variables --- p.186 / Incremental values of parent-child concordance, parents’ efficacy and parents’ expectation in explaining students’ career decision-making self-efficacy --- p.194 / Chapter CHAPTER VI: --- DISCUSSION --- p.198 / Applicability of SCCT’s choice models in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents --- p.198 / Interest types of aspirations, expectations, and aspiration-expectation incongruence among Hong Kong students --- p.200 / Interest types, occupational status and gender-typicality of aspirations, expectations, and aspiration-expectation incongruencea gendered pattern --- p.202 / Career decision-making self-efficacy as a key predictor in aspirations, expectations, and aspiration-expectation incongruence --- p.205 / Perceived parental influences on adolescents’ vocational choices in the SCCT framework --- p.206 / Concordance between parents’ expectations and students’ aspirations and expectations --- p.213 / Roles of socio-economic status of parents in adolescents’ career development --- p.215 / Roles of culture-general and culture-specific personality in explaining interests, choice goals and career-related parental influences in SCCT --- p.216 / Limitations of study --- p.220 / Directions for future research --- p.222 / Implications and significance of study --- p.224 / REFERENCES --- p.229

本研究旨在利用臺灣之職業分類編製大學生專業職業興趣問卷，瞭解大學生之專業職業興趣分類與結構。以1181位臺灣的大學生為樣本，利用因素分析、多元尺度分析分析臺灣大學生專業職業興趣類型分類與結構，並以多變量變異數分析臺灣大學生之職業興趣偏好情形，得出研究結果如下： 1.大學生專業職業興趣，可分為「醫療類」、「藝術類」、「商管類」、「工 程類」、「教學類」以及「技術類」六大類型。 2. 根據六職業興趣類型在二度空間中的知覺結構，可爲向度一左右兩端分別命名為「邏輯性」與「創意性」；向度二上下兩端分別命名為「社會性」與「個人性」。不同性別以及就讀學科類別的大學生，其六類職業興趣在此二向度的知覺結構不同。 3. 從性別、學科類別以及性別與學科類別交互作用不同角度分析，臺灣大學生在六類專業職業興趣偏好存在顯著的差異。 最後，本研究根據研究結果對輔導實務工作者、大學生、教育相關機構及未來研究者提出相關建議。 / The purpose of this research is to investigate the categorization and structure of Taiwanese college students' professional vocational interests. A professional vocational interest questionnaire for college students was developed based on Taiwanese occupational classification. The questionnaire was administered to 1181 Taiwanese college students. Data were analyzed by factor analysis, multidimensional scaling, and multivariate analysis of variance. The main findings are as follows: 1. College students' professional vocational interests can be categorized to “medical science”, “arts”, “commerce”, “engineering”, “teaching”, and “technology”. 2. The six professional vocational interests can be portrayed by a perceptual map of two dimensions: logical-creative and social-individual. Students of different genders and majors have different structures of vocational interests on the two-dimensional perceptual map. 3. The preferences of college students’ professional vocational interests are different between different genders and different majors. There is also an effect of gender-major interaction in the preferences. Based on the above findings, suggestions for counselors, college students, educational institutions, and future research are posited.

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

D. Litt. et Phil. / Factor analytic techniques were used to investigate the psychometric properties of three measuring instruments, namely the Adult Career Concerns Inventory (Super, Thompson & Lindeman, 1988), the Career Attitudes and Strategies Inventory (Holland & Gottfredson, 1994), and the Career Resilience Questionnaire (Fourie & Van Vuuren, 1998). The analyses served the purpose of elucidating the conceptual meanings of the constructs of career concerns, career status and career resilience in adult vocational adjustment. In an exploratory factor analysis of the Adult Career Concerns Inventory theoretical considerations suggested the extraction of four factors which explained 74% of the variance in the correlation matrix. The communalities of the variables were determined by means of squared multiple correlations of the subscales. On oblique rotation by means of Promax, a four factor solution was supported, reflecting the underlying dimensions of Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance and Disengagement. High correlations among the factors suggested the presence of a general factor, which may be termed career concerns. A factor extension analysis indicated the high quality of the test items, and a high level of correspondence between the Maintenance and Establishment factors. Maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analyses of the Adult Career Concerns Inventory were subsequently performed to test four and three factor measurement models. The estimated standardised factor pattern coefficients of both the models were found to be statistically significant. High correlations between the Maintenance and Establishment factors from the four factor model however favoured the three factor model, which allows for the merging of these two latent dimensions. In an exploratory factor analysis of the Career Attitudes and Strategies Inventory use were made of constructed item parcels. Theoretical considerations suggested the extraction of nine factors, which accounted for 54% of the variance in the correlation matrix. The squared multiple correlations of the Career Attitudes and Strategies Inventory item parcels were used to determine the initial communalities, and the nine factors were obliquely rotated by means of Promax. With the exception of two of the parcels, the factor pattern coefficients indicated that all the item parcels could be explained by nine factors that correspond with the Career Attitudes and Strategies Inventory subscales, namely Job Satisfaction, Career Worries, Family Commitment, Interpersonal Abuse, Skill Development, Geographical Barriers, Risk-taking Style, Work Involvement, and Dominant Style. The relative independence of these factors were inferred from the interfactor correlation matrix. A factor extension analysis indicated the overall high quality of the test items. A maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis of the Career Attitudes and Strategies Inventory at item parcel-level was based on a measurement model in accordance with the nine factors mentioned above. This analysis supported the nine factor model and revealed interesting relations among the dimensions of the Career Attitudes and Strategies Inventory. An exploratory factor analysis of the Career Resilience Questionnaire at item-level was also performed. Although the Kaiser criterion suggested the extraction of as many as 15 factors, and the MAP values suggested six factors, the initial communalities based on the squared multiple correlations were also considered. The initial communalities were reiterated twice, and the residual four factors accounted for 27% of the variance. An oblique rotation of the factors by means of Promax resulted in the tentative labelling of four latent dimensions, namely Leadership, Sense of Security in One’s Career, Acceptance of Uncertainty, and Values. These factors had satisfactory reliability coefficients, but no significant intercorrelations. Due to the theoretical inadequacies of this analysis, an oblique multiple groups factor analysis of the Career Resilience Questionnaire was performed in an attempt to cross-validate the factor solution reported by Fourie and Van Vuuren (1998). Low reliability coefficients of the factors were however obtained, an the postulated measurement model could not be supported. In an interbattery factor analysis of the Adult Career Concerns Inventory and the Career Attitudes and Strategies Inventory both theory and reliability coefficients of various factor solutions were considered, which resulted in the extraction of six factors. The factors were rotated obliquely by means of Direct Quartimin. The resultant factor solution met theoretical expectations by indicating several shared dimensions of the two instruments. Implementation, Advancing, Holding and Updating were grouped with Career Worries and Risk-taking Style. Job Satisfaction related negatively in a shared dimension with Crystallisation, Specification, Implementation, Retirement Planning and Retirement Living. Innovation was associated with Work Involvement, Skill Development and Dominant Style. Stabilisation, Risk-Taking Style and Geographical Barriers formed a shared dimension. Deceleration and Interpersonal Abuse were likewise associated. Lastly, Family Commitment and Updating shared a negative relation within another dimension. In essence, these factor analyses support the construct validity, theoretical generalisability, and usefulness of both the Adult Career Concerns Inventory and the Career Attitudes and Strategies Inventory, but fails to support the construct validity of the Career Resilience Questionnaire. Moreover, a foundation has been laid for the theoretical integration of the constructs of career concerns and career status.

181 adolescent home economics students in Palo Pinto County, Texas, were surveyed. The questions examined the following: grades and self concept of academic ability, self concept of academic ability and occupational aspirations, school size and occupational aspirations, sex and occupational aspirations, race and occupational aspirations, parents' occupational aspirations, parents' educational levels and occupational aspirations. The data suggested that career aspirations are positively related to self concept of ability, school grades, school size, race, parents' education, and fathers' occupations. Students' sex and their mothers' occupations were not shown to be related to career aspirations.

Nur langsam scheinen jene Schockwellen abzuebben, die ausgelöst durch die Ergebnisse der PISA-Erhebungen seit mehr als einem Jahrzehnt die Bildungsrepublik Deutschland durchqueren und weite Teile der Gesellschaft in den Zustand regelrechter Bildungspanik versetzten. An der Schwelle zum 21. Jahrhundert belegte eine Reihe von Studien für das wiedervereinte Deutschland eine im OECD-Vergleich besonders ausgeprägte Abhängigkeit des Bildungserfolges von der sozialen Herkunft. Als eine Konsequenz ist der Zugang zu tertiärer Bildung bis dato deutlich durch soziale Ungleichheit gekennzeichnet. Vor diesem Hintergrund leistet die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur ursächlichen Erklärung von Mustern sozialer Selektivität, die an den Gelenkstellen zwischen sekundären und postsekundären Bildungsangeboten sichtbar werden. Auf innovative Weise verbindet die Arbeit ein zeitgemäßes handlungstheoretisches Modell mit einer komplexen Lebensstilanalyse. Die Analyse stützt sich auf Erhebungsdaten, die zwischen Januar und April 2010 an mehr als 30 weiterführenden Schulen des Bundeslandes Brandenburg erhoben wurden. Im Mittelpunkt des Forschungsinteresses steht einerseits die Identifikation von sozial-kognitiven Determinanten, die das Niveau und die Richtung postsekundärer Bildungsaspirationen maßgeblich vorstrukturieren sowie andererseits deren Verortung im Kontext jugendlicher Lebensstile. Das komplexe Analysedesign erweist sich als empirisch fruchtbar: So erbringt die Arbeit den empirischen Nachweis, dass die spezifischen Konfigurationen der bestätigten psychosozialen Prädiktoren nicht nur statistisch bedeutsam zwischen jugendlichen Stilmustern variieren, sondern sich diesbezüglich erfolgreiche von weniger erfolgreichen Typen unterscheiden lassen. / The results of the PISA-inquiry sent shock waves through society, influencing education policy and causing large portions of society angst over education; these effects have subsided slowly over the past decade. A series of studies concerning a reunited Germany conducted at the beginning of the 21st century found a particularly strong correlation between educational success and social demographics as compared to the OECD, the consequence of this pattern being an inequality between social demographics in terms of access to tertiary education. Against this background, the presented dissertation thesis contributes to a causal explanation of patterns of social selectivity which become visible at the transition between secondary and post-secondary education. This thesis combines a contemporary action-theoretical approach with a complex life-style analysis in an innovative way. The analysis is based on survey data collected at more than 30 continuative/ post-secondary schools in Brandenburg (Germany) between January and April of 2010. Focus of the research is the identification of social-cognitive factors which significantly structure standard and direction of post-secondary aspirations as well as their localization in context of adolescent life-styles. The complex design of the analysis proves to be empirical fertile: Therefore, this thesis provides the empirical verification that the specific configurations of the affirmed psycho-social predicators do not only vary statistically important between adolescent style-patterns but provide the basis to differentiate between successful and less successful types.

Bakgrund: Allt mer struktur införs i revisionsbranschen. Revisorer behöver i sitt arbete balansera strukturerade och bedömningsrelaterade arbetsuppgifter för att bibehålla en hög kvalitet i revisionen. Den enskilde revisorn inverkar på processen då personlighetsdrag har visat sig ha samband med vilka arbetsuppgifter som föredras.  Syfte: Syftet är att förklara hur revisorns personlighetsdrag påverkar preferens för struktur och bedömning. Teori: Traitteori med fördjupning inom Big Five, yrkesmässiga intressen, komfortteori och definitioner av struktur och bedömning. Metod: I studien används en deduktiv forskningsansats där hypotesprövning används för att pröva ovanstående teorier. Studien är kvantitativ och en enkätundersökning genomförs. Auktoriserade revisorer från Revisorsnämndens lista (2015) ingår i urvalet. Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet indikerar att revisorers personlighetsdrag förklarar preferens för struktur och bedömning. Studien presenterar ett positivt signifikant samband mellan öppna revisorer och bedömningsrelaterade arbetsuppgifter samt ett negativt samband med strukturerade arbetsuppgifter. Ett positivt signifikant samband existerar mellan samvetsgranna revisorer och strukturerade och bedömningsrelaterade arbetsuppgifter. Komfort visar sig i studien vara ett alternativt sätt att mäta preferens. Studiens bidrag: Studien bidrar med ett nytt perspektiv inom struktur- och bedömningsdilemmat. Studien ger även rekryterare inom revisionsbranschen en förståelse för personlighetens betydelse i revisorns arbete. / Background: More structure is being introduced in the auditing profession. Auditors need to balance structured and judgment-related tasks to maintain a high quality in the audit process. The individual auditor influences the process as personality traits have been shown to be related to the tasks which are preferred.  Aim: The purpose is to explain how the auditor's personality traits influence preference for structure and judgment. Theory: Trait theory with focus on Big Five, vocational interests, comfort theory and definitions of structure and judgment. Method: The study uses a deductive research approach where hypothesis testing is used to test the above listed theories. The study is quantitative and survey method is used. The sample consists of certified auditors from Revisorsnämnden (2015). Result and conclusion: The result indicates that the auditor's personality traits may explain preference for structure and judgment. The study presents a positive significant relationship between auditors that are open and judgment-related tasks, and a negative significant relationship with structured tasks. A positive significant relationship exists between auditors that are conscientious and structured and judgment-related tasks. The study shows that the term comfort is an alternative way to measure preference. Contribution: The study provides a new perspective in the structure and judgment dilemma. The study also gives recruiters within audit companies an understanding in how the personality affects the work of auditors.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-96).