Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-09-19T10:19:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 David Budeus Franco.pdf: 3579404 bytes, checksum: 301eb8906feba479bc23d234d1049a86 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-19T10:19:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 David Budeus Franco.pdf: 3579404 bytes, checksum: 301eb8906feba479bc23d234d1049a86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-27 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This work has as central problem understand what does young people (high school students) think on education and work in relation to the future, based on their experiences. Whereas the complexity of subject, this investigation has searched put on discussion concepts crystalized, like youth and experience, in order that could realize an exam more objective and central about the studied question. To this research is important analyze the relation among youth, experience and their expectations, whereas this stage, wherein high school students are, is the moment of many definitions, since biological and cognitive aspects, until the psychological and socials. This is an investigation which has in critical theory of society, Frankfurt's School, especially on first generation, the conceptual basis - from this theoretical perspective, that intent to make the data interpretation. The research was made on South zone of São Paulo city, especially on Capão Redondo district, where, from four selected schools, this study obtained 314 participants, who agreed to answer the proposed quiz. The research achieved the central objective firstly proposed, that was: to examine the relationship among daily social relations and the cultural habits of youthful and their expectation about future. Also was possible to confirm the central hypothesis and its outspread: there is not meaningful differences in youthful expectations in function of diversity of objective situations faced by them and two main tendencies are predominant: i) a meaningful number of youthful investigated present traces of indifference about the future; ii) there are a restrict number of youth unsatisfied, nevertheless with difficulties to see social alternatives. In the end of data examinations was possible realize that investigated youth reflect the tendencies of social phenomena of impoverishment of experience, which, in its turn, conduct to conformation of consciousness and of expectations / Este trabalho tem como problema central compreender o que pensam os jovens, estudantes do ensino médio, sobre educação e trabalho em relação ao futuro, tendo como referência suas próprias experiências. Considerando a complexidade do tema, buscou-se melhor definir conceitos já cristalizados, como os de juventude e experiência, a fim de que se pudesse realizar exame mais objetivo e central da questão estudada. Analisar as relações entre juventude, experiência e suas expectativas interessa na medida em que se considera essa fase na qual os estudantes do Ensino Médio se encontram é um importante momento de definições de toda ordem, desde os aspectos biológicos e cognitivos, até os psicológicos e sociais. Esta é uma investigação que tem na teoria crítica da sociedade, Escola de Frankfurt, especialmente a sua primeira geração, a base conceitual – é a partir desta perspectiva teórica que se busca realizar as interpretações dos dados. A pesquisa foi realizada na zona sul da cidade de São Paulo, especificamente na região do Capão Redondo, onde, a partir de quatro escolas selecionadas, obteve-se 314 participantes, os quais aceitaram responder ao questionário proposto. A pesquisa atingiu o objetivo central inicialmente proposto, qual seja: examinar os nexos entre o cotidiano das relações sociais e os hábitos culturais dos jovens e as expectativas que expressam acerca do futuro. Também foi possível confirmar a hipótese central e seus desdobramentos: não há diferenças significativas nas expectativas dos jovens em função da diversidade de situações objetivas enfrentadas por eles e duas tendências principais são predominantes: i) número significativo dos jovens investigados apresentam traços de indiferença quanto ao futuro; ii) há um número restrito de jovens inconformados, todavia com dificuldades de vislumbrar alternativas sociais. Ao final do exame dos dados foi possível perceber que a juventude pesquisada reflete as tendências do fenômeno social do empobrecimento da experiência, o que, por sua vez, leva à conformação de consciências e de expectativas

A intervenção em Orientação Profissional e de Carreira objetiva promover a autonomia e autoconhecimento dos indivíduos, auxiliando na construção de seus projetos de vida. Dentre as técnicas que podem ser utilizadas pelos psicólogos nos processos de intervenção, destaca-se o Teste de Fotos de Profissões - BBT-Br, um teste projetivo que avalia interesses vocacionais. A fim de reunir evidência empírica das hipóteses interpretativas do BBT, este estudo explorou as correlações entre interesses vocacionais e traços de personalidade, avaliados por meio da Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade - BFP. Ainda, objetivou-se ampliar os dados do BBT-Br para estudantes do Ensino Superior, uma vez que a maioria dos estudos com este instrumento centra-se em adolescentes do Ensino Médio. Participaram da pesquisa 906 universitários, de ambos os sexos, com idade média de 23.38 anos (D.P. = 5.18), procedentes de instituições públicas e privadas. Para fins de comparação, foram também consultados protocolos dos estudos normativos do BBT-Br (n = 595 universitários), bem como de uma amostra de 497 adolescentes do 3o ano do Ensino Médio. Os instrumentos foram aplicados coletivamente em sala de aula, a saber: (a) questionário socioprofissional; (b) BBT-Br, em formato de aplicativo para tablets desenvolvido nesse estudo, para uso específico em pesquisa; e (c) BFP. Os dados obtidos por meio do BBT-Br foram exportados para banco de dados, enquanto os referentes ao questionário e à BFP foram digitados em programa computacional. Os resultados dos instrumentos de avaliação psicológica foram sistematizados de acordo com seus referenciais técnicos. Os resultados do BBT-Br foram analisados de forma descritiva e comparados, por meio de testes t de Student, com os referenciais normativos disponíveis e com resultados de uma amostra de estudantes do Ensino Médio. A precisão do BBT-Br foi estimada por sua consistência interna (Alfa de Cronbach). A análise da relação entre as variáveis do BBT-Br e da BFP foi realizada por meio de correlação de Pearson. Já a comparação dos resultados do BBT-Br em função das diferentes áreas do conhecimento foi realizada por meio de análises de variância (ANOVA One Way). Os resultados evidenciaram correlações significativas entre as variáveis do BBT-Br e da BFP, de .25 a .41, especificamente entre: o radical Z, a faceta Interesses por novas ideias e o fator Abertura; o radical V e a faceta Competência do fator Realização; o radical G e a faceta Interesses por novas ideias; o radical O e facetas Comunicação, Dinamismo e o fator Extroversão. Os achados são condizentes com as premissas teóricas do BBT-Br, bem como a literatura científica sobre interesses profissionais e personalidade. Os resultados do BBT-Br apontaram distinções nos índices de produtividade e estruturas de inclinação em função do sexo, escolaridade e área do conhecimento. A precisão variou entre .59 e .85, indicando índices razoáveis de fidedignidade para as duas formas do BBT-Br. As evidências deste estudo, de modo geral, corroboram os pressupostos teóricos dos radicais de inclinação do BBT-Br, por meio da relação com os fatores de personalidade. Ainda, apontam que este instrumento projetivo pareceu avaliar adequadamente os interesses profissionais da amostra de universitários, reforçando indícios de sua utilidade em intervenções de carreira. / Vocational guidance interventions aim to promote individuals\' autonomy and selfknowledge, helping them to construct their life projects. Among the techniques available for psychologists to use in these intervention processes, we highlight the Berufsbilder Test - BBT-Br, a projective test that assess vocational interests. In order to gather empirical evidence of the BBT\'s interpretative hypotheses, this study\'s objective was to explore correlations between vocational interests and personality traits assessed through Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade - BFP. Another objective was to use BBT-Br with college students, since most studies using this instrument focus on adolescents in high school. A total of 906 college students, both sexes, aged 23.38 years old on average (SD = 5.18) from both public and private colleges, were assessed. Protocols of BBT-Br normative studies were also consulted to make comparisons (n = 595 college students), as well as a sample of 497 adolescents attending the 3rd year of high school. The instruments were collectively applied in a classroom, namely: (a) socio-professional questionnaire; (b) BBT-Br, in an app format for tablets specifically to be used in research was developed for this study; and (c) BFP. Data obtained trough BBT-Br were exported to a database while those concerning the BFP questionnaire were entered in a computer program. The results from the psychological assessment instruments were systematized according to their technical frameworks. The BBT-Br results were descriptively analyzed and compared using Student t test with the normative references available and with results from a sample of high school students. Accuracy of BBT-Br was estimated using its internal consistency (Cronbach\'s alpha). Analysis of relationship between the variables of BBTBr and BFP was performed using Pearsons correlations, while the comparison of BBT-Br results regarding the different fields of knowledge was conducted using variance analysis (ANOVA One Way). The results show significant correlations between the variables of both BBT-Br and BFP, from .25 to .41, specifically between: Z radical, Interest for new ideas facet and Openness; V and Competence facet of Conscientiousness factor; G and Interest for new ideas facet; O and Communication and Dynamism facets, and Extraversion factor. These findings are in agreement with the theoretical assumptions of BBT-Br, as well as with the scientific literature addressing vocational interests and personality. The results from BBT-Br indicated distinctions in the indexes of productivity and interest structures based on sex, education, and field of knowledge. Accuracy ranged from .59 and .85, indicating reasonable indexes of reliability for both formats of BBT-Br. In general, evidence from this study corroborates the theoretical assumptions of interest radicals of BBT-Br through relationship with personality factors. The results also indicate this projective instrument properly assessed the vocational interests of the sample of college students, reinforcing its usefulness in career interventions.

The study was designed to provide further empirical data on the career anchor construct. An individual in todays times is likely to make more than one career choice. If the career anchor construct can be used to accurately predict a person environment fit, the construct could prove useful as a diagnostic tool for midcareer individuals. In the study, 300 midcareer employees (managerial and non-managerial) completed questionnaires etermining their dominant career anchor, domi.nant perception of occupational type and levels of general, intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction. Specific aims of the study were, firstly, to determine whether in midcareer there is a relation between career anchor and occupational type (For the purposes of the study, occupational type was measured in terms of the individuals perception of the main aspect that dominates his occupation) and secondly, to determine whether there is a difference in general, intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction between midcareer employees with a fit between career anchor and occupational type and midcareer employees with no such fit. Results of the study indicated a significant relation between career anchor and occupational type for the total sample as well as for the managerial and the non-managerial groups, for almost all of the eight career anchors. A significantly higher level of general and intrinsic job satisfaction was found for the fit group than for the non-fit group, however no such difference was found in extrinsic job satisfaction. No significant differences were found between the managerial and non­ managerial groups. On the basis of the results the conclusion can be made that the career anchor construct can be used effectively to assist midcareer managers and non-managers to make career choices. Career choices based on a fit between career anchor and occupational type are likely to yield a higher level ofeneral and intrinsic job satisfaction. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / MCom (Industrial Psychology)

Vocational interest is a dynamic, subjective, positive attraction towards a job, occupa tion or occupational field, based on the individual's perception of the structure of occupations and situations already experienced or expected to produce pleasurable feelings. Interest test tields are usually statistically derived from characteristics of individuals. This study develops and validates an interest test based on the perceived occupationaI structure. After examining various classification models and occupational classification systems, including work by Holland, Gati and Roe, a new network access model was pro­posed, based on many-to-many correspondence in set theory. Categories are arranged on levels. Choice of a category on one level precludes access to another category on the sanK level, but does not restrict access to categories on other levels. It was hypothesised that occupational structure is perceived to consist of the three levels of lields, environments and duties. Each category is a horizontal sirus group and includes all vertical status levels. Career choice is based on preferences at each level. 1200 jobs have been classified by allocation to one category on each level, and each is described by a field, environment and duty. The field-environment-duty (FED) system was operationalised in a ten minute interest test asking testees to choose from each level the three categories that interest them for a job. Extensive use was made of x to the power of 2 and empty sets to the power of two statistics in analysing nominal measurement scores. The FED test was applied to 1280 school-leavers in Gauteng, South Africa. Research supports Gati's division of occupations into "soft" (people-oriented occupations preferred by females), and "hard" (not-people-oriented occupations preferred by males), and introduces a third "neutral" division which is preferred equally by both males and females. Construct and concurrent validity was shown with the I 9Fll, VIQ, SDS and l6PF. In a four to five year longitudinal study the FED was found to predict future studies (80%) and occupation (86%). Research with working adults found that the FED test predicts concurrent job satisfaction, job tenure and self-assessed performance. Inter-rater reliability in assigning jobs to categories is around 80%. Test-retest reliability was significant to the 0,0001 level using the x to the power of 2 goodness of fit test. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D.Com. (Industrial Psychology)

Anyone desiring to qualify as an accountant or auditor is required to pass an examination as approved by the Public Accountants' and Auditors' Board to establish whether candidates have attained the required standard of academic knowledge in terms of the syllabi laid down by the Board, as well as whether they are able to apply that knowledge in practice (P AAB, 1995). However each year many students fail this very important examination. The reasons for this are not clear and the purpose of this research is to determine whether: personality; vocational interests; intelligence; matriculation Mathematics and home language (English/ Afrikaans) results, predict success in the QE, by comparing a group of successful and unsuccessful QE candidates. The logistic regression, discriminant analysis and t-test statistical procedures, indicated that: warmth (A), liveliness (F), rule-consciousness (G), social boldness (H), apprehension (0), self-reliance (Q2), perfectionism (Q3), tension (Q4), computational interest, social services interest, mechanical interest, Mental Alertness and matriculation home language, are significant factors to consider when identifying candidates likely to be successful in the QE. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / MCOM (Industrial Psychology)

Orientador: Pedro Jose Winterstein / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T22:37:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VendittiJunior_Rubens_M.pdf: 1628545 bytes, checksum: 9b2361dac66c04b5499c6a3ce5297081 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A auto-eficácia se caracteriza como as crenças nas capacidades individuais de organizar e executar cursos de ação, necessários à realização de determinadas tarefas ou feitos dirigidos a uma meta. Engloba processos auto-perceptivos e avaliativos, que relacionam fatores ambientais, pessoais e comportamentais. Neste trabalho, a auto-eficácia é aplicada na compreensão do controle interno das crenças e percepções que envolvem a prática docente em Educação Física (EF), especificamente para a área de EF adaptada (EFA), caracterizada por atender pessoas com necessidades especiais. O fato da EF se configurar repleta de conteúdos e atividades práticas e corporais, reforça a necessidade em se compreender o fenômeno da auto-eficácia de maneira singular e sistematizada. Além disso, os critérios disciplinares e métodos avaliativos; espaço das aulas e seus conteúdos práticos; realçam a necessidade de atenção especial a detalhes diferenciais da EF. A problemática se encontra na análise das possíveis contribuições da auto-eficácia e suas associações com: satisfação, preferência de atuação profissional e disposição para continuidade docente em EF. Além disso, surgem associações na percepção de competências, segurança, engajamento e domínio de conteúdos para atuação docente no ambiente da EF inclusiva. Por meio de dois instrumentos aplicados em 44 profissionais atuantes na área, destacam-se alguns fatores e aspectos relacionados à auto-eficácia docente. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam as associações da auto-eficácia com a questão motivacional do professor, através de sua satisfação pessoal e disposição para continuar na carreira docente, bem como os níveis de esforço e persistência. Também aparecem relações a respeito da influência da formação profissional e a configuração da auto-eficácia para o profissional de EF, que valoriza sobremaneira as expectativas de resultados, os desempenhos e a avaliação direta das atividades corporais de seus alunos, como parâmetros a respeito de suas capacidades de ensinar. Verificou-se que outras fontes são também importantes na formação da eficácia docente e existem inúmeras possibilidades para desenvolver estas crenças ainda precocemente. Dentre os profissionais entrevistados, os maiores níveis de auto-eficácia docente estavam entre os professores com preferências de atuação em treinamento esportivo, seguidos por aqueles com escolha na atuação em EFA. A perspectiva social cognitiva e as propostas de ensino reflexivo configuraram-se excelentes referenciais, comuns para as discussões sobre as crenças docentes, formação profissional e atuação em EF e EFA / Abstract: Analysis of the teacher self-efficacy of Physical Education Instructors The self-efficacy is characterized as the beliefs on the individual capacities of organizing and executing courses of action, which are necessary to the achievement of certain tasks directed to a goal setted. Includes self-perceptive and evaluation effects that relate environmental, personal and behavioral factors. In this study, the self-efficacy is applied on the comprehension of the internal control of belief perception which involves the teaching in Physical Education (PE), specifically for the Adapted Physical Education (APE) area, characterized for attending handicapped people with special necessities. The fact of the PE configures itself full of contends and practical body activities strenghns the need of understanding the phenomenon of the self-efficacy in a singular and sistemized way. Besides, the discipline criteria and evaluate methods, space of the classes and its practical contends, show the need of special atention to differencial details of the PE. The question is the analysis of the possible contributions of the self-efficacy and its association with the satisfaction, professional acting preferences and avalability for the PE teaching continuity. Moreover, associations to the perception of competence arise, as well the security, engagement and contend mastery for the PE teaching in the inclusive PE environment. Through 3 instruments applied on 44 acting professionals of the field, we can highlight some factors and aspects related to teacher self efficacy. The results show the associations of the self-efficacy with the motivational questions of the teacher through their personal satisfaction and avalability to continue with the teacher PE career, as well the levels of efforts and persistance. There are also relations related to the professional career influence and the self-efficacy configuration to the PE professional, which really worships the outcome expectations, the performance and the direct evaluation of the body activities of its students as parameters related to the teaching skills. We also verify that other sources are important for the construction of the teaching efficacy, and there are uncountable possibilities for early developing of these beliefs. Among the interviewed professionals the highest levels of teacher self-efficacy were the teachers with preferences of acting on the sportive trainning area, followed by those who chose the APE. The social cognitive perspective and the proposals of the reflexive teaching showed themselves as excellent referencials, and complement the discussion about the teaching beliefs, professional career and PE or APE educational acting / Mestrado / Pedagogia do Movimento / Mestre em Educação Física

A intervenção em Orientação Profissional e de Carreira objetiva promover a autonomia e autoconhecimento dos indivíduos, auxiliando na construção de seus projetos de vida. Dentre as técnicas que podem ser utilizadas pelos psicólogos nos processos de intervenção, destaca-se o Teste de Fotos de Profissões - BBT-Br, um teste projetivo que avalia interesses vocacionais. A fim de reunir evidência empírica das hipóteses interpretativas do BBT, este estudo explorou as correlações entre interesses vocacionais e traços de personalidade, avaliados por meio da Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade - BFP. Ainda, objetivou-se ampliar os dados do BBT-Br para estudantes do Ensino Superior, uma vez que a maioria dos estudos com este instrumento centra-se em adolescentes do Ensino Médio. Participaram da pesquisa 906 universitários, de ambos os sexos, com idade média de 23.38 anos (D.P. = 5.18), procedentes de instituições públicas e privadas. Para fins de comparação, foram também consultados protocolos dos estudos normativos do BBT-Br (n = 595 universitários), bem como de uma amostra de 497 adolescentes do 3o ano do Ensino Médio. Os instrumentos foram aplicados coletivamente em sala de aula, a saber: (a) questionário socioprofissional; (b) BBT-Br, em formato de aplicativo para tablets desenvolvido nesse estudo, para uso específico em pesquisa; e (c) BFP. Os dados obtidos por meio do BBT-Br foram exportados para banco de dados, enquanto os referentes ao questionário e à BFP foram digitados em programa computacional. Os resultados dos instrumentos de avaliação psicológica foram sistematizados de acordo com seus referenciais técnicos. Os resultados do BBT-Br foram analisados de forma descritiva e comparados, por meio de testes t de Student, com os referenciais normativos disponíveis e com resultados de uma amostra de estudantes do Ensino Médio. A precisão do BBT-Br foi estimada por sua consistência interna (Alfa de Cronbach). A análise da relação entre as variáveis do BBT-Br e da BFP foi realizada por meio de correlação de Pearson. Já a comparação dos resultados do BBT-Br em função das diferentes áreas do conhecimento foi realizada por meio de análises de variância (ANOVA One Way). Os resultados evidenciaram correlações significativas entre as variáveis do BBT-Br e da BFP, de .25 a .41, especificamente entre: o radical Z, a faceta Interesses por novas ideias e o fator Abertura; o radical V e a faceta Competência do fator Realização; o radical G e a faceta Interesses por novas ideias; o radical O e facetas Comunicação, Dinamismo e o fator Extroversão. Os achados são condizentes com as premissas teóricas do BBT-Br, bem como a literatura científica sobre interesses profissionais e personalidade. Os resultados do BBT-Br apontaram distinções nos índices de produtividade e estruturas de inclinação em função do sexo, escolaridade e área do conhecimento. A precisão variou entre .59 e .85, indicando índices razoáveis de fidedignidade para as duas formas do BBT-Br. As evidências deste estudo, de modo geral, corroboram os pressupostos teóricos dos radicais de inclinação do BBT-Br, por meio da relação com os fatores de personalidade. Ainda, apontam que este instrumento projetivo pareceu avaliar adequadamente os interesses profissionais da amostra de universitários, reforçando indícios de sua utilidade em intervenções de carreira. / Vocational guidance interventions aim to promote individuals\' autonomy and selfknowledge, helping them to construct their life projects. Among the techniques available for psychologists to use in these intervention processes, we highlight the Berufsbilder Test - BBT-Br, a projective test that assess vocational interests. In order to gather empirical evidence of the BBT\'s interpretative hypotheses, this study\'s objective was to explore correlations between vocational interests and personality traits assessed through Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade - BFP. Another objective was to use BBT-Br with college students, since most studies using this instrument focus on adolescents in high school. A total of 906 college students, both sexes, aged 23.38 years old on average (SD = 5.18) from both public and private colleges, were assessed. Protocols of BBT-Br normative studies were also consulted to make comparisons (n = 595 college students), as well as a sample of 497 adolescents attending the 3rd year of high school. The instruments were collectively applied in a classroom, namely: (a) socio-professional questionnaire; (b) BBT-Br, in an app format for tablets specifically to be used in research was developed for this study; and (c) BFP. Data obtained trough BBT-Br were exported to a database while those concerning the BFP questionnaire were entered in a computer program. The results from the psychological assessment instruments were systematized according to their technical frameworks. The BBT-Br results were descriptively analyzed and compared using Student t test with the normative references available and with results from a sample of high school students. Accuracy of BBT-Br was estimated using its internal consistency (Cronbach\'s alpha). Analysis of relationship between the variables of BBTBr and BFP was performed using Pearsons correlations, while the comparison of BBT-Br results regarding the different fields of knowledge was conducted using variance analysis (ANOVA One Way). The results show significant correlations between the variables of both BBT-Br and BFP, from .25 to .41, specifically between: Z radical, Interest for new ideas facet and Openness; V and Competence facet of Conscientiousness factor; G and Interest for new ideas facet; O and Communication and Dynamism facets, and Extraversion factor. These findings are in agreement with the theoretical assumptions of BBT-Br, as well as with the scientific literature addressing vocational interests and personality. The results from BBT-Br indicated distinctions in the indexes of productivity and interest structures based on sex, education, and field of knowledge. Accuracy ranged from .59 and .85, indicating reasonable indexes of reliability for both formats of BBT-Br. In general, evidence from this study corroborates the theoretical assumptions of interest radicals of BBT-Br through relationship with personality factors. The results also indicate this projective instrument properly assessed the vocational interests of the sample of college students, reinforcing its usefulness in career interventions.

No description available.

Die Gestaltung berufsorientierender Lehr- und Lernprozesse für Naturwissenschaft und Technik besitzt insbesondere vor dem immer wieder diskutierten Fachkräftemangel in diesem Bereich eine zentrale Bedeutung. In diesem Sinne soll Berufsorientierung für Naturwissenschaft und Technik dazu beitragen, dass Lernende naturwissenschaftsbezogene Berufe als Option für die Gestaltung der eigenen Ausbildungs- und Berufsbiographie wahrnehmen. Um diese Funktion zu realisieren, sind Maßnahmen notwendig, die auf eine Veränderung der für die Berufswahl relevanten Schüler-merkmale fokussieren. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde daher zunächst der Stand der Forschung zu Modellen der Berufswahl sowie empirischen Studien hinsichtlich der für die Berufsentscheidung bedeutsamen Schülermerkmale analysiert. Als Handlungskonsequenzen für die Gestaltung schulischer Berufsorientierungsprozesse hat sich ergeben, dass zum einen Interesse und Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept gefördert werden müssen, um die Entscheidung für ein naturwissenschaftlich-technisches Studium zu begünstigen. Über die Förderung von Interesse und Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept hinaus bedarf es zum anderen im Sinne einer nachhaltigen Berufsorientierung der Ausbildung naturwissenschaftlich-technischer Kompetenzen hinreichender Qualität sowie wahrscheinlich der Entwicklung eines realistischen Berufskonzepts. Die ebenfalls im theoretischen Teil der Arbeit vorgenommene Analyse von best-practice-Beispielen an explizit berufsorientierenden Maßnahmen hat gezeigt, dass insbesondere eine in den Fachunterricht integrierte Berufsorientierung besonders wirksam ist. Jedoch gibt es hierfür bisher keine tragfähigen Ansätze, die alle genannten Aspekte miteinander verknüpfen. Es bedarf somit einer konkreten konzeptionellen Grundlage. Da im Rahmen einer in den Fachunterricht integrierten Berufsorientierung die Arbeit von Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaftlern neben den natur- und ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Fachinhalten zu einem expliziten Aneignungsgegenstand wird, ist eine valide Beschreibung dieser notwendige Voraussetzung für die konzeptionelle Umsetzung. Diese stellt jedoch ebenso wie der Gestaltungsansatz eine Lücke der Forschung und Entwicklung im Bereich der Berufsorientierung bzw. Naturwissenschaftsdidaktik dar. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde daher zunächst die Arbeit von Naturwissenschaftlern und Ingenieuren beschrieben und strukturiert. Um dann auf dieser Basis ein Ansatz zur Gestaltung integrierter Berufsorientierung zu entwickeln. Darüber hinaus wurden im Sinne einer passfähigen Berufsorientierung die Kenntnisse von Lernenden über die Arbeit von Naturwissenschaftlern und Ingenieuren und der Zusammenhang zwischen einem realistischen Berufskonzept und der Ausbildung natur- und ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Berufserwartungen untersucht. Denn obwohl stets die Bedeutung von Berufskenntnissen betont wird, kann diese nur normativ begründet werden, da belastbare Forschungsergebnisse fehlen. In den Teilen II bis IV der Arbeit wurden somit folgende Problemfelder nacheinander bearbeitet: - die Beschreibung und Strukturierung der Arbeit von Naturwissenschaftlern und Ingenieuren (= Teil II); - die Ermittlung der Kenntnisse von Lernenden über die Arbeit von Naturwissenschaftlern und Ingenieuren sowie deren Einfluss auf die Ausbildung naturwissenschaftlicher bzw. technischer Berufserwartungen (= Teil III); - die Entwicklung eines Ansatzes für die Gestaltung berufsorientierender Konzepte im Rahmen des Naturwissenschaftsunterrichts (= Teil IV). Für die Charakterisierung der Arbeit von Naturwissenschaftlern und Ingenieuren konnte nicht auf bestehende Erkenntnisse zurückgegriffen werden. Denn in anderen Forschungsgebieten wie z. B. der Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie oder der berufswissenschaftlichen Forschung, werden lediglich Ausschnitte natur- und ingenieurwissenschaftliche Arbeit unter jeweils wissen-schaftsspezifischen Fragestellungen analysiert. Eine systematische für berufsorientierende Lehr- und Lernprozesse geeignete Aufarbeitung fehlt bisher. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde daher in der ersten empirischen Studie auf Basis berufswissenschaftlicher Arbeitsanalysen in Unternehmen sowie Forschungseinrichtungen zentrale Initiierungskontexte und Arbeitsaufträge naturwissenschaftlicher bzw. ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Arbeit bestimmt. Die Arbeitsanalyse stellt eine Kombination verschiedener qualitativer Befragungs- und Beobachtungsmethoden zur Erfassung der Arbeitswelt dar. Die ermittelten Daten wurden mittels eines in Anlehnung an die strukturierende Inhaltsanalyse von Mayring entwickelten Auswertungssystems analysiert. Hierdurch konnte ein Überblick zu den typischen Initiierungskontexten und Arbeitsaufträgen sowie den jeweils zugehörigen Arbeitsaufgaben natur- und ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Arbeit ermittelt werden. Für die berufsspezifische Beschreibung wurde ein Perspektivwechsel von einer auftragsbezogenen zu einer berufsbezogenen Betrachtung vorgenommen. Dies bedeutet, dass die innerhalb eines Arbeitsauftrags anfallenden Arbeitsaufgaben bzw. Arbeitsaufgabenkomplexe dem Beruf des Naturwissenschaftlers oder Ingenieurs zugeordnet und kategorisiert worden sind. Ergebnis dieses Prozesses war, dass die von Naturwissenschaftlern und Ingenieuren übernommene Arbeit mittels berufsspezifischen Kernarbeitsaufträge und -aufgaben sowie berufsübergreifenden Managementaufgaben und Transferaufgaben beschrieben werden können. Diese Kategorisierung natur- bzw. ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Arbeit war Grundlage für die Erfassung der Berufskenntnisse. Ziel der zweiten Studie war, das bei den Lernenden bestehende Konzept über die Arbeit von Naturwissenschaftlern und Ingenieuren zu charakterisieren sowie dessen Bedeutsamkeit für die Ausbildung natur- bzw. ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Berufserwartungen zu bestimmen. Hierfür wurden Gymnasiasten der 10. und 11. Klasse (N = 450) ein Testinstrument zur Erhebung der Berufskenntnisse sowie ein Fragebogen zur Erfassung der Berufswünsche und weiterer berufswahlrelevanter Merkmale vorgelegt. Für die Auswertung der erhobenen Daten wurden zur Beschreibung des Berufskonzepts deskriptive Methoden eingesetzt und für die Bestimmung der Bedeutsamkeit von Berufskenntnissen logistische Regressionsmodelle spezifiziert sowie Mediationseffekte mittels Bootstrapping geprüft. Hinsichtlich der Kenntnis natur- und ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Arbeit wurde deutlich, dass Lernende bereits einen guten Überblick über die zentralen Arbeitsaufträge von Naturwissenschaftlern und Ingenieuren besitzen, jedoch die bei der Bearbeitung auftretenden Arbeitsaufgaben kaum kennen sowie natur- und ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Arbeit nur un-genügend zu entsprechender Facharbeit abgrenzen können. Bezogen auf die Bedeutsamkeit von Berufskenntnissen konnte gezeigt werden, dass lediglich ausgewählte Aspekte in einem Zusammenhang mit natur- bzw. ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Berufserwartungen stehen. Für die Ausbildung von naturwissenschaftlichen Berufswünschen sind dies die Kenntnis der Transferaufgaben sowie die Abgrenzung von natur- zu ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Arbeit. Für die Ausbildung von ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Berufswünschen sind dies hingegen die Kenntnis der Kernarbeitsaufträge sowie die Abgrenzung von ingenieurwissenschaftlicher zu betriebswirtschaftlicher Arbeit. Die Ergebnisse verweisen darauf, dass berufsorientierende Lehr- und Lernprozesse neben naturwissenschaftlich-technischen Interessen und Fähigkeiten auch die Ausbildung eines realistischen Berufskonzeptes fördern müssen. In Bezug zu den Ergebnissen beider empirischer Studien wurden abschließend Kriterien und Ziele berufsorientierender Lehr- und Lernprozesse differenziert sowie ein konkreter Gestaltungsansatz entwickelt und hinsichtlich einer projektorientierten Umsetzung untersetzt Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurde weiterhin ein Ansatz zur Gestaltung von in den naturwissenschaftlichen Fachunterricht inte-grierten Berufsorientierungsprojekten unter Rückgriff auf kontextorientierte bzw. berufsbildende Ansätze entworfen. Grundlegendes Prinzip des Konzepts ist die Konfrontation der Lernenden mit didaktisch-aufbereiteten beruflichen Arbeitsaufträgen des Naturwissenschaftlers bzw. Ingenieurs. Zur Bearbeitung des Auftrags sind die damit verbundenen Arbeitsaufgaben auszuführen. Hierbei wird von den Lernenden das erforderliche naturwissenschaftliche Know-how angewendet bzw. angeeignet. Weiterhin erschließen sich die Lernenden die Arbeitswelt von Ingenieuren bzw. Naturwissenschaftlern aktiv. Perspektivisch ist dieser Ansatz weiterzuentwickeln und hinsichtlich seiner Wirksamkeit zu evaluieren. Hierbei eröffnen sich Potentiale an die Evaluation berufsorientierender Konzepte weiterführende Forschungsfragen hinsichtlich des Zusammenhangs zwischen von Berufskenntnissen und Berufserwartungen zu koppeln.

Thesis (MA(Industrial Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Organisations have come to exist for a definite purpose, which is to combine and transform scarce factors of production into products and services with maximum economic utility. They strive to attain the highest possible output of need satisfying products and/or services with the lowest possible input of production factors. In order to achieve the level of growth and development required to enable it to compete in a climate of fierce international competition from other developed countries, post – apartheid South Africa needs a focused, motivated and skilled workforce. Yet, the current reality is often that of South African companies’ being handicapped by an under-skilled and, frequently, under-performing workforce. In addition, tertiary institutions experience low pass rates and high attrition rates among previously disadvantaged students, despite efforts to provide extra academic support and enrichment programmes. In this study, it is believed that one aspect of the difficult that many disadvantaged students have to achieve either in tertiary study or in the workplace, can be attributed to the lack of career maturity of such learners to make optimal career choices. The main objective of this study was to perform an audit of levels of career maturity of a sample of disadvantaged learners from the Western Cape. Another goal of the research was to attempt to investigate some envisaged determinants of career maturity in an effort to isolate those that presented as having the strongest influence on career maturity levels. A model was developed to illustrate these determinants and their envisaged effect which was tested among previously disadvantaged learners in the Western Cape.