A crescente urbanização e modernização leva a população a passar cada vez mais tempo em ambientes fechados e com climatização artificial. Estes ambientes são propícios para o desenvolvimento de contaminantes, como compostos orgânicos voláteis e microrganismos, os quais estão diretamente relacionados a problemas de saúde. Neste trabalho, propõe-se o uso de fotocatálise heterogênea para remoção de poluentes orgânicos presentes no ar. O semicondutor escolhido como fotocatalisador para este trabalho foi o óxido de zinco, que possui uma grande capacidade de absorção de luz UV. Inicialmente um estudo sistemático das condições de síntese de microestruturas de ZnO imobilizadas sobre diferentes substratos foi realizado com base em um planejamento de experimentos composto central circunscrito. Foram avaliadas as razões molares dos reagentes NaOH e D-frutose em relação à quantidade de Zn2+ presente no meio reacional, o tempo e a temperatura de síntese. A variável de resposta do sistema foi a porcentagem de degradação de rodamina B sob irradiação de luz ultravioleta por uma hora. Este corante é comumente usado como molécula alvo em ensaios de degradação fotocatalítica servindo de padrão para avaliação da eficiência do catalisador. Os materiais utilizados como substratos para o crescimento das microestruturas foram vidro, cobre e zinco. Os testes realizados permitiram concluir que, dentre os materiais estudados, substrato de zinco é o mais promissor, apresentando uma porcentagem de degradação máxima de 80%. Em relação às condições de síntese, os gráficos de contorno permitem identificar uma região de máxima resposta para o substrato zinco. As variáveis mais significativas do modelo estudado foram a quantidade de NaOH e a temperatura de síntese. Para a segunda etapa desta pesquisa, dois compostos facilmente encontrados em ambientes fechados – limoneno e acetona – foram utilizados como moléculas alvo de compostos orgânicos voláteis. Foram utilizados três reatores com configurações diferentes e três fotocatalisadores para o estudo de degradação fotocatalítica – TiO2 P25, ZnO Merck e nanobastões de ZnO sintetizados em laboratório. Os resultados indicam que o TiO2 apresenta uma maior facilidade de degradação de limoneno do que ZnO, totalizando uma remoção de 70% e 45%, respectivamente. O oposto acontece para acetona, onde ZnO apresentou uma degradação total de 61% e TiO2 48%. Nanobastões de ZnO foram responsáveis pela remoção de menos de 10% de limoneno. Estes resultados indicam a relação da atividade fotocatalítica com a interação entre estrutura do fotocatalisador/molécula alvo. / The increasing urbanization and modernization have led people to spend more and more time indoors and with artificial air conditioning. Such environments are conducive to the development of contaminants, such as volatile organic compounds and microorganisms, which are directly related to health issues. In this work, we propose the use of heterogeneous photocatalysis for organic pollutants removal in air. The semiconductor chosen as photocatalyst for this study was zinc oxide, a material with great UV light absorption capacity. Initially a systematic study of the ZnO microstructures synthesis conditions immobilized on different substrates was performed. In order to do so, a circumscribed central composite design of experiments was developed for each substrate. The reactants molar ratio – NaOH/Zn and Zn/Fructose –, time and temperature of synthesis were evaluated. The response variable was rhodamine B (RhB) degradation percentage using UV light for one hour. This dye is commonly used as a target molecule, been referred as standard test to evaluate the photocatalyst efficiency. The materials used as substrates for microstructures growth were glass, copper and zinc. The experiments shoed that, among the studied materials, zinc substrate is the most promising, with a maximum (RhB) degradation of 80%. Regarding the synthesis condition, the contour plots allow the identification of a maximum response region for the zinc substrate. The most significant variables from the studied model were the molar ratio NaOH/Zn and synthesis temperature. For the following step in this work, two compounds easily found indoors – limonene and acetone – were used as target molecules of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Three reactors with different configurations, and three photocatalysts – TiO2 P25, ZnO Merck and synthesized ZnO nanorods – were used for the study of photocatalytic degradation. The results indicate that TiO2 has a greater ease of limonene degradation than ZnO, with a total removal of 70% e 45%, respectively. The opposite happens to acetone, where ZnO showed an overall degradation of 61 e 48%, respectively. ZnO nanorods were responsible for less than 10% of limonene removal. This results indicate a relation between photocatalytic activity and photocatalyst structure/target molecule.

Les travaux développés dans ce manuscrit de thèse entrent dans le cadre du projet européen intitulé « Hearten », « A co-operative mHealth environment targeting adherence and management of patients suffering from Heart Failure (HF) ». Les acteurs de ce projet cherchent à développer une plateforme réseau multi compétences dont le but est le diagnostic précoce et le suivi des patients atteints d'insuffisance cardiaque. Elle permet l'enregistrement de différents paramètres vitaux de ces patients, comme la pression artérielle, le poids, les biomolécules contenus dans les biofluides, et leur consultation immédiate par les différents acteurs en charge du suivi des patients. L'objectif des travaux de recherche présentés dans ce manuscrit est de développer un capteur de gaz conductimétrique portable et miniaturisé, permettant la mesure en temps réel des VOCs caractéristiques du syndrome HF dans l'air expiré par les patients. La molécule d'acétone, connue dans la littérature pour être l'un des biomarqueurs les plus discriminants d'HF, a été particulièrement ciblée. Le capteur ainsi conçu est formé de paires de microélectrodes interdigitées (µIDEs) en or déposées sur substrat de silicium. La partie sensible du capteur consiste en une membrane polymérique électro-déposée à la surface du capteur qui est sensible à l'acétone. Les paramètres géométriques des µIDES ont été analysés et optimisés au cours de ces travaux afin d'améliorer la réponse et la sensibilité du capteur. Une plateforme d'analyse des gaz contenant l'ensemble de l'instrumentation associée à notre capteur a été développé. Les paramètres de l'instrumentation ont également été analysés et optimisés dans le même but. Nous avons ainsi étudié deux types de membranes polymériques sensibles à l'acétone. La première couche sensible développée est basée sur la co-polymérisation d'un polymère et de nanomatériaux dopants, le chitosan et les zéolites. La seconde couche sensible développée est quant à elle basée sur la co-polymérisation de polypyrrole et de métallophthalocyanines. Le capteur développé présente des performances optimales pour ce projet, dont notamment une limite de détection de l'ordre du ppm, ainsi que des temps de réponse et de recouvrement très courts. L'utilisation de ce capteur dans le cas de mesures cliniques est ainsi très prometteuse puisqu'il permet d'analyser plusieurs échantillons en temps réel, et ceux sur une durée de fonctionnement de plus d'une semaine. Le diagnostic rapide et la prise en charge du patient est donc facilité grâce à ce dispositif, dont les couts de fabrication sont très réduits / The work presented in this manuscript is part of the European project « Hearten », « A co-operative mHealth environment targeting adherence and management of patients suffering from Heart Failure (HF) ». The actors of this project are seeking for developing a multi-competence network platform whose goal is the early diagnosis and follow-up of patients with heart failure. It allows the recording of various vital parameters of these patients, such as blood pressure, weight, biomolecules contained in biofluids, and their immediate consultation by the different actors in charge of patient follow-up.The objective of research presented in this manuscript is to develop a portable conductometric gas sensor, allowing the measurement of characteristic VOCs of HF syndrome in exhaled air by patients. Acetone molecule, known in the literature as one of the most discriminating biomarkers of HF, has been particularly targeted. The sensor thus designed is based on pairs of gold interdigitated microelectrode etched on a silicon substrate. The sensitive part of the sensor consists of a polymeric membrane sensitive to acetone and electro-deposited on the surface of the sensor. The geometrical parameters of the µIDES have been analyzed and optimized during these works to improve the response and sensitivity of the sensor. A gas analysis platform including all the instrumentation associated with our sensor has been developed. The instrumentation parameters have also been analyzed and optimized for the same purpose.We studied two types of polymeric membranes sensitive to acetone. The first sensitive layer developed was based on the co-polymerization of a polymer and doping nanomaterials, chitosan and zeolites. The second sensitive layer developed was based on the co-polymerization of polypyrrole and metallophthalocyanines. The developed sensor provides optimal performance for this project, including a detection limit in the order of ppm level, as well as very short response and recovery times. The sensor can therefore be considered in the case of clinical measurements.The use of this sensor in the case of clinical measurements is very promising because it allows to analyze several samples in real time, and those over a period of operation of more than one week. Rapid diagnosis and patient management is therefore facilitated by this device, whose manufacturing costs are very low

abstract: The accurate and fast determination of organic air pollutants for many applications and studies is critical. Exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has become an important public health concern, which may induce a lot of health effects such as respiratory irritation, headaches and dizziness. In order to monitor the personal VOCs exposure level at point-of-care, a wearable real time monitor for VOCs detection is necessary. For it to be useful in real world application, it requires low cost, small size and weight, low power consumption, high sensitivity and selectivity. To meet these requirements, a novel mobile device for personal VOCs exposure monitor has been developed. The key sensing element is a disposable molecularly imprinted polymer based quartz tuning fork resonator. The sensor and fabrication protocol are low cost, reproducible and stable. Characterization on the sensing material and device has been done. Comparisons with gold standards in the field such as GC-MS have been conducted. And the device’s functionality and capability have been validated in field tests, proving that it’s a great tool for VOCs monitoring under different scenarios. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Chemical Engineering 2017

abstract: One out of ten women has a difficult time getting or staying pregnant in the United States. Recent studies have identified aging as one of the key factors attributed to a decline in female reproductive health. Existing fertility diagnostic methods do not allow for the non-invasive monitoring of hormone levels across time. In recent years, olfactory sensing has emerged as a promising diagnostic tool for its potential for real-time, non-invasive monitoring. This technology has been proven promising in the areas of oncology, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Little work, however, has addressed the use of olfactory sensing with respect to female fertility. In this work, we perform a study on ten healthy female subjects to determine the volatile signature in biological samples across 28 days, correlating to fertility hormones. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in the air above the biological sample, or headspace, were collected by solid phase microextraction (SPME), using a 50/30 µm divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) coated fiber. Samples were analyzed, using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). A regression model was used to identify key analytes, corresponding to the fertility hormones estrogen and progesterone. Results indicate shifts in volatile signatures in biological samples across the 28 days, relevant to hormonal changes. Further work includes evaluating metabolic changes in volatile hormone expression as an early indicator of declining fertility, so women may one day be able to monitor their reproductive health in real-time as they age. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biomedical Engineering 2018

A crescente urbanização e modernização leva a população a passar cada vez mais tempo em ambientes fechados e com climatização artificial. Estes ambientes são propícios para o desenvolvimento de contaminantes, como compostos orgânicos voláteis e microrganismos, os quais estão diretamente relacionados a problemas de saúde. Neste trabalho, propõe-se o uso de fotocatálise heterogênea para remoção de poluentes orgânicos presentes no ar. O semicondutor escolhido como fotocatalisador para este trabalho foi o óxido de zinco, que possui uma grande capacidade de absorção de luz UV. Inicialmente um estudo sistemático das condições de síntese de microestruturas de ZnO imobilizadas sobre diferentes substratos foi realizado com base em um planejamento de experimentos composto central circunscrito. Foram avaliadas as razões molares dos reagentes NaOH e D-frutose em relação à quantidade de Zn2+ presente no meio reacional, o tempo e a temperatura de síntese. A variável de resposta do sistema foi a porcentagem de degradação de rodamina B sob irradiação de luz ultravioleta por uma hora. Este corante é comumente usado como molécula alvo em ensaios de degradação fotocatalítica servindo de padrão para avaliação da eficiência do catalisador. Os materiais utilizados como substratos para o crescimento das microestruturas foram vidro, cobre e zinco. Os testes realizados permitiram concluir que, dentre os materiais estudados, substrato de zinco é o mais promissor, apresentando uma porcentagem de degradação máxima de 80%. Em relação às condições de síntese, os gráficos de contorno permitem identificar uma região de máxima resposta para o substrato zinco. As variáveis mais significativas do modelo estudado foram a quantidade de NaOH e a temperatura de síntese. Para a segunda etapa desta pesquisa, dois compostos facilmente encontrados em ambientes fechados – limoneno e acetona – foram utilizados como moléculas alvo de compostos orgânicos voláteis. Foram utilizados três reatores com configurações diferentes e três fotocatalisadores para o estudo de degradação fotocatalítica – TiO2 P25, ZnO Merck e nanobastões de ZnO sintetizados em laboratório. Os resultados indicam que o TiO2 apresenta uma maior facilidade de degradação de limoneno do que ZnO, totalizando uma remoção de 70% e 45%, respectivamente. O oposto acontece para acetona, onde ZnO apresentou uma degradação total de 61% e TiO2 48%. Nanobastões de ZnO foram responsáveis pela remoção de menos de 10% de limoneno. Estes resultados indicam a relação da atividade fotocatalítica com a interação entre estrutura do fotocatalisador/molécula alvo. / The increasing urbanization and modernization have led people to spend more and more time indoors and with artificial air conditioning. Such environments are conducive to the development of contaminants, such as volatile organic compounds and microorganisms, which are directly related to health issues. In this work, we propose the use of heterogeneous photocatalysis for organic pollutants removal in air. The semiconductor chosen as photocatalyst for this study was zinc oxide, a material with great UV light absorption capacity. Initially a systematic study of the ZnO microstructures synthesis conditions immobilized on different substrates was performed. In order to do so, a circumscribed central composite design of experiments was developed for each substrate. The reactants molar ratio – NaOH/Zn and Zn/Fructose –, time and temperature of synthesis were evaluated. The response variable was rhodamine B (RhB) degradation percentage using UV light for one hour. This dye is commonly used as a target molecule, been referred as standard test to evaluate the photocatalyst efficiency. The materials used as substrates for microstructures growth were glass, copper and zinc. The experiments shoed that, among the studied materials, zinc substrate is the most promising, with a maximum (RhB) degradation of 80%. Regarding the synthesis condition, the contour plots allow the identification of a maximum response region for the zinc substrate. The most significant variables from the studied model were the molar ratio NaOH/Zn and synthesis temperature. For the following step in this work, two compounds easily found indoors – limonene and acetone – were used as target molecules of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Three reactors with different configurations, and three photocatalysts – TiO2 P25, ZnO Merck and synthesized ZnO nanorods – were used for the study of photocatalytic degradation. The results indicate that TiO2 has a greater ease of limonene degradation than ZnO, with a total removal of 70% e 45%, respectively. The opposite happens to acetone, where ZnO showed an overall degradation of 61 e 48%, respectively. ZnO nanorods were responsible for less than 10% of limonene removal. This results indicate a relation between photocatalytic activity and photocatalyst structure/target molecule.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafaela Souza Santos - 2015.pdf: 7723635 bytes, checksum: 89791ae5835c5b06e83c5e64b4a28bb5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The issue of pollution is not new. The burning of biomass used for heat generation already was beginning to anthropogenic processes of air pollution. The pollutants are in the atmosphere in solid, liquid and gaseous state. The set of solid and liquid particles is called particulate matter (PM), and the other form the set of gaseous pollutants. The MP covers a range of 0.1-100 microns and varies greatly in size composition, emission sources and adverse effects on health. The gaseous compounds are formed mostly of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are organic compounds which are gaseous at room temperature. These pollutants can be emitted by natural and anthropogenic sources, among which stand out the combustion processes and soil dust resuspension by wind action. The city of Catalão - GO has grown greatly in recent years, mainly due to the arrival of mining in the city exploring the carbonatite complexes Catalão I and Catalão II. The aim of this study was to monitor the atmospheric air in a region of the city of Catalan through the sampling and analysis of PM and VOCs. Samples MP, which occurred every six days over a period of 24 hours, were carried out for TSP, PM10 and PM2,5 in HI-VOL samplers suitable for each particle size. Gravimetric analysis indicated that the measured concentrations are in accordance with the standards set by law. The elementary MP analysis was performed by EDXRF technique and indicated that the elements present are mostly from vehicle emissions and resuspended soil dust by the wind. Sampling was performed by VOCs microextraction technique of solid phase (SPME - solid phase microextraction) twice a week for 12 hours. The analysis of the sampled VOCs was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC / MS - gas chromatography mass spectrometry) in which the compounds were identified by comparison with a NIST library / MS (National Institute of Standards and Technology / Mass Spectral) present in the equipment. The identification of these compounds indicated a strong influence of vehicle emissions in the composition of atmospheric air. / A questão da poluição não é algo recente. A queima de biomassa utilizada para geração de calor já dava início aos processos antrópicos de poluição atmosférica. Os poluentes encontram-se na atmosfera nos estados sólido, líquido e gasoso. O conjunto das partículas sólidas e líquidas constitui o chamado material particulado (MP), e as demais formam o conjunto de poluentes gasosos. O MP abrange uma faixa de tamanho entre 0,1-100 e varia em tamanho, composição, fontes de emissão e efeitos adversos causados a saúde. Os compostos gasosos são formados em sua maioria pelos compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs), que são compostos orgânicos que encontram-se no estado gasoso em temperatura ambiente. Esses poluentes podem ser lançados na atmosfera por fontes naturais e antrópicas, dentre as quais destacam-se os processos de combustão e ressuspensão da poeira do solo por ação dos ventos. A cidade de Catalão GO tem crescido bastante nos últimos anos, principalmente devido a chegada de mineradoras na cidade que exploram os complexos carbonatíticos de Catalão I e Catalão II. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o monitoramento do ar atmosférico em uma região da cidade de Catalão pela amostragem e análise de MP e COVs. As amostragens de MP, que aconteceram a cada seis dias por um período de 24 horas, foram realizadas para PTS, MP10 e MP2,5 em amostradores de grande volume adequados para cada tamanho de partícula. A análise gravimétrica indicou que os as concentrações medidas estão de acordo com os padrões definidos pela legislação. A análise elementar do MP foi realizada pela técnica de EDXRF e indicou que os elementos presentes são, em sua maioria, provenientes da emissão veicular e poeira ressuspensa do solo pela ação dos ventos. A amostragem dos COVs foi realizada pela técnica de microextração por fase sólida (SPME do inglês solid phase microextraction), duas vezes por semana por 12 horas. A análise dos COVs amostrados foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (GC / MS - do inglês gas chromatography mass spectrometry) em que os compostos foram identificados por comparação com a biblioteca NIST / MS (Nacional Institute of Standard and Technology / Mass Spectral) presente no equipamento. A identificação desses compostos indicou uma forte influência das emissões veiculares na composição do ar atmosférico.

Le palmier à huile africain Elaeis guineensis Jacqu. (Arecales : Arecaceae) est une plante tropicale d’intérêt économique et la première source mondiale d’huile végétale. La production d’huile dépend de la pollinisation par des charançons du genre Elaeidobius (Coleoptera : Curculionidae). Ces insectes sont impliqués dans une relation mutualiste spécialisée avec leur plante-hôte : ils se développent au dépend des inflorescences mâles qu’ils détectent par le biais des odeurs émises durant l’anthèse, tandis que les inflorescences femelles sont pollinisées en mimant les odeurs mâles. Une maladie mortelle sévissant en Amérique du sud et qui touche l’E. guineensis a contribué au développement de variétés commerciales d’hybrides interspécifiques, résultat du croisement entre E. guineensis et le palmier à huile sud-américain Elaeis oleifera (Knuth) Cortés. Mais ces hybrides s’avèrent naturellement mal pollinisées et nécessitent l’intervention d’une pollinisation assistée couteuse et contraignante. Cette thèse part de l’hypothèse que la communication chimique qui permet la rencontre entre les deux espèces de palmiers et leurs pollinisateurs respectifs est déficiente chez les hybrides.L’objectif principal de cette thèse a été d’étudier le fonctionnement du système de pollinisation des deux espèces de palmiers afin de comprendre pourquoi les hybrides sont mal pollinisés. L’étude a été conduite dans une plantation commerciale en Equateur, dans laquelle coexistent les deux espèces E. guineensis et E. oleifera avec leur insecte pollinisateur respectif, le charançon africain Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust. et le charançon sud-américain Grasidius hybridus O’Brien & Beserra (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) et des palmiers hybrides interspécifiques. En utilisant des techniques de piégeages et l’échantillonnages des odeurs florales, nos résultats ont montré le système de pollinisation des deux espèces de palmier est basé sur l’émission d’un signal chimique spécifique et une duperie olfactive, renforcée par un phénomène de thermogénèse. Les deux insectes sont attirés en faible proportion sur les hybrides, qui possèdent une composition chimique intermédiaire à celle des espèces parentales. Des tests physiologiques et comportementaux ont permis d’identifier les composés organiques volatils clés responsables de l’attraction des insectes pollinisateurs.Ce travail devrait contribuer à apporter des connaissances théoriques sur le système de pollinisation du palmier à huile, et permettre d’élaborer des méthodes pratiques de gestion des pollinisateurs afin de réduire les coûts en pollinisation assistée. / The African oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacqu. (Arecales: Arecaceae) is a tropical plant of economic interest and the world's leading source of vegetable oil. Oil production depends on pollination by weevils of the genus Elaeidobius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). These insects are involved in a specialized mutualist relationship with the host plant: they develop at the expense of the male inflorescences they detect through the odors emitted during the anthesis, while the female inflorescences are pollinated by mimicking the male odors. E. guineensis is affected by a lethal disease in South America that leads to the development of commercial varieties of interspecific hybrids, resulting from artificial crossing between E. guineensis and the South American oil palm Elaeis oleifera (Knuth) Cortés. However, the natural pollination of these hybrids is inadequate and require the intervention of a costly assisted pollination. This thesis hypothesizes that the chemical communication underlying the successful encountering between each oil palm species and their respective pollinators is deficient in hybrid palms.The main objective of this work was to study the functioning of the pollination system for both oil palm species to understand why natural pollination in hybrids is inefficient. The study was conducted in a commercial plantation in Ecuador, including the two species E. guineensis and E. oleifera present with their respective pollinating insects, the African weevil Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust. and the South American weevil Grasidius hybridus O'Brien & Beserra (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), as well as interspecific hybrid palms. Using techniques of trapping and sampling of floral odors, our results showed the pollination system of both species of palm is based on the emission of a specific chemical signal and an olfactory deception, reinforced by a phenomenon of thermogenesis. The two insects are attracted in a small proportion to hybrid palms, which have an intermediate chemical composition compare to parent species. Physiological and behavioral tests permit the identification of the key volatile organic compounds responsible for pollinator attraction.This work should contribute to theoretical knowledge about the oil palm pollination system and the development of practical methods for pollinator management to reduce costs in assisted pollination.

The aim of this research was to demonstrate the potential of the novel pre-concentration device, capillary microextraction of volatiles (CMV), for breath analysis. The CMV offers dynamic sampling of volatile organic compounds with its simple coupling to a GC inlet for GC/MS analysis, avoiding expensive thermal desorption instrumentation needed for sorbent tubes, as well as an increased surface area over a single SPME fiber. CMV collectively identified 119 compounds in the breath of 13 self-reported smokers and 7 nonsmokers. The presence and intensity of twelve compounds were used to classify all the nonsmokers 100% of the time using Principal Component Analysis to elucidate the groupings. In some cases, nicotine was not detected in smokers and they were confused with the nonsmokers. Nicotine was detected in the breath of 69% of smokers with an average mass of 143 ± 31 pg for cigarette smokers from the approximate 5 L sample of breath collected. The successful use of the CMV sampler and preconcentration of breath to distinguish between smokers and nonsmokers served as a proof of concept for future applications of the CMV for detection of marijuana smokers’ breath for impaired driver management.

The exploitation of illicit substances, such as drugs and explosives, is on the rise. Special attention must therefore be considered to reduce the transportation and storage of these illicit substances by improving the capability of detection, even when hidden from view. Although analytical methods of detection for both drugs and explosives have improved over time, biological detectors, such as canines, are still commonly used. In comparison to humans, these canines have a larger number of olfactory receptors and a greater olfactory epithelium surface area, providing them with a more enhanced olfaction than that of humans. The premise for the detection of illicit drugs and explosives is based on the premise that these substances though hidden, will emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These VOCs are not often the parent drug or explosive, they are essentially a chemical associated with the source and provide a reliable indication of the illicit substance. Previous successful research has been conducted on the identification of the active odors present in the headspace of cocaine, methamphetamine, and MDMA but instead for marijuana and heroin there have been minimum success. Thus, in the present research a method using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was optimized to identify the VOCs makeup of heroin and marijuana to further identify the active odor compound(s) responsible for the alert response of biological detectors (canines). A mixture of acetic acid and acetylsalicylic acid was identified as target odor mimic for heroin by certified detector canines, while a mixture of limonene and caryophyllene was recognized as odor mimic for marijuana by conducting ORTs. The training aids developed successfully mimic the scent of the actual illicit substance and can be used to improve the capabilities of both drug and explosive detection canines. Additionally, as growing threat of improvised explosives has created a worldwide concern and emphasized the requirement of a greater spectra of canine training aids that covers the complete range of explosives available, a new approach for the creation of training aids for IEDs have been evaluated. The use of a dynamic collection system have proved to be an option to develop fast and reliable canine training aids for IEDs.

<p>The aim of this study is to identify metabolic transformations in breast cancer through urinary volatile organic compounds in mammary pad or bone tumor mice models. Subsequently, it focuses on investigating the efficacy of therapeutic intervention through identified potential biomarkers. Methods for monitoring tumor development and treatment responses have technologically advanced over the years leading to significant increase in percent survival rates. Although these modalities are reliable, it would be beneficial to observe disease progression from a new perspective to gain greater understanding of cancer pathogenesis. Analysis of cellular energetics affected by cancer using bio-fluids can non-invasively help in prognosis and selection of treatment regimens. The hypothesis is altered profiles of urinary volatile metabolites is directly related to disrupted metabolic pathways. Additionally, effectiveness of treatments can be indicated through changes in concentration of metabolites. In this ancillary experiment, mouse urine specimens were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, an analytical chemistry tool in identifying volatile organic compounds. Female BALB/c mice were injected with 4T1.2 murine breast tumor cells in the mammary fat pad. Consecutively, 4T1.2 cells were injected in the right iliac artery of BALB/c mice and E0771 tumor cells injected in the tibia of C57BL/6 mice to model bone tumor. The effect of two different modes of treatment: chemical drug and mechanical stimulation was investigated through changes in compound profiles. Chemical drug therapy was conducted with dopamine agents, Triuoperazine, Fluphenazine and a statin, Pitavastatin. Mechanical stimulation included tibia and knee loading at the site of tumor cell injection were given to mice. A biological treatment mode included administration of A5 osteocyte cell line. A set of potential volatile organic compounds biomarkers differentiating mammary pad or bone confined tumors from healthy controls was identified using forward feature selection. Effect of treatments was demonstrated through hierarchical heat maps and multivariate data analysis. Compounds identified in series of experiments belonged to the class of terpenoids, precursors of cholesterol molecules. Terpene synthesis is a descending step of mevalonate pathway suggesting its potential role in cancer pathogenesis. This thesis demonstrates the ability of urine volatilomics to indicate signaling pathways inflicted in tumors. It proposes a concept of using urine to detect tumor developments at two distinct locations as well as to monitor treatment efficacy.</p><br>