This work was focused on study of a behaviour of the food additivum butylated hydroxyanisole on modified carbon electrodes by the voltammetric techniques - cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. Glassy carbon and carbon paste electrode were used. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in combination with three different binders (acetonitrile, nafione or chitosane) were employed for the electrode modification. Carbon paste electrode was unable to modificate with film containing carbon nanotubes and acetonitrile, its active surface was treated only with nafione and chitosane film. All three mentioned modifications were applied in case of glassy carbon electrode. Butylated hydroxyanisole provided a significantly higher signal using electrodes modified with carbon nanotubes with all three binders in contrast to electrodes without any surface modification. The glassy carbon electrode with carbon nanotube / acetonitrile film on its surface appeared to be the most effective for analytical purposes. Voltammetric determination of butylated hydroxyanisole using this electrode provided a better defined and higher analytical signal and lower relative standard deviations in comparison with other ways of modification. The limit of detection of butylated hydroxyanisole obtained by cyclic voltammetry on glassy...

The submitted work deals with the application of voltammetric determination of Fomesafen using non-traditional mercury meniscus modified silver solid amalgam electrode on model samples of Fomesafen in real aqueous matrices of drinking and river water. This method of measurement has been developed and optimized in my bachelor thesis, which the diploma thesis is related to. Fomesafen belongs to a group of herbicides used on a mass scale in the late 20th century in the USA and in many countries around the world still used even today. Among its side effects according to the EPA include, among others, potential carcinogenicity to humans and confirmed carcinogenicity to some mammals (such as rats) which led to a legislative regulation on its use in many countries around the world including the USA, the European Union and many others. Silver solid amalgam electrode has been developed with the intention to limit the use of mercury in accordance with new legislation of the European Union and the concept of green analytical chemistry. Despite the low levels of mercury mainly bound in the form of virtually harmless silver amalgam electrode retains very similar electrochemical properties with proven mercury electrodes. As part of the thesis, direct determination of a number of partial extraction of Fomesafen...

Presented Diploma Thesis deals with the study of electrochemical behavior of 5-nitroimidazole (5-NI), with the search for optimal conditions for its determination using techniques of DC voltammetry (DCV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at a mercury meniscus modified silver solid amalgam electrode (m-AgSAE) and at a boron-doped diamond film electrode (BDDFE), and with the comparison of reached limits of quantification (LQs). The optimal conditions found for measuring calibration dependences of 5-NI at the m-AgSAE in deionized water were as follows: Britton-Robinson buffer of pH 7.0 and 10.0 for DCV and DPV, respectively. At both thechniques, it is advisable to use an electrochemical regeneration of the electrode surface by the application of a couple of regeneration potentials Ereg,1 = 0 mV and Ereg,2 = −800 mV. The calibration dependences were measured in the concentration range from 1·10−6 to 1·10−4 mol·l−1 , with the LQs of 1.0·10−6 mol·l−1 for DCV at the m-AgSAE and 1.5·10−6 mol·l−1 for DPV at the m-AgSAE. The concentration dependences of 5-NI at the BDDFE were measured using the DCV technique in the BR buffer of pH 3.0. For the DPV technique, the optimal medium seemed to be the BR buffer of pH 2.0, however, because of the presence of an interfering peak in the supporting electrolyte,...

This thesis deals with electrochemical behaviour of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) at silver solid amalgam electrode modified by mercury meniscus (m-AgSAE), polished silver solid amalgam electrode (p-AgSAE) and hanging mercury dropping electrode (HMDE). This thesis is a part of a bigger scientific research that deals with synthesis and characterization of supramolecular systems based on natural steroid compounds and its conjugates. TUDCA offers one reduction peak at m-AgSAE in the environment of Britton - Robinson buffer in range of pH 6.0 - 13.0. The potential of this peak is around −1200 mV. Using cyclic voltammetry was determined that the process on the electrode surface is quasireversible, the reduction is controlled by diffusion and the anodic process is controlled by adsorption. Concentration dependence measured at HMDE by direct current voltammetry in 0.04 mol∙l-1 borat buffer (pH 9.1) is linear in two concentration intervals - 1∙10-3 - 2∙10-4 mol∙l-1 and 1∙10-4 - 8∙10-6 mol∙l-1 of TUDCA. There was no linear dependence between the increase of concentration of TUDCA and the height of the peak obtained on amalgam electrodes by methods DC, DP, cyclic and "square-wave" voltammetry. On HMDE was in several short concentration intervals measured by a CV method a linear dependence of cathodic and...

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a common DNA damaging agent. Major DNA lesions, such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine-(6-4)-pyrimidone (6-4PPs) photoproducts, are carcinogenic and mutagenic. UV induced DNA damage was investigated using a simple electrochemical DNA biosensor based on an ultra-trace graphite electrode (UTGE) and low molecular weight doble-stranded DNA (dsDNA) from salmon sperm. Biosensor was prepared using adsorption of dsDNA on a surface of the UTGE and then used to detect UV-induced DNA damage. Effects of UV radiation were investigated using a combination of several electrochemical technics: square-wave voltammetry (SWV) for direct monitoring of DNA base oxidation and cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), as non-direct methods, using redox-active indicator [Fe(CN)6]4-/3- . CV and EIS, which allow characterization of electrode surface, were used to optimize preparation of the dsDNA/UTGE biosensor. Prepared dsDNA/UTGE biosensor was exposed to UV radiation using UV lamp with two set wavelengths: UVC of 254 nm and UVA of 365 nm. UVC radiation was used to damage DNA. Relative signal decrease was 50% after 20 minutes of exposure to UVC radiation. UVA radiation was used to compare effects of different types of UV radiation. Obtained...

The presented diploma thesis is devoted to study of determination of 4-nitrobiphenyl (4-NBP) in model river water by DC voltammetry (DCV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at m-AgSAE (diploma thesis relates to bachelor thesis, in it DCV and DPV methods for determination of 4-NBP in deionized water were developed). Limit of determination (LOD) is 2·10-7 mol·l-1 by DCV and 4·10-7 mol·l-1 by DPV. The adsorptive stripping DPV (AdSDPV) technique was tested to archive lower LOD the AdSDPV, optimal conditions were not found. Electrochemical behavior of 2-nitrobiphenyl (2-NBP) at m-AgSAE was studied. Optimal conditions for its determination by both techniques DCV and DPV were found in methanol-0,01 mol·l-1 LiOH (1:9) and in this medium peak current dependence in 1·10-7 mol·l-1 to 1·10-4 mol·l-1 2-NBP (LOD ≈ 2·10-7 mol·l-1 by DCV and 1·10-7 mol·l-1 by DPV) concentration range was measured. Developed methods were successfully tested for determination of 2-NBP in drinking and river water samples. For both mediums obtained LODs were 2·10-7 mol·l-1 by DCV and 1·10-7 mol·l-1 by DPV. AdSDPV technique was unsuccessfully tested to achieve lower LOD. Optimal conditions for simultaneous determination of 4-NBP and 2-NBP by DPV technique at m-AgSAE were found: methanol-0,25 mol·l-1 acetate buffer (pH = 6,0) 3:7....

In this Diploma Thesis, an interaction of genotoxic environmental pollutant 2-nitrofluorene with a double-stranded calf thymus DNA has been studied using a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) as an electrochemical sensor. Two types of DNA damage were investigated and electrochemically detected (using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry): (i) The DNA damage caused by the direct interaction with 2-nitrofluorene and (ii) the DNA damage caused by short-lived radicals generated by the electrochemical reduction of the nitro group in 2-nitrofluorene. For the study of direct interaction, HMDE was modified by DNA and the interaction of DNA with 2-nitrofluorene was studied, after their incubation, right at the HMDE surface (adsorptive transfer stripping technique) or the DNA was preincubated with 2-nitrofluorene and, subsequently, the interaction was studied voltammetrically (DNA titration technique). Using both detection techniques, the formation of DNA - 2-nitrofluorene complex was observed and the mutual interaction was interpreted as an intercalation between the DNA base pairs, although such interaction was not clearly confirmed by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. An electrostatic binding of 2-nitrofluorene on DNA sugar-phosphate backbone was partially formed at low concentrations of...

This thesis is concentrated on the optimization of conditions for determination of genotoxic environmental pollutants whitch belong to derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons − 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), 1-aminopyrene (1-AP) and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP). All three compounds were determined by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at boron-doped diamond film electrode in water-methanolic solutions. Further, 1-AP and 1-HP were determined in a model sample of urine. For this purpose, effective separative techniques such as solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography with reverse phase and amperometric detection at above mentioned type of electrode were used. Limits of detection of all tested compounds in water-methanolic solutions are 9⋅10−8 −3⋅10−7 mol dm−3 using DPV and 1⋅10−8 mol dm−3 for 1-HP and 1-AP in model sample of urine determined by HPLC with amperometric detection.

In this study the possibilities of utilization of boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes for electrochemical reduction of organic compounds and their determination in aqueous media were investigated. For this purpose BDD electrodes have several advantages (relative wide potential window in cathodic region, low sensitivity towards oxygen evolution) but are not frequently used. For the study were selected biologically active organic compounds with typical reducible groups. Vanillin (natural essential oil, synthetic aroma; reducible aromatic aldehyde) is not reducible at BDD electrode. Azidothymidine (antiviral drug; reducible azido group) shows voltammetric signal in Britton -Robinson buffer at pH 6.0 - 8.0, but its analytical utilization is difficult due to the close positioning to the decomposition of the supporting electrolyte. The height and potential of the reduction signal of 5-nitroquinoline (environmental pollutant; reducible nitro group on the aromatic nucleus and at higher potentials reducible heterocycle) is significantly influenced by the boron concentration in BDD film. Reduction of quinoline skeleton is visible in the range of pH6.0 - 11.0 in BR buffer. For differential pulse and DC voltammetry (reduction of nitro group) in BR buffer pH 5.0 limits of detection 0.2 µmol.l-1 and 2.7...

Anilazine (4,6-dichloro-N-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine) is a fungicide from a group of triazine pesticides. These have been very widely used but for their toxicity for water environment they are being cancelled. Use of anilazine is not allowed anymore in the European Union. However, traces of its residues are able to find in environmental samples. The diploma thesis deals with determination of anilazine using silver solid amalgam electrode modified by mercury meniscus (m-AgSAE). Differential pulse voltammetry was used. For the determination, an acidic solution is necessary. In the work Britton-Roninson buffer pH = 2 was used. This is because of electrochemical reduction of anilazine (and other triazines) which is started by protonization of heterocycle ring. Anilazine exhibits one single well-defined peak, the potential of the peak was about Ep = -827 mV (vs. 3 mol l-1 argentochloride electrode). The limit of quantification achieved in surface water was 2 µmol.l-1. Other two possibilities of getting lower limit of quantification were examined - Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry (AdSV) and preconcentration by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). Using AdSV the limit of quantification LQ = 0,5 µmol.l-1. Conditions of adsorption were as following: Eacc = -100 mV, tacc = 60 s. For SPE, 200-mg columns...