Abstract The purpose of military service is to have enough manpower to form military and in order to maintain national security. Thus, the military service system has direct influence on the quality of military and has direct impact on the result of the conflict and survival of nation. History has told us the importance of military establishment, but most people still emphasis on ¡§force employment¡¨ and ignore military establishment, In recent years, when we talked about defense policy reform, you will always hear abolish conscript service and start volunteer service; most of disagreements think conscript is not suitable for the current condition in Taiwan, at the same time that volunteer force will bring us more professional military, and mobilization will only need during war time. The purpose of this research paper is to analysis the possibility of adopt full volunteer service, through the study of others¡¦ experience, lesson learned and would trend. Through the research discovered that volunteer service is the modern trend, and at current time period we can not suddenly switch to full volunteer, it should be divided into different phases and progressively transform from conscript to volunteer service, and reaching the final goal of full volunteer force and professional military establishment. To reach this final goal we have to develop a strategy and to improve our recruitment skill. Keyword : Military service, Volunteer service, Conscript service, Mixed volunteer system, Possibility

The two research questions presented in this study are: (1) What factors motivate cities to include volunteer service in strategies designed to address local challenges? and (2) How do cities describe the impact of initiatives that rely on volunteer service to address local challenges? This constructivist grounded theory study (Charmaz, 2006) uses the data coding technique proposed by Corbin and Strauss (2008). Themes in the data are uncovered through the coding process, which includes open coding, axial coding, and selective coding (Corbin & Strauss, 2008). The triangulated data for this study derives from two types of sources: extant texts and key informant interview transcripts from the 39 key informant interviews conducted for this study. The criterion-based purposive sample (Patton, 2002) for this study includes 39 cities belonging to the Cities of Service coalition as of June 2012 that participated in key informant interviews through elected or appointed officials. The Cities of Service coalition is made up of over 100 cities that have subscribed to a Declaration of Service resolving and committing to engage citizens in strategies to address local challenges (Cities of Service, 2010). The Cities of Service initiative specifically promotes the use of volunteer service in addressing local challenges. This study makes a theoretical contribution to the scholarship on volunteering by proposing a grounded theory model for volunteer service demand. The findings of this study suggest that the motivational bases for local governments to engage volunteers in iii strategies to address local challenges are economic motivation, aspirational motivation, and need-based motivation. Additionally, certain feasibility considerations bear on volunteer service demand by local governments. Those feasibility considerations relate to the liability climate, skilled volunteer supply, partnership opportunities, manageability, measurability of impact, and resources. Using data from city organizational charts and 2010 U.S. Census data, the researcher explored whether differences existed as to motivational bases for volunteer service demand relative to city size, mayoral political affiliation, and form of government. No statistically significant differences existed with respect to city size or mayoral political affiliation. The data for this study suggest that cities organized according to the council-manager form of government are less likely to report aspirational motivations for volunteer service demand than cities organized according to the strong mayor-council or weak mayor-council form of government (χ2 =14.36; df=2; p-value=0.007). Additionally, as to need-driven motivations, cities organized according to the council-manager form of government were less likely to be motivated to include volunteers in strategies to address local challenges based on citizen need than cities with the strong mayor-council or weak mayor-council forms of government (χ2 =6.59; df=2; p-value=0.036). According to the findings in this study relative to the second research question, cities assess the impact of service in a variety of ways. Specifically, cities report assessing the impact of volunteer service initiatives in three ways: (1) by creating metrics; (2) by measuring outcomes; and (3) by telling qualitative stories. Notably, two cities report that iv they applying a mix of methods to assessing the impact of volunteer service. The grounded theory model for volunteer service demand and the coded data presented in this study were used to create a generalized logic model for assessing the impact of volunteer service as a strategy to address pressing local issues. Additional findings were made on the data. In particular, a typology for citizen service for cities grounded in the data for this study is presented as an additional finding. The typology identifies four ways citizens serve cities through volunteerism: (1) by serving as ambassadors; (2) by giving money; (3) by supporting city function; and (4) by delivering services. Differences between cities with respect to citywide volunteer coordination based on city size, mayoral political affiliation, and form of government were also explored. A statistically significant difference was observed between small and large cities with respect to the existence of citywide volunteer coordination (χ2 =5.68; df=1; p value=0.007). No statistically significant relationships between mayoral political affiliation or form of government and citywide volunteer coordination were found in this study. Finally, nonthematic observations on the data are presented. These non-thematic observations are comprised of data that did not emerge as a core category of data with respect to the research questions. In sum, cities drive demand for volunteer service, and that demand can be explained through certain motivational bases—economic, aspirational, and need-based—together with various feasibility considerations. Citizens meet the demand for volunteer service in a variety of ways, as the typology offered in this study suggests. The impact of this service v demanded by cities and supplied by citizens can be assessed in a multitude of ways. This study shows that, while assessing the impact of volunteer service as a strategy to address local challenges may be inherently difficult, employing a logic model may be useful to effectively communicate the impact of volunteer service as a strategy to address local challenges.

Thesis advisor: James M. O'Toole / This dissertation examines the development of youth volunteer service in the United States through a constellation of religious, private, and government programs. It explores how this larger impulse, which includes “service trips,” service–learning courses, and postgraduate programs like the Peace Corps, became a normative and ubiquitous opportunity for middle class, and consequently largely white, Americans. This study weaves together multiple programs, and a rich array of ideas and events such as social gospel concerns, pacifism, William James’ arguments for a “moral alternative to war,” gender and class anxieties, Great Depression and Cold War–specific exigencies, the Catholic Lay Apostolate, 1960s student activism, and the War on Poverty. The dissertation further demonstrates the religious roots of this phenomenon, as seen through Protestant and Catholic programs in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. Further, it shows that this paradigm of volunteer has always been twofold in its aim; it has focused both on the growth and education of the volunteer as they served others. It also shows that impulse has always been a limited agent for large–scale social change. Service programs were by their nature short–term projects meant to expose and educate volunteers to more entrenched social problems. Finally, while adult organizers often made service opportunities a possibility, it was the desire of many young women and men to “do more” with their time and abilities outside of traditional educational or professional options was the engine that truly drove and grew this movement. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2017. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

Volunteer service accounts for a substantial percentage of America’s workforce and GDP. Numerous organizations such as Habitat for Humanity and the American Red Cross have come to rely heavily on volunteer service. Due to the recent economic downturn and resulting budgetary cuts in the government sector, non-profit organizations have had to assume greater responsibility for providing services such as health care and education. Considering the importance of volunteer service to society, this literature review seeks to identify the key functional motives for volunteers. With a particular focus on the functional motivation theory and the six most prominent motives – values, enhancement, understanding, career, social, and protective – this paper explores the general trends, gender difference, and age differences in volunteer motivation. In addition, it discusses the practical implications of knowledge about volunteer motivation on recruiting and retaining volunteers.

This thesis empirically tests whether university-related volunteer service, international experience, and service-learning have a positive moral impact on students and whether the peer reference group moderates this relationship. I use a measure of morality based on the recent work on values by Shalom Schwartz. A novel approach to measuring the social psychological phenomenon of the peer reference group is used in which the relative strength of the peer reference group is measured. The peer reference group was included in hypothesized models as a moderator between volunteer service, international experience, service-learning, and moral growth. Cross-sectional survey data of 633 engineering students was used, and most hypothesized relationships lacked statistical significance. However, university-related volunteer service has a positive and statistically significant relationship with morality. Post-hoc analysis gives some evidence that the peer group and individuals within the peer group may be the antecedent of how a student values volunteer service, international experience, and service-learning.

This study concerns self initiated volunteer expatriation. Drawing on data from interviews and test results from a cohort of 48 New Zealand Volunteer Service Abroad volunteers, it explored their experiences as overseas volunteer development workers. Most literature concerning expatriates focuses on the expatriate assignment of managers. By comparison volunteer development workers remain an under-researched group. Moreover, much of the expatriate management literature and the volunteer development worker literature adopts a positivist approach using quantitative methodologies and large scale studies and consider expatriates from a managerial perspective, leaving the perspective of the individual relatively unexplored. This study seeks to focus on volunteer development workers, using qualitative as well as quantitative methodology and considering individual rather than organisational attitudes and behaviour. As a theoretical backdrop, the concepts of "protean" career, (Hall, 2002), "hero's journey", (Osland, 1995) and "career competencies" (De Fillippi & Arthur, 1996) were used as frameworks to assist understanding. The study was longitudinal, and focused on a one-year cohort (2001) of volunteers who provided information on three occasions - before, during, and immediately after their assignment. The study used a mixed- methodology design i.e. was both quantitative and qualitative using both in depth interviews and psychometric testing. The study suggests alternative ways of exploring volunteer expatriation with a specific focus on repositioning the individual at the centre of the study. The study began by focusing and identifying the personalities, (as indicated by the Five Factor Model NEO- PR questionnaire) career values, (as indicated by the Career Orientation Inventory, previous career, attitudes to career and motivation to volunteer (the last two being assessed by a pre-departure structured interview. The experience of VSA assignments was explored by means of a mid-assignment email questionnaire. A second post assignment interview elicited further data on volunteers' experience of VSA, their evaluation of that experience in retrospect, and their plans for further career development. The NEO and COI were re-administered to check changes over time. The study indicated that self direction, challenge, adventure and personal resilience were dominant themes in the attitudes to career, motivations and experiences of the VSA assignment. Openness and agreeableness, significantly greater than population norms were dominant and stable personality traits. In addition, the study reported volunteers' perceived effects of the VSA experience relating to self and career in the forms of increased technical and personal skills, self awareness and challenges to their values. Such outcomes of the study support the use of the "protean "career model (Hall, 1976; Hall, 2002; Briscoe & Hall, 2003) as a way to understand the career transitions made by the volunteers. It also substantiated Osland's (1990; 1995) notion of the metaphor of the hero's journey as an adventure and framework to understand volunteer expatriation and VSA phenomena. In addition, the outcomes supported a model of understanding career competencies as career "capital" used as a framework to understand volunteer motivation and the VSA assignment experience as a career episode.

TITLE: Volunteer Management in Hospices AUTHOR: Bc. Zdeňka Sobotová KEY WORDS: hospice, palliative care, volunteering, volunteer management, Volunteer Service Manager This thesis deals with the management of the volunteer program in hospice, mainly from the perspective of the Volunteer Service Managers (VSMs). In the empirical part it brings description of the problems and issues VSMs are facing in eight Czech hospices. Among the main findings of the author are that volunteering in hospices deals with little support from management, lack of finance and difficult acceptance by the staff. The time VSMs can devote to volunteers is too little or too vaguely defined, which does not allow them to really develop the volunteer program. In none of the hospices visited volunteer program evaluation does not take place. Mobile hospices are facing concerns about the responsibilities of volunteers and difficulties in communication with families, which in some hospices lead to the fact that the volunteers in direct care are not involved. In the theoretical part of this work the author offers answers that bring literature to the problems described by her research. Together with the best advice received from respondents of her research are then summarized in the form of a practical handbook for VSMs, which can be...

Los estudios sobre la identidad profesional de traductores e intérpretes han considerado la identidad profesional desde el contexto institucional, laboral y formativo. Sin embargo, la literatura no ha prestado atención a las actividades de los traductores e intérpretes fuera del ámbito laboral o educativo. Una de esas actividades es el servicio voluntario que es realizada por estudiantes y profesionales. Por lo tanto, el presente trabajo de investigación busca analizar la influencia que tienen los programas de voluntariado en la identidad profesional de los traductores e intérpretes. En ese sentido, se propone aplicar entrevistas a estudiantes y profesionales de las universidades de Perú que hayan tenido experiencia en programas de voluntariado enfocados en su profesión para conocer sus experiencias y percepciones, y cumplir con los objetivos propuestos. / Translator and Interpreter professional identity studies have approached professional identity from an institutional, working, and formative context. However, literature has paid attention to translator and interpreter activities outside the working and educational environment. One of these is the voluntary service done by students and professionals. Therefore, this study aims at analyzing the impact of volunteering programs in the translators and interpreter’s professional identity. This would be carried out through interviews to students and professionals from Peruvian universities who have participated in volunteering programs focused on their profession to collect their experiences, perceptions and to address the proposed objectives. / Trabajo de investigación

Dementia is an interminable disorder characterized by a decrease in cognitive functioning behavioral and emotional changes, and an overall diminishment in quality of life that usually affects the older population. In the coming decades, scientists estimate that the number of sufferers will reach over 100 million worldwide. Though there is currently no cure for any form of dementia, the theory of cognitive reserve posits certain lifestyle characteristics (i.e., educational attainment, SES, and/or career path) can mitigate the risk of dementia by improving cognitive resilience over an individual’s lifetime. The current study sought to discover what, if any, effects familial relationships, leisure activities, and volunteer service have on an individual’s level of cognitive impairment and ability to remember in his or her later years. Independent sample t-tests and hierarchical linear regression were used to analyze data from Wave 2 (1989, n = 2,867) and Wave 5 (2011, n = 1,319) of the Americans’ Changing Lives (ACL) survey. The study found that marital status, spending time with friends, and having pets, volunteer service, and time spent reading were associated with lower levels of cognitive impairment at the time of Wave 2, while marital status, spending time with friends, and spending time reading was associated with lower levels of cognitive impairment at the time of Wave 5, controlling for cognitive impairment at Wave 2. Furthermore, marital status, time spent reading, and visiting with friends was associated with less difficult remembering at the time of Wave 2.

臺灣的博物館志願服務從推廣志願服務早期便開始發展，志工補充博物館人力的不足，協助博物館運作。博物館志工經常在展場第一線服務，介於觀眾與博物館之間。志願服務有著自發性投入、以輔助性事務為主的特點，而運用單位則有管理之需，專業能力的要求，兩者在預設上存在著矛盾。一般志願服務中，運用單位若為嚴謹的科層組織，而志工有著較高的自主性雙方則容易產生衝突。博物館為一科層組織，志工參與公共教育性質濃厚的文化事務，也有著較高的自主性，因此本研究選定彩虹博物館作為研究田野，從雙方於志願服務關係的投入動機、期待出發，論述雙方差異性使得志願服務關係存有不穩定的特性。然而志願服務關係中的差異性卻沒有使得博物館志願服務關係瓦解，仍然運作至今，因此欲探討博物館館方和志工的志願服務關係有著什麼特性，這些特性何以維繫博物館的志願服務關係。研究中發現人情經營和制度性規範為維繫博物館志願服務關係的重要方式，人情經營符合志工對於志願服務關係的期待，制度性規範則符合館方的管理需求，雙方均有意無意地使用人情經營和制度性規範維繫博物館志願服務關係。最後，探討博物館中的志工組織，志工隊介於博物館館方和志工之間，協助博物館志願服務的運作。志工隊體現了上述人情管理和制度性規範的特性，從志工隊的幹部選舉、幹部角色可以看見人情經營和制度性規範如何於博物館志願服務關係中運作。人情經營和制度性規範代表著雙方對於志願服務關係的不同想像，雙方取得平衡的結果，也是維繫博物館志願服務的重要方式。 / Volunteer service in museums has developed in early stage in Taiwan. The volunteers have not only provided museums with sufficient human resources, but also have assisted museums to operate successfully. It is the volunteer that offers the front-line service in museums, and interacts with audience and museums. While museums have the demand of administration and profession, volunteer service have the characteristics of voluntary involvement and assistant works. Therefore, there are several contradictions between the volunteers and museums. In general condition, if the museum is a well-organized bureaucracy, and the volunteers have the strong autonomy, the conflicts between both of them would be much higher. This study takes Rainbow Museum as an example, starting from the motivations and expectations of the volunteers and museums when they join museum volunteer service. Second, it illustrates the differences that contribute to the unstable relationship between the volunteers and museums. Despite of these differences, the volunteer service in museums still exists today. In consequence, this study would like to discuss the features of museum volunteer service, and the ways to maintain this relationship. We find out that association development and formal regulation are two important ways to maintain museum voluntary relationship. While association development meets the expectations of volunteers, formal regulation reaches the demand of museum administration. Both museums and the volunteers would use these two ways intentionally or unintentionally to maintain voluntary relationship. In the end, the study moves on to explain the museum volunteer team, which connects with museums and volunteers. Volunteer team has helped museums to operate successfully, and has also presented fully about the characteristics of association development and formal regulation. From member election of volunteer team to roles of members, it all shows the coordinating operation of association development and formal regulation. In short, association development and formal regulation not only represent different images of museum volunteer service, but also are two important ways to maintain balanced relationship between museums and volunteers.